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Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions
Open accessAbstract
Classic cognitive theory conceptualizes executive functions as involving multiple specific domains, including initiation, inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and vigilance. Lesion and neuroimaging experiments over the past two decades have suggested that both common and unique processes contribute to executive functions during higher cognition. It has been suggested that a superordinate fronto–cingulo–parietal network supporting cognitive control may also underlie a range of distinct executive functions. To test this hypothesis in the largest sample to date, we used quantitative meta-analytic methods to analyze 193 functional neuroimaging studies of 2,832 healthy individuals, ages 18–60, in which performance on executive function measures was contrasted with an active control condition. A common pattern of activation was observed in the prefrontal, dorsal anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices across executive function domains, supporting the idea that executive functions are supported by a superordinate cognitive control network. However, domain-specific analyses showed some variation in the recruitment of anterior prefrontal cortex, anterior and midcingulate regions, and unique subcortical regions such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum. These results are consistent with the existence of a superordinate cognitive control network in the brain, involving dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices, that supports a broad range of executive functions.
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“For example, Niendam et al.‘s [137] meta-analytic study of 193 neuroimaging fMRI studies of EF showed broad patterns of activation across the lateral and medial PFC, including regions BA-9 and BA-46 (dlPFC) and BA-32 (rostral ACC), as well as both superior and inferior regions of the parietal lobes for tasks with predominantly working memory, flexibility, or inhibitory components.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Conjunction maps of activation during different tasks (e.g., during inhibiting, updating, and shifting tasks), either with data estimated within one study [135, 138, 139] or with meta-analytic techniques [137, 140, 141], suggest that both children and adults recruit a common set of regions within the FPN and CON during diverse EF tasks.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
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“At the neurobiological level, this unity can be seen in the overall patterns of neural activations during CC tasks [135–137]: Neuroimaging studies suggest that individuals performing these kinds of tasks generally activate some of the same brain regions across multiple tasks, although they also activate some regions that are unique to a particular task.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
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“The ECN, which overlaps with the frontostriatal and frontoparietal networks, is a fundamental neural substrate underpinning higher-order cognitive functions.”
From Cognitive Inflexibility Shares Across Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Task-Based Functional MRI Study (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
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“The cognitive control network (CCN),7 mainly comprising the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, postparietal cortex, and frontal eye fields, plays a pivotal role in regulating top-down cognitive processes.8”
From Can Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Relieve Executive Dysfunction in Patients With Late-Life Depression? (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“The DLPFC is a key node within the cognitive control network, 13 which is thought to subserve executive functions, such as response inhibition, set-shifting, and planning.”
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In the citing paper
“The Go system could drive craving and engage habits via the basal ganglia.105,127”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [127]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“It is now widely established that the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) plays an important role in executive control of attention.156–159”
From The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance (2014) · cites this paper as [158]
In the citing paper
“Although the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play a key role in mediating executive control, neuroimaging and lesion studies demonstrated that the performance of executive tasks is associated with activation in a large set of brain regions, involving prefrontal and parietal areas, motor regions, as well as subcortical structures, such as basal ganglia and thalamus (Duncan and Owen, 2000; D”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Niendam et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Decades of functional neuroimaging work has delineated brain networks underlying EFs that contribute to cognitive flexibility (21,22), namely the executive control/lateral frontoparietal (L-FPN) and salience/midcingulo-insular networks (M-CIN) (23–25).”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Citations
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Causal Evidence for the Dependence of the Magnitude Effect on Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
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“Further, neuroimaging studies demonstrate that psychopathology, conceptualized as a transdiagnostic ‘p’ factor, dimensionally relates to FPN hypoactivation during a working memory task (Shanmugan, Wolf et al. 2016) and a loss of segregation between the DMN and the FPN and SN at rest (Xia, Ma et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRohr, C. S., Kamal, S., & Bray, S. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100747 · Cited by 22
“Inhibitory control is the ability to suppress interfering distractions and prepotent motor responses (Diamond, 2013; Faja and Nelson Darling, 2018; Nigg, 2000).”
Etzel, J. A., Courtney, Y., Carey, C. E., Gehred, M. Z., Arpana Agrawal, A., & Braver, T. S. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz301 · Cited by 21
Distinguishing Multiple Coding Levels in Theta Band Activity During Working Memory Gating Processes
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“The fronto-parietal network, with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC, especially superior parietal cortex and inferior parietal lobes), plays a crucial role in cognitive control [33, 34], suggesting that activation in DLPFC and PPC during IAT reflects cognitive control for ov…”
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Cortical Representations of Cognitive Control and Working Memory Are Dependent Yet Non-Interacting
Harding, I. H., Harrison, B. J., Breakspear, M. J., Pantelis, C., & Yücel, M. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu208 · Cited by 20
“2C). fMRI Results Significant positive main effects common to both WM and CC (t24 > 3.1, cluster extent [KE] > 182) recapitulated the CC network (Niendam et al. 2012); activations included bilateral regions of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (i.e., presupplementary motor area and anterior…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZhang, C., Yan, N., & Feng, T. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.019 · Cited by 27
“However, excessive episodic thinking, especially negative episodic thinking inhibit the cognitive monitoring of dACC over goal-direct behaviors [45,50].”
Neural Processing of Cognitive Control in an Emotionally Neutral Context in Anxiety Patients
König, N., Steber, S., Borowski, A., Bliem, H. R., & Rossi, S. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11050543 · Cited by 19
“Results from these neuroimaging methods showed that the brain network supporting cognitive control includes predominantly fronto-parietal brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate, the right anterior insula, the inferior and superior parietal cortices, the inferior temporal cortex, the occipi…”
BackgroundLi, Y., Yang, L., Li, L., Xie, Y., & Fang, P. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113586 · Cited by 19
Wolf, D. H., Zheng, D., Kohler, C. G., Turetsky, B. I., Ruparel, K., Satterthwaite, T. D., Elliott, M. A., March, M. E., Cross, A. J., Smith, M. A., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01320-w · Cited by 19
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Math anxiety and deficient executive control: does reappraisal modulate this link?
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Abnormal Spontaneous Brain Activity and Cognitive Impairment in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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“The CCN, also known as the frontoparietal control system, facilitates executive function in a variety of domains.(42) The DMN is hypothesized to be involved in a variety of sophisticated cognitive tasks, including visuospatial imagery, consciousness, attention, adaptability, episodic memory, executive cognitive contro…”
BackgroundJoint impact on attention, alertness and inhibition of lesions at a frontal white matter crossroad
Kaufmann, B. C., Cazzoli, D., Pastore‐Wapp, M., Vanbellingen, T., Pflugshaupt, T., Bauer, D., Müri, R. M., Nef, T., Bartolomeo, P., & Nyffeler, T. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac359 · Cited by 21
“in and around the anterior insula, the intraparietal sulcus and often also a region at the occipitotemporal border.(7,8,10)”
BackgroundReward network dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment after stroke
Wagner, F., Rogenz, J., Opitz, L., Maas, J., Schmidt, A., Brodoehl, S., Ullsperger, M., & Klingner, C. M. (2023) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103446 · Cited by 19
Paitel, E. R., & Nielson, K. A. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14395 · Cited by 20
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Molecular mechanisms underlying the neural correlates of working memory
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“Previous functional neuroimaging meta-analyses have suggested WM task-evoked brain activation in a fronto-cingulo-parietal cognitive control network [9, 10].”
BackgroundVerbal Fluency in Right Brain Damage: Dissociations Among Production Criteria and Duration
Zimmermann, N., Branco, L. D., Ska, B., Gasparetto, E. L., Joanette, Y., & Fonseca, R. P. (2013) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/09084282.2013.802693 · Cited by 19
“A systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies also identified a common activation network related to cognitive control (prefrontal, dorsal anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices) involved in the performance of executive function tasks in 193 studies (Niendam et al., 2012).”
BackgroundWheelock, M. D., Reid, M. A., To, H., White, D. M., Cropsey, K. L., & Lahti, A. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00158 · Cited by 19
“The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12 week varenicline administration on Glx/Cr in the dorsal ACC (dACC) and functional changes within the CCN.”
BackgroundInfluentialFaehling, F., & Plewnia, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00159 · Cited by 22
Normative Data for the Hayling and Brixton Tests in an Italian Population
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Simon, S. S., Hampstead, B. M., Nucci, M. P., Duran, F., Fonseca, L. M., Martin, M. D. G. M., Ávila, R., Porto, F. H. G., Brucki, S. M. D., Martins, C. B., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.03.014 · Cited by 19
Johnsen, L. K., van Themaat, A. H. V. L., Larsen, K. M., Burton, B. K., Baaré, W. F. C., Madsen, K. S., Nordentoft, M., Siebner, H. R., & Plessen, K. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00632 · Cited by 19
“These brain areas are known to support cognitive control task performance in HC (70).”
BackgroundMiskowiak, K. W., Møller, A. B., & Ott, C. V. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.02.013 · Cited by 19
Bruton, O. J. (2021) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2021.101540 · Cited by 20
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Liu, N., Li, H., Su, W. Q., & Chen, Q. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23508 · Cited by 16
“It has been suggested that specific neural regions are engaged in different kinds of conflict depending on the task demands [Banich et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2004; Niendam et al., 2012].”
BackgroundFang, P., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Li, C., Zhang, T., Wu, L., Zhu, Y., & Xie, Y. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120785 · Cited by 18
“The DSFG located in the dorsal part of the frontal lobe, is implicated in higher cognitive functions, including executive functions (e.g., planning, decision-making, and inhibitory control) (Niendam et al., 2012), attentional control Note: * q 0.05, ** q 0.01, *** q 0.001.”
BackgroundInfluentialPain Processing in Psychiatric Conditions: A Systematic Review
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BDNF Met allele Is Associated With Lower Cognitive Function in Poststroke Rehabilitation
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“In an additional exploratory whole brain analysis, predominant effects in terms of increased brain activity outside the CCN were observed.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIdentifying Diurnal Variability of Brain Connectivity Patterns Using Graph Theory
Farahani, F. V., Fąfrowicz, M., Karwowski, W., Bohaterewicz, B., Sobczak, A. M., Ceglarek, A., Żyrkowska, A., Ostrogórska, M., Sikora-Wachowicz, B., Lewandowska, K., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11010111 · Cited by 17
“Diurnal changes were also observed in regard to local properties of the FPN, the network involved in executive control [72].”
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“The prefrontal cortex and frontostriatal tracts are part of a wide neural network and convey cognitive processes [61].”
BackgroundEffects of Exercise on Neural Changes in Inhibitory Control: An ALE Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies
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“Previous studies reported that the “cognitive control network” actively coordinates multiple brain regions, such as the frontal cortex (including the anterior cingulate cortex), parietal cortex, motor regions, and cerebellum (Niendam et al., 2012; Akatsuka et al., 2015; Chu et al., 2015).”
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“The control network includes frontal and parietal brain regions implicated in cognitive control processes and performance of executive functions tasks [18, 19] as well as cingulate cortex and temporal gyrus that are associated with control-related processes [17].”
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“[35] 41] Prospective investigations must confront these methodological intricacies and probe the optimal duration of probiotic supplementation to ensure sustained cognitive benefits for individuals with MDD.”
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Neural evidence for automatic value-modulated approach behaviour
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“…representations from the premotor cortex are stored in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which prevents interference from distractors and facilitates shifting of attention to task-relevant Values in parentheses represent the within-subjects SEM. stimuli (Niendam et al., 2012; Ptak, 2012).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Niendam, T. A., Laird, A. R., Ray, K. L., Dean, Y. M., Glahn, D. C., & Carter, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Niendam, Tara A.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-01-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-268
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC3660731
- OpenAlex
- W2019930104
- Semantic Scholar
- 98fddd2e31078947295c667fc52d483f3e530f48
- Cited by
- 1,700
- References
- 266
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 170 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 33.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P60AA007611)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH074457, R01MH078143, R24MH081807, R01MH059883, K23MH087708, R01MH083824)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- executive function, cognitive control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, basal ganglia, cerebellum, functional neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Radionuclide Imaging, Visual Perception, Young Adult, Executive Function, Neuroimaging
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