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Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions
Open accessAbstract
Classic cognitive theory conceptualizes executive functions as involving multiple specific domains, including initiation, inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and vigilance. Lesion and neuroimaging experiments over the past two decades have suggested that both common and unique processes contribute to executive functions during higher cognition. It has been suggested that a superordinate fronto–cingulo–parietal network supporting cognitive control may also underlie a range of distinct executive functions. To test this hypothesis in the largest sample to date, we used quantitative meta-analytic methods to analyze 193 functional neuroimaging studies of 2,832 healthy individuals, ages 18–60, in which performance on executive function measures was contrasted with an active control condition. A common pattern of activation was observed in the prefrontal, dorsal anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices across executive function domains, supporting the idea that executive functions are supported by a superordinate cognitive control network. However, domain-specific analyses showed some variation in the recruitment of anterior prefrontal cortex, anterior and midcingulate regions, and unique subcortical regions such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum. These results are consistent with the existence of a superordinate cognitive control network in the brain, involving dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices, that supports a broad range of executive functions.
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“For example, Niendam et al.‘s [137] meta-analytic study of 193 neuroimaging fMRI studies of EF showed broad patterns of activation across the lateral and medial PFC, including regions BA-9 and BA-46 (dlPFC) and BA-32 (rostral ACC), as well as both superior and inferior regions of the parietal lobes for tasks with predominantly working memory, flexibility, or inhibitory components.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Conjunction maps of activation during different tasks (e.g., during inhibiting, updating, and shifting tasks), either with data estimated within one study [135, 138, 139] or with meta-analytic techniques [137, 140, 141], suggest that both children and adults recruit a common set of regions within the FPN and CON during diverse EF tasks.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
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“At the neurobiological level, this unity can be seen in the overall patterns of neural activations during CC tasks [135–137]: Neuroimaging studies suggest that individuals performing these kinds of tasks generally activate some of the same brain regions across multiple tasks, although they also activate some regions that are unique to a particular task.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
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“The ECN, which overlaps with the frontostriatal and frontoparietal networks, is a fundamental neural substrate underpinning higher-order cognitive functions.”
From Cognitive Inflexibility Shares Across Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Task-Based Functional MRI Study (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
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“The cognitive control network (CCN),7 mainly comprising the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, postparietal cortex, and frontal eye fields, plays a pivotal role in regulating top-down cognitive processes.8”
From Can Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Relieve Executive Dysfunction in Patients With Late-Life Depression? (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“The DLPFC is a key node within the cognitive control network, 13 which is thought to subserve executive functions, such as response inhibition, set-shifting, and planning.”
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“The Go system could drive craving and engage habits via the basal ganglia.105,127”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [127]
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“It is now widely established that the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) plays an important role in executive control of attention.156–159”
From The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance (2014) · cites this paper as [158]
In the citing paper
“Although the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play a key role in mediating executive control, neuroimaging and lesion studies demonstrated that the performance of executive tasks is associated with activation in a large set of brain regions, involving prefrontal and parietal areas, motor regions, as well as subcortical structures, such as basal ganglia and thalamus (Duncan and Owen, 2000; D”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Niendam et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Decades of functional neuroimaging work has delineated brain networks underlying EFs that contribute to cognitive flexibility (21,22), namely the executive control/lateral frontoparietal (L-FPN) and salience/midcingulo-insular networks (M-CIN) (23–25).”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Citations
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Reward Anticipation Is Differentially Modulated by Varenicline and Nicotine in Smokers
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“Moreover, this could reveal whether occipital region activation is due to the visual nature of most flexibility tasks (Niendam et al. 2012).”
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Massullo, C., Carbone, G. A., Farina, B., Panno, A., Capriotti, C., Giacchini, M., Machado, S. E. D. C., Budde, H., Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., & Imperatori, C. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.09.002 · Cited by 29
Feng, M., Wen, H., Xin, H., Zhang, N., Liang, C., & Guo, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.731585 · Cited by 32
“…frontal gyrus has many functions, such as cognitive control and resting-state regulation (Vincent et al., 2008; Niendam et al., 2012; Andrews-Hanna et al., 2014; Raichle, 2015), working memory (Owen et al., 1996; Courtney et al., 1998; Rowe et al., 2000), and motor movement (Martino et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPan, W., Wang, T., Wang, X., Hitchman, G., Wang, L., & Chen, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111435 · Cited by 34
Intrinsic Connectivity Networks of Glutamate-Mediated Antidepressant Response: A Neuroimaging Review
Demchenko, I., Tassone, V. K., Kennedy, S. H., Dunlop, K., & Bhat, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.864902 · Cited by 29
Merz, E. C., Myers, B., Hansen, M., Simon, K. R., Strack, J., & Noble, K. G. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.10.004 · Cited by 34
“PFC regions that support cognitive control include lateral PFC regions, which are heavily implicated in inhibitory control and working memory, and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which has been associated with error monitoring (24,27,28).”
BackgroundChen, H., Huang, L., Yang, D., Ye, Q., Guo, M., Qin, R., Luo, C., Li, M., Ye, L., Zhang, B., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00347 · Cited by 31
“CSVD accounts for approximately 10–30% of ischaemic strokes worldwide (Patel and Markus, 2011; Xu et al., 2018) and is a leading vascular contributor to cognitive deficits and dementia, Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 1 December 2019 | Volume 11 | Article 347 mainly involving…”
BackgroundNeuroanatomical correlates of impulsive traits in children aged 9 to 10.
Owens, M. M., Hyatt, C. S., Gray, J. C., Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Hahn, S., Allgaier, N. A., Potter, A., & Garavan, H. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000627 · Cited by 29
Activation of the cognitive control network associated with information uncertainty
Wu, T., Schulz, K. P., & Fan, J. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117703 · Cited by 30
Chenot, Q., Lepron, E., Boissezon, X. D., & Scannella, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroergonomics · doi:10.3389/fnrgo.2021.718176 · Cited by 38
“Meta-analytic evidence is in favor of a distributed large network constituted of frontal and parietal areas where functional activity supports a broad range of executive functions (Niendam et al., 2012), which are typically recruited when dealing with complex and novel tasks (Miyake et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBraunlich, K., & Seger, C. A. (2012) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1217 · Cited by 33
Enriquez‐Geppert, S., & Barceló, F. (2016) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-016-0512-4 · Cited by 33
“Specifically, age-related changes regarding event-related frontal-midline (fm) theta are in focus, since these oscillations have been proposed as a neural working language of EFs and are generated in the MCC (Cavanagh et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialGray matter volume of the anterior insular cortex and social networking
Spagna, A., Dufford, A. J., Wu, Q., Wu, T., Zheng, W., Coons, E. E., Hof, P. R., Hu, B., Wu, Y., & Fan, J. (2018) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24402 · Cited by 29
“As social cognition has been shown to involve brain regions from both the CCN (Adolphs, 1999; Falk & Bassett, 2017) and DMN (Mars et al., 2012), the relevance of the dynamic switching between these networks becomes fundamental to enable an individual to process external information reaching the brain and to prioritize…”
BackgroundInfluentialSalience network dynamics underlying successful resistance of temptation
Steimke, R., Nomi, J. S., Calhoun, V. D., Stelzel, C., Paschke, L. M., Gaschler, R., Goschke, T., Walter, H., & Uddin, L. Q. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx123 · Cited by 30
“, 2007), and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and lateral parietal regions are key regions for a variety of cognitive tasks (Niendam et al., 2012).”
BackgroundWyatt, L. E., Hewan, P., Hogeveen, J., Spreng, R. N., & Turner, G. R. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108740 · Cited by 39
“The frontal-parietal control network is associated with goal-directed cognitive processes that require attentional allocation, and modulation of ongoing mental processes based on goal states (Niendam et al., 2012).”
Executive Functions and Neurocognitive Aging
Spreng, R. N., Shoemaker, L. N., & Turner, G. R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803676-1.00008-8 · Cited by 33
Growth in Adolescent Self-Regulation and Impact on Sexual Risk-Taking: A Curve-of-Factors Analysis
Crandall, A., Magnusson, B. M., & Novilla, M. L. B. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0706-4 · Cited by 43
Common and distinct neural correlates of self‐serving and prosocial dishonesty
Pornpattananangkul, N., Zhen, S., & Yu, R. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24062 · Cited by 29
Functional and structural connectivity of the executive control network in college binge drinkers
Sousa, S. S., Sampaio, A., Marques, P., López‐Caneda, E., Gonçalves, Ó. F., & Crego, A. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.033 · Cited by 30
Cook, M. J., Gardner, A. J., Wojtowicz, M. A., Williams, W. H., Iverson, G. L., & Stanwell, P. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102129 · Cited by 34
Richardson, D. P., Foxe, J. J., Mazurek, K. A., Abraham, N., & Freedman, E. G. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118853 · Cited by 35
Wheelock, M. D., Strain, J. F., Mansfield, P. K., Tu, J. C., Tanenbaum, A., Preische, O., Chhatwal, J. P., Cash, D. M., Cruchaga, C., Fagan, A. M., et al. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac498 · Cited by 31
Younger, J. W., O’Laughlin, K. D., Anguera, J. A., Bunge, S. A., Ferrer, E. E., Hoeft, F., McCandliss, B. D., Mishra, J., Rosenberg‐Lee, M., Gazzaley, A. H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1195013 · Cited by 31
Karbach, J., & Kray, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42662-4_9 · Cited by 30
Huang, P., Chan, S. Y., Ngoh, Z. M., Ong, Z. Y., Low, X. Z., Law, E. C. N., Gluckman, P. D., Kee, M. Z. L., Fortier, M. V., Chong, Y. S., et al. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724000084 · Cited by 47
“…processing network (nucleus accumbens, orbital frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex) (Jia et al., 2016) and the cognitive control network (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, lateral posterior parietal cortex) (Niendam et al., 2012) were selected as ROIs, giving a total of 14 bilateral ROIs.”
MethodAge and Vascular Burden Determinants of Cortical Hemodynamics Underlying Verbal Fluency
Heinzel, S., Metzger, F. G., Ehlis, A., Korell, R., Alboji, A., Haeussinger, F. B., Wurster, I., Brockmann, K., Suenkel, U., Eschweiler, G. W., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138863 · Cited by 31
“Dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior parietal regions are part of a superordinate fronto-cingulo-parietal cognitive control network, which is involved in executive domains, such as flexibility, inhibition, initiation, and working memory [39].”
BackgroundFeroz, F. S., Leicht, G., Steinmann, S., Andreou, C., & Mulert, C. (2016) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-016-0521-3 · Cited by 29
Hernaus, D., Santa, M. M. C., Offermann, J. S., & van Amelsvoort, T. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.02.004 · Cited by 33
“As previously has been shown (Niendam et al., 2012; Owen et al., 2005), activity increases in response to moderate and high working memory demands were observed in frontoparietal regions, including dlPFC, anterior insula and parietal lobules (2-back/3-back4X-back; Figure 2A, B, D and E; for a list of all regions, plea…”
InfluentialNeuromodulation and Cognitive Control of Emotion
Amidfar, M., Ko, Y., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_27 · Cited by 32
Bessette, K. L., Karstens, A. J., Crane, N. A., Peters, A. T., Stange, J. P., Elverman, K. H., Morimoto, S. S., Weisenbach, S. L., & Langenecker, S. A. (2020) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-019-09424-5 · Cited by 33
Yomogida, Y., Matsuo, J., Ishida, I., Ota, M., Nakamura, K., Ashida, K., & Kunugi, H. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072134 · Cited by 30
“The participants underwent fMRI scanning while performing two executive function tasks—namely, N-back and Go-Nogo tasks, which measure working memory and inhibitory control functions, respectively [25,27,38].”
BackgroundMethodBreukelaar, I. A., Williams, L. M., Antees, C., Grieve, S. M., Foster, S., Gomes, L. J., & Korgaonkar, M. S. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24342 · Cited by 29
The Forest versus the Trees: Creativity, Cognition and Imagination
Abraham, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316556238.012 · Cited by 27
A role for the serotonin 2A receptor in the expansion and functioning of human transmodal cortex
Luppi, A. I., Girn, M., Rosas, F. E., Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D., Stamatakis, E. A., Spreng, R. N., Xing, L., et al. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad311 · Cited by 31
“13,65 The DMN's key components include the posterior cingulate and precuneus, medial prefrontal cortex and (bilateral) inferior parietal cortices.”
Neural correlates of executive attention in adults born very preterm
Daamen, M., Bäuml, J., Scheef, L., Meng, C., Jurcoane, A., Jaekel, J., Sorg, C., Busch, B., Baumann, N., Bartmann, P., et al. (2015) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.09.002 · Cited by 25
Neural Representation of Working Memory Content Is Modulated by Visual Attentional Demand
Kiyonaga, A., Dowd, E. W., & Egner, T. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01174 · Cited by 32
“…frontal, parietal, and occipital cortical regions that are considered part of a “cognitive control network” and are typically engaged when task demands are high (Bertolero, Yeo, & D’Esposito, 2015; Power & Petersen, 2013; Niendam et al., 2012) as well as the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia.”
BackgroundPischedda, D., Görgen, K., Haynes, J., & Reverberi, C. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3088-16.2017 · Cited by 27
“This result is consistent with a recent meta-analysis (Niendam et al., 2012) showing that these parietal regions are consistently activated across studies using different tasks involving cognitive control (see also Wisniewski et al.”
ResultPredicting human inhibitory control from brain structural MRI
He, N., Rolls, E. T., Zhao, W., & Guo, S. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00166-9 · Cited by 27
Hoagey, D. A., Lazarus, L. T. T., Rodrigue, K. M., & Kennedy, K. M. (2021) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2021.04.016 · Cited by 27
Cope, T. E., Hughes, L. E., Phillips, H. N., Adams, N. E., Jafarian, A., Nesbitt, D., Assem, M., Woolgar, A., Duncan, J., & Rowe, J. B. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1622-21.2022 · Cited by 32
“…network has been variously named for its role in control (Dosenbach et al., 2008; Vincent et al., 2008) and executive function (Seeley et al., 2007; Niendam et al., 2012), is associated with both fluid intelligence and spatial working memory (Assem et al., 2020b), and has been implicated in…”
BackgroundGuan, M., Wang, Z., Shi, Y., Xie, Y., Ma, Z., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Gao, X., Tan, Q., & Wang, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.855483 · Cited by 31
Developmental Neuroimaging of Cognitive Flexibility: Update and Future Directions
Kupis, L. B., & Uddin, L. Q. (2023) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120221-035310 · Cited by 38
Meade, C. S., Addicott, M. A., Hobkirk, A. L., Towe, S. L., Chen, N., Sridharan, S., & Huettel, S. A. (2017) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12529 · Cited by 29
“…also detected a network associated with the unfavorability of gambles (i.e. gain-related deactivation and loss-related activation) that encompassed regions typically linked with cognitive control (DLPFC/DMPFC, PPC, caudate, basal ganglia and thalamus) (Venkatraman et al. 2009; Niendam et al. 2012).”
Quiñones‐Camacho, L. E., Fishburn, F. A., Camacho, M. C., Wakschlag, L. S., & Perlman, S. B. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100651 · Cited by 27
Gotlieb, R. J. M., Yang, X., & Immordino‐Yang, M. H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56800-0 · Cited by 29
Brainstem as a developmental gateway to social attention
Geva, R., Dital, A., Ramon, D., Yarmolovsky, J., Gidron, M., & Kuint, J. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12746 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Niendam, T. A., Laird, A. R., Ray, K. L., Dean, Y. M., Glahn, D. C., & Carter, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Niendam, Tara A.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-01-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-268
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC3660731
- OpenAlex
- W2019930104
- Semantic Scholar
- 98fddd2e31078947295c667fc52d483f3e530f48
- Cited by
- 1,700
- References
- 266
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 170 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 33.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P60AA007611)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH074457, R01MH078143, R24MH081807, R01MH059883, K23MH087708, R01MH083824)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- executive function, cognitive control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, basal ganglia, cerebellum, functional neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Radionuclide Imaging, Visual Perception, Young Adult, Executive Function, Neuroimaging
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