Inhibition, Shifting and Updating: Inter and intra-domain commonalities and differences from an executive functions activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Executive functions are higher-order mental processes that support goal-directed behavior. Among these processes, Inhibition, Updating, and Shifting have been considered core executive domains. In this meta-analysis, we comprehensively investigate the neural networks of these executive domains and we synthesize for the first time the neural convergences and divergences among the most frequently used executive paradigms within those domains. A systematic search yielded 1055 published neuroimaging studies (including 26,191 participants in total). Our study revealed that a fronto-parietal network was shared by the three main domains. Furthermore, we executed conjunction analyses among the paradigms of the same domain to extract the core distinctive components of the main executive domains. This approach showed that Inhibition and Shifting are characterized by a strongly lateralized neural activation in the right and left hemisphere, respectively. In addition, both networks overlapped with the Updating network but not with each other. Remarkably, our study detected heterogeneity among the paradigms from the same domain. More specifically, analysis of Inhibition tasks revealed differing activations for Response Inhibition compared to Interference Control paradigms, suggesting that Inhibition encompasses relatively heterogeneous sub-functions. Shifting analyses revealed a bilateral overlap of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task with the Updating network, but this pattern was absent for Rule Switching and Dual Task paradigms. Moreover, our Updating meta-analyses revealed the neural signatures associated with the specific modules of the Working Memory model from Baddeley and Hitch. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive meta-analysis of executive functions to date. Its paradigm-driven analyses provide a unique contribution to a better understanding of the neural convergences and divergences among executive processes that are relevant for clinical applications, such as cognitive enhancement and neurorehabilitation interventions.
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Both span and updating recruit frontoparietal systems, with updating eliciting stronger and more widespread engagement.
“Neuroimaging evidence likewise shows that both recruit frontoparietal systems, with updating eliciting stronger and more widespread engagement, which is consistent with greater cognitive demand (Rodríguez-Nieto et al., 2022; Wager & Smith, 2003).”
From The asymmetry of working memory training transfer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Rodríguez-Nieto et al., 2022
Section 4.4 reports frontoparietal recruitment in both storage-related Recognition tasks and executive-component Updating tasks. It does not compare span tasks directly with updating; moreover, it describes the storage-related Recognition network as more distributed than the Manipulation and N-back networks, rather than the reverse. The proposed explanation in terms of greater cognitive demand is not established for a span-versus-updating comparison. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Hardwick, R. M., Therrien, A. S., & Lesage, E. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.05.011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards a taxonomy of inhibition-related processes: A dual-task approachPreprint
Bissett, P. G., Jones, H. M., Hagen, M. P., Bui, T. T., Li, J. K., Shine, J. M., & Poldrack, R. A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/spfyu · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Neural correlates of working memory training: An fMRI meta-analysis
Zhang, Y., Fu, J., & Zhao, X. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120885 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The asymmetry of working memory training transfer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Fu, J., Zhou, Y., Yuan, M., & Cai, Y. (2026) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-026-02994-5
“Neuroimaging evidence likewise shows that both recruit frontoparietal systems, with updating eliciting stronger and more widespread engagement, which is consistent with greater cognitive demand (Rodríguez-Nieto et al., 2022; Wager & Smith, 2003).”
- Authors
- Rodríguez-Nieto, G., Seer, C., Sidlauskaite, J., Vleugels, L., Van Roy, A., Hardwick, R., & Swinnen, S.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- UCLouvain (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Swinnen, Stephan
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 264
- Pages
- 119665
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4300861956
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 12
- FWCI
- 8.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (179732, 1C.21300.0580, 794042)
- European Commission
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (EOS 30446199)
- FWO (G089818N)
- KU Leuven (C16/15/07 0)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- executive function, inhibition, cognitive shifting, working memory updating, frontoparietal network, neuronal activation, hemispheric lateralization, response inhibition, interference control, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, rule switching, dual-task paradigm, cognitive enhancement, neurorehabilitation
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Memory, Short-Term, Likelihood Functions, Executive Function
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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