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Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions
Open accessAbstract
Classic cognitive theory conceptualizes executive functions as involving multiple specific domains, including initiation, inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and vigilance. Lesion and neuroimaging experiments over the past two decades have suggested that both common and unique processes contribute to executive functions during higher cognition. It has been suggested that a superordinate fronto–cingulo–parietal network supporting cognitive control may also underlie a range of distinct executive functions. To test this hypothesis in the largest sample to date, we used quantitative meta-analytic methods to analyze 193 functional neuroimaging studies of 2,832 healthy individuals, ages 18–60, in which performance on executive function measures was contrasted with an active control condition. A common pattern of activation was observed in the prefrontal, dorsal anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices across executive function domains, supporting the idea that executive functions are supported by a superordinate cognitive control network. However, domain-specific analyses showed some variation in the recruitment of anterior prefrontal cortex, anterior and midcingulate regions, and unique subcortical regions such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum. These results are consistent with the existence of a superordinate cognitive control network in the brain, involving dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices, that supports a broad range of executive functions.
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“For example, Niendam et al.‘s [137] meta-analytic study of 193 neuroimaging fMRI studies of EF showed broad patterns of activation across the lateral and medial PFC, including regions BA-9 and BA-46 (dlPFC) and BA-32 (rostral ACC), as well as both superior and inferior regions of the parietal lobes for tasks with predominantly working memory, flexibility, or inhibitory components.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Conjunction maps of activation during different tasks (e.g., during inhibiting, updating, and shifting tasks), either with data estimated within one study [135, 138, 139] or with meta-analytic techniques [137, 140, 141], suggest that both children and adults recruit a common set of regions within the FPN and CON during diverse EF tasks.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
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“At the neurobiological level, this unity can be seen in the overall patterns of neural activations during CC tasks [135–137]: Neuroimaging studies suggest that individuals performing these kinds of tasks generally activate some of the same brain regions across multiple tasks, although they also activate some regions that are unique to a particular task.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
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“The ECN, which overlaps with the frontostriatal and frontoparietal networks, is a fundamental neural substrate underpinning higher-order cognitive functions.”
From Cognitive Inflexibility Shares Across Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Task-Based Functional MRI Study (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
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“The cognitive control network (CCN),7 mainly comprising the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, postparietal cortex, and frontal eye fields, plays a pivotal role in regulating top-down cognitive processes.8”
From Can Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Relieve Executive Dysfunction in Patients With Late-Life Depression? (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“The DLPFC is a key node within the cognitive control network, 13 which is thought to subserve executive functions, such as response inhibition, set-shifting, and planning.”
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“The Go system could drive craving and engage habits via the basal ganglia.105,127”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [127]
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“It is now widely established that the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) plays an important role in executive control of attention.156–159”
From The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance (2014) · cites this paper as [158]
In the citing paper
“Although the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play a key role in mediating executive control, neuroimaging and lesion studies demonstrated that the performance of executive tasks is associated with activation in a large set of brain regions, involving prefrontal and parietal areas, motor regions, as well as subcortical structures, such as basal ganglia and thalamus (Duncan and Owen, 2000; D”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Niendam et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Decades of functional neuroimaging work has delineated brain networks underlying EFs that contribute to cognitive flexibility (21,22), namely the executive control/lateral frontoparietal (L-FPN) and salience/midcingulo-insular networks (M-CIN) (23–25).”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Task-Specific Neural Activity in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
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Self-citationMapping context and content: the BrainMap model
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MethodDissociable contributions of prefrontal and parietal cortices to response selection
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The neural substrates underlying word generation: A bilingual functional-imaging study
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An Event-related Functional MRI Study of the Stroop Color Word Interference Task
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BackgroundSelf-citationSome cognitive effects of frontal-lobe lesions in man
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BackgroundNeural Correlates of Simple and Complex Mental Calculation
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The Functional Organization of the Brain
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“Finally, our definition of executive functions was based on a traditional view that is often used in cognitive or neuropsychological research (Lezak, 1995; Luria, 1970; Shallice, 1988), and the use of other definitions might have altered the domains examined.”
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Transient activation of inferior prefrontal cortex during cognitive set shifting
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“Further filtering and meta-analysis of the experiments was carried out using BrainMap's software applications (Laird et al., 2009), as described below.”
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Neural Circuits Subserving the Retrieval and Maintenance of Abstract Rules
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An event-related functional MRI study comparing interference effects in the Simon and Stroop tasks
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A comparison of label‐based review and ALE meta‐analysis in the Stroop task
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Self-citationEnhanced visual functioning in autism: An ALE meta-analysis
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“Coordinates originally published in MNI space were converted to Talairach space using the Lancaster (icbm2tal) transformation (Laird et al., 2010; Lancaster et al., 2007).”
MethodSelf-citationLinden, D. E. J., Bittner, R. A., Muckli, L. F., Waltz, J. A., Kriegeskorte, N., Goebel, R., Singer, W., & Munk, M. H. J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.021 · Cited by 343
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“2 and Table 6), including the DLPFC (BAs 9, 46), cingulate (BAs 32, 24), and parietal lobe (BAs 7, 40).”
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“…directly examine the functional connectivity of these brain regions during each task, previous studies of cognitive control (Fornito et al., 2011; Yoon et al., 2008) have consistently shown task-related increases in functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the network of brain regions shown…”
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Self-citationFUNCTIONS OF FRONTAL ASSOCIATION AREA IN PRIMATES
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fMRI evidence that the neural basis of response inhibition is task-dependent
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Activation of Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus during Response Inhibition across Response Modalities
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A midline dissociation between error-processing and response-conflict monitoring
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The Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in the Preparation of Forthcoming Actions: an fMRI Study
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Is the mirror neuron system involved in imitation? A short review and meta-analysis
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“…analysis did not directly examine the functional connectivity of these brain regions during each task, previous studies of cognitive control (Fornito et al., 2011; Yoon et al., 2008) have consistently shown task-related increases in functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the network…”
ResultSelf-citationIsolation of Specific Interference Processing in the Stroop Task: PET Activation Studies
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Functional neuroanatomy of antisaccade eye movements investigated with positron emission tomography.
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“…analysis across domains showed that executive functions are indeed associated with increased activity in this common cognitive control network (Bellebaum & Daum, 2007; Botvinick et al., 2001; Carter et al., 1999; Cohen et al., 2000; D'Esposito & Postle, 2002; Yarkoni et al., 2005), which…”
BackgroundFunctional and Biochemical Alterations of the Medial Frontal Cortex in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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PET Evidence for an Amodal Verbal Working Memory System
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Prefrontal Activation Deficits During Episodic Memory in Schizophrenia
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“Activation likelihood estimation has been has been used to address similar research questions in both healthy and patient samples (Binder, Desai, Graves, & Conant, 2009; Caspers, Zilles, Laird, & Eickhoff, 2010; Chouinard & Goodale, 2010; Dickstein, Bannon, Castellanos, & Milham, 2006; Fusar-Poli et al., 2009; Glahn e…”
Self-citationHow specifically do we learn? Imaging the learning of multiplication and subtraction
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Neural mechanisms of planning: A computational analysis using event-related fMRI
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Self-citationLocalization of sublexical speech perception components
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Common neural substrates for visual working memory and attention
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Evidence for Anterior Cingulate Cortex Involvement in Monitoring Preparatory Attentional Set
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Prefrontal‐subcortical dissociations underlying inhibitory control revealed by event‐related fMRI
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Dissociable Mechanisms of Attentional Control within the Human Prefrontal Cortex
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Laterality effect on emotional faces processing: ALE meta-analysis of evidence
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Modulation of task-related neural activity in task-switching: An fMRI study.
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Cerebral activation during performance of a card sorting test
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Neural Mechanisms, Temporal Dynamics, and Individual Differences in Interference Control
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Reproducibility of fMRI Results across Four Institutions Using a Spatial Working Memory Task
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Metadata
- Authors
- Niendam, T. A., Laird, A. R., Ray, K. L., Dean, Y. M., Glahn, D. C., & Carter, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Niendam, Tara A.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-01-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-268
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC3660731
- OpenAlex
- W2019930104
- Semantic Scholar
- 98fddd2e31078947295c667fc52d483f3e530f48
- Cited by
- 1,700
- References
- 266
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 170 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 33.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P60AA007611)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH074457, R01MH078143, R24MH081807, R01MH059883, K23MH087708, R01MH083824)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- executive function, cognitive control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, basal ganglia, cerebellum, functional neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Radionuclide Imaging, Visual Perception, Young Adult, Executive Function, Neuroimaging
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