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Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions
Open accessAbstract
Classic cognitive theory conceptualizes executive functions as involving multiple specific domains, including initiation, inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and vigilance. Lesion and neuroimaging experiments over the past two decades have suggested that both common and unique processes contribute to executive functions during higher cognition. It has been suggested that a superordinate fronto–cingulo–parietal network supporting cognitive control may also underlie a range of distinct executive functions. To test this hypothesis in the largest sample to date, we used quantitative meta-analytic methods to analyze 193 functional neuroimaging studies of 2,832 healthy individuals, ages 18–60, in which performance on executive function measures was contrasted with an active control condition. A common pattern of activation was observed in the prefrontal, dorsal anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices across executive function domains, supporting the idea that executive functions are supported by a superordinate cognitive control network. However, domain-specific analyses showed some variation in the recruitment of anterior prefrontal cortex, anterior and midcingulate regions, and unique subcortical regions such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum. These results are consistent with the existence of a superordinate cognitive control network in the brain, involving dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices, that supports a broad range of executive functions.
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“For example, Niendam et al.‘s [137] meta-analytic study of 193 neuroimaging fMRI studies of EF showed broad patterns of activation across the lateral and medial PFC, including regions BA-9 and BA-46 (dlPFC) and BA-32 (rostral ACC), as well as both superior and inferior regions of the parietal lobes for tasks with predominantly working memory, flexibility, or inhibitory components.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Conjunction maps of activation during different tasks (e.g., during inhibiting, updating, and shifting tasks), either with data estimated within one study [135, 138, 139] or with meta-analytic techniques [137, 140, 141], suggest that both children and adults recruit a common set of regions within the FPN and CON during diverse EF tasks.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
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“At the neurobiological level, this unity can be seen in the overall patterns of neural activations during CC tasks [135–137]: Neuroimaging studies suggest that individuals performing these kinds of tasks generally activate some of the same brain regions across multiple tasks, although they also activate some regions that are unique to a particular task.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
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“The ECN, which overlaps with the frontostriatal and frontoparietal networks, is a fundamental neural substrate underpinning higher-order cognitive functions.”
From Cognitive Inflexibility Shares Across Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Task-Based Functional MRI Study (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
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“The cognitive control network (CCN),7 mainly comprising the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, postparietal cortex, and frontal eye fields, plays a pivotal role in regulating top-down cognitive processes.8”
From Can Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Relieve Executive Dysfunction in Patients With Late-Life Depression? (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
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“The DLPFC is a key node within the cognitive control network, 13 which is thought to subserve executive functions, such as response inhibition, set-shifting, and planning.”
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“The Go system could drive craving and engage habits via the basal ganglia.105,127”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [127]
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“It is now widely established that the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) plays an important role in executive control of attention.156–159”
From The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance (2014) · cites this paper as [158]
In the citing paper
“Although the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play a key role in mediating executive control, neuroimaging and lesion studies demonstrated that the performance of executive tasks is associated with activation in a large set of brain regions, involving prefrontal and parietal areas, motor regions, as well as subcortical structures, such as basal ganglia and thalamus (Duncan and Owen, 2000; D”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Niendam et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“Decades of functional neuroimaging work has delineated brain networks underlying EFs that contribute to cognitive flexibility (21,22), namely the executive control/lateral frontoparietal (L-FPN) and salience/midcingulo-insular networks (M-CIN) (23–25).”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Citations
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“Interestingly, although all EFs, regardless of whether they require proactive or reactive control mechanisms, recruit the superordinate cognitive control network (Niendam et al., 2012), the subtypes seem to rely on different sub-networks.”
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“…associated with the cognitive control circuit, including frontal, temporal and sub-cortical areas (Appendix 1, Table S4; see Niendam and colleagues 38 ) and decreased activation in regions associated with the default mode network, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulum…”
BackgroundWalking, Gross Motor Development, and Brain Functional Connectivity in Infants and Toddlers
Marrus, N. M., Eggebrecht, A. T., Todorov, A. A., Elison, J. T., Wolff, J. J., Cole, L., Gao, W., Pandey, J., Shen, M. D., Swanson, M. R., et al. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx313 · Cited by 105
“2007) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Niendam et al. 2012), are also implicated in cognitive control (Diamond 2000), and early motor development correlates with later cognitive outcomes, including academic achievement and executive function (Murray et al.”
BackgroundThe Mouse Claustrum Is Required for Optimal Behavioral Performance Under High Cognitive Demand
White, M. G., Mu, C., Qadir, H., Madden, M. B., Zeng, H., & Mathur, B. N. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.03.020 · Cited by 101
“This cognitive control function recruits constellations of cortical regions for optimal behavioral performance (2,3), but the role of subcortical nuclei in gating or orchestrating cortical responses are poorly defined.”
BackgroundPathoconnectomics of cognitive impairment in small vessel disease: A systematic review
Dey, A., Stamenova, V., Turner, G. R., Black, S. E., & Levine, B. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.01.007 · Cited by 99
“These networks are well-established in the cognitive neuro-science literature [35,36] and correspond to the attention and executive functioning deficits most commonly affected by CSVD [37].”
Li, Q., Yang, G., Li, Z., Qi, Y., Cole, M. W., & Liu, X. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.032 · Cited by 96
“The current results are consistent with those of previous studies reporting common activations (Cieslik et al., 2010; Dosenbach et al., 2006; Fan et al., 2003; Wager et al., 2005) and in meta-analytic studies of interference resolution (Nee et al., 2007; Niendam et al., 2012).”
Raduà, J., Ojeda, N., Gómez, J., Guillén‐Grima, F., & Ortuño, F. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.03.016 · Cited by 96
“…are compared with those of studies of time perception (Lewis and Miall 2003; Wiener et al., 2010) and with those of studies of working memory and executive functions (Buchsbaum et al., 2005; Simmonds et al. 2008; Houdé et al. 2010; Kim et al. 2012; Niendam et al. 2012; Borst and Andreson 2013).”
ResultInfluentialFunctional Brain Changes Following Cognitive and Motor Skills Training
Patel, R. R., Spreng, R. N., & Turner, G. R. (2012) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968312461718 · Cited by 100
Woolgar, A., Jackson, J. B., & Duncan, J. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00981 · Cited by 105
“For example, one of the most consistent findings in human neuroimaging is a characteristic pattern of activation in the frontoparietal MD network across a wide range of different cognitive tasks (e.g., Yeo et al., 2015; Fedorenko, Duncan, & Kanwisher, 2013; Niendam et al., 2012; Dosenbach et al., 2006; Naghavi & Nyber…”
BackgroundAnterior insular cortex is a bottleneck of cognitive control
Wu, T., Wang, X., Wu, Q., Spagna, A., Yang, J., Yuan, C., Wu, Y., Gao, Z., Hof, P. R., & Fan, J. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.042 · Cited by 104
“, 2014), is supported by the cognitive control network (CCN) in the brain (Fan et al., 2014; Niendam et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2018).”
Reducing the Cognitive Footprint of Brain Tumor Surgery
Dadario, N. B., Brahimaj, B. C., Yeung, J. T., & Sughrue, M. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.711646 · Cited by 93
Lutein and Zeaxanthin Influence Brain Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Lindbergh, C. A., Renzi-Hammond, L. M., Hammond, B. R., Terry, D. P., Mewborn, C. M., Puente, A. N., & Miller, L. S. (2018) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617717000534 · Cited by 94
“Anterior cingulate cortex is reliably activated on memory tasks as well, particularly when they are challenging or require a high level of attention (Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000; Niendam et al., 2012; Shenhav, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2013; Weissman, Gopalakrishnan, Hazlett, & Woldorff, 2005).”
BackgroundHohl, K., & Dolcos, S. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1331960 · Cited by 132
Schroeter, M. L., Laird, A. R., Chwiesko, C., Deuschl, C., Schneider, E., Bzdok, D., Eickhoff, S. B., & Neumann, J. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.022 · Cited by 97
“…or control functions depend mainly on the left lateral prefrontal cortex, in particular the inferior frontal junction (IFJ), and on the anterior cingulate cortex (Derrfuss, Brass, Neumann, & von Cramon, 2005; Niendam et al., 2012; Ridderinkhof, Ullsperger, Crone, & Nieuwenhuis, 2004; Vogt, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHeinzel, S., Metzger, F. G., Ehlis, A., Korell, R., Alboji, A., Haeussinger, F. B., Hagen, K., Maetzler, W., Eschweiler, G. W., Berg, D., et al. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.021 · Cited by 100
“…functions recently showed that bilateral IFG, MFG, and inferior parietal cortex represent large parts of a superordinate fronto-cingulo-parietal cognitive control network, which is involved in executive domains, such as flexibility, inhibition, initiation, and working memory (Niendam et al., 2012).”
Li, X., Liang, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Wei, D., Chen, K., Shu, N., Reiman, E. M., & Zhang, Z. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5113-14.2015 · Cited by 95
“First, it includes the frontal and parietal regions, which are activated by executive function-related tasks (Jennings et al., 1998; Niendam et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBerryhill, M. E. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00031 · Cited by 91
“…al., 2007; Jax and Coslett, 2009), tool use (IPL: reviewed in Frey, 2008; Arbib et al., 2009), reorienting (IPL: reviewed in Maurizio Corbetta et al., 2008), executive function (SPL, IPL: for a meta-analysis see Niendam et al., 2012), and even general intelligence (SPL, IPL: Gläscher et al., 2010).”
The neural architecture of executive functions is established by middle childhood
Engelhardt, L. E., Harden, K. P., Tucker-Drob, E. M., & Church, J. A. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.024 · Cited by 87
Bosch, O. G., Rihm, J. S., Scheidegger, M., Landolt, H., Stämpfli, P., Brakowski, J., Esposito, F., Rasch, B., & Seifritz, E. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1317010110 · Cited by 91
“Regarding brain network connectivity, the DLPFC is a canonical structure of the CCN, representing conscious control of executive functions and mental representations (16).”
BackgroundJolles, D., Ashkenazi, S., Kochalka, J., Evans, T. M., Richardson, J. L., Rosenberg‐Lee, M., Zhao, H., Supekar, K., Chen, T., & Menon, V. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12399 · Cited by 98
Klumpp, H., Roberts, J., Kapella, M. C., Kennedy, A. E., Kumar, A., & Phan, K. L. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22622 · Cited by 92
“Consequently, self-perceived poor sleep may relate to disruptions or lapses in the performance of certain subprocesses or in the mobilization of elementary functions that underlie cognitive control (Niendam et al., 2012).”
Rodríguez-Nieto, G., Seer, C., Sidlauskaite, J., Vleugels, L., Van Roy, A., Hardwick, R., & Swinnen, S. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119665 · Cited by 89
Memory and executive functioning in 12‐year‐old children with a history of institutional rearing
Bick, J., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12952 · Cited by 90
“…functioning, generally defined as skills necessary for purposeful and goal-directed behavior, is often subdivided into discrete abilities, which typically include inhibitory control, working memory, sustained attention, planning, initiation, and cognitive flexibility (Niendam et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCognitive Mechanisms in Chronic Tinnitus: Psychological Markers of a Failure to Switch Attention
Trevis, K. J., McLachlan, N. M., & Wilson, S. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01262 · Cited by 92
“We utilized an established cognitive control task also known to activate the CCN in neuroimaging work; the ‘n-back’ task (Owen et al., 2005; Niendam et al., 2012).”
MethodThe neuroscience of goals and behavior change.
Berkman, E. T. (2018) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/cpb0000094 · Cited by 102
Vinckier, F., Gaillard, R., Palminteri, S., Rigoux, L., Salvador, A., Fornito, A., Adapa, R., Krebs, M. O., Pessiglione, M., & Fletcher, P. C. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.73 · Cited by 87
Davis, E. P., Hankin, B. L., Swales, D. A., & Hoffman, M. C. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000470 · Cited by 95
Silvestrini, N., Musslick, S., Berry, A. S., & Vassena, E. (2022) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000372 · Cited by 96
Intrinsic Brain Network Biomarkers of Antidepressant Response: a Review
Dunlop, K., Talishinsky, A., & Liston, C. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1072-6 · Cited by 80
Fanning, J. R., Keedy, S., Berman, M. E., Lee, R., & Coccaro, E. F. (2017) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-017-0115-8 · Cited by 92
Kärgel, C., Massau, C., Weiß, S., Walter, M., Borchardt, V., Krueger, T. H. C., Tenbergen, G., Kneer, J., Wittfoth, M., Pohl, A., et al. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23443 · Cited by 86
“This notion is strongly supported by the fact that the left SFC, which is also part of the FPCN [Niendam et al., 2012] showed a similar response pattern.”
ResultInfluentialCui, Z., Stiso, J., Baum, G. L., Kim, J. Z., Roalf, D. R., Betzel, R. F., Gu, S., Lu, Z., Xia, C. H., He, X., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.53060 · Cited by 88
Bodden, M., Kübler, D., Knake, S., Menzler, K., Heverhagen, J. T., Sommer, J. B., Kalbe, E., Krach, S., & Dodel, R. C. (2013) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0129-6 · Cited by 89
Tozzi, L., Goldstein‐Piekarski, A. N., Korgaonkar, M. S., & Williams, L. M. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.08.005 · Cited by 88
“Therefore, we focus on the putative biotype of cognitive dyscontrol, characterized by impairment of regions activated and functionally connected during cognitive tasks (7).”
BackgroundMonitoring demands for executive control: shared functions between human and nonhuman primates
Mansouri, F. A., Egner, T., & Buckley, M. J. (2017) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.001 · Cited by 89
“Does the dACC contribute to multiple different, overlapping distributed networks in a dynamic manner depending on task demands or does it operate as part of a single defined network? computational modeling has advanced well beyond the traditional notion of the dACC and conflict monitoring, there still exists a temptat…”
InfluentialZhang, B., Qi, S., Liu, S., Liu, X., Wei, X., & Ming, D. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03292-1 · Cited by 87
“brain region in the cognitive control system [73] and emotional regulation-related processes, especially re-”
BackgroundMcCulloch, D. E.-W., Madsen, M. K., Stenbæk, D. S., Kristiansen, S., Ozenne, B., Jensen, P. S., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211026454 · Cited by 83
“Executive Control Network Connectivity A single psilocybin administration decreased ECN RSFC; executive functions include e.g., cognitive flexibility, goal setting, attentional control and information processing (Niendam et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAvelar‐Pereira, B., Bäckman, L., Wåhlin, A., Nyberg, L. H., & Salami, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00152 · Cited by 83
“…the default mode network (DMN; Raichle et al., 2001; Buckner et al., 2008; Andrews-Hanna et al., 2010), the frontoparietal control network (FPN; Vincent et al., 2008; Spreng et al., 2010; Niendam et al., 2012), and the dorsal attention network (DAN; Corbetta and Shulman, 2002; Fox et al., 2006).”
BackgroundKim, H. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24747 · Cited by 82
Dissociable multi-scale patterns of development in personalized brain networks
Pines, A. R., Larsen, B., Cui, Z., Sydnor, V. J., Bertolero, M. A., Adebimpe, A., Alexander‐Bloch, A. F., Davatzikos, C. A., Fair, D. A., Gur, R. C., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30244-4 · Cited by 83
“Because EF requires functional coordination among networks of spatially distributed regions (Niendam et al., 2012; Rottschy et al., 2012; Tan et al., 2018; Murphy et al., 2020), the development of EF is increasingly understood to be dependent on the maturation of multiple large-scale functional…”
BackgroundResultFunctional significance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during exhaustive exercise
Bigliassi, M., & Filho, E. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108442 · Cited by 86
Weissman, D. G., Schriber, R. A., Fassbender, C., Atherton, O. E., Krafft, C. E., Robins, R. W., Hastings, P. D., & Guyer, A. E. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.07.002 · Cited by 81
“Although left and right frontoparietal control networks frequently demonstrate coactivity during cognitive control (Seeley et al., 2007; Niendam et al., 2012), the right and left frontoparietal control networks have also been found to be dissociable functional networks (Damoiseaux et al., 2006; Yeo…”
Nordgreen, J., Munsterhjelm, C., Aae, F., Popova, A., Boysen, P., Ranheim, B., Heinonen, M., Raszplewicz, J., Piepponen, P. T., Lervik, A., et al. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.013 · Cited by 84
de Boer, N. S., Schluter, R. S., Daams, J. G., van der Werf, Y. D., Goudriaan, A. E., & van Holst, R. J. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.013 · Cited by 83
Steele, V. R., Anderson, N. E., Claus, E. D., Bernat, E. M., Rao, V. R., Assaf, M., Pearlson, G. D., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.046 · Cited by 81
“…often assessed with ERPs and fMRI during a response inhibition task (e.g., Go/NoGo, Stroop, Stop-Signal, Flanker, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and Task-Switching), or any variety of speeded, continuous performance tasks likely to produce erroneous responses (for review, see (Niendam et al., 2012).”
Rasgon, A., Lee, W. H., Leibu, E., Laird, A., Glahn, D., Goodman, W., & Frangou, S. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.08.001 · Cited by 73
Self-citationNelson, T. D., Nelson, J. M., James, T. D., Clark, C. A. C., Kidwell, K. M., & Espy, K. A. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000296 · Cited by 86
Solomon, M., Yoon, J. H., Ragland, J. D., Niendam, T. A., Lesh, T. A., Fairbrother, W., & Carter, C. S. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.036 · Cited by 78
“Cognitive control also may involve recruitment of networks that include premotor regions (BA 6) of the PFC (for response execution), and cerebellar regions depending on task demands (39).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKnowles, E. E. M., Weiser, M., David, A. S., Glahn, D. C., Davidson, M., & Reichenberg, A. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.018 · Cited by 77
“Cognitive control networks are thought to support executive functions (27); the same cognitive ability was found to support DSST completion in healthy control subjects (and was lacking in patients with schizophrenia) in the present study.”
Self-citationEschmann, K. C. J., Bader, R., & Mecklinger, A. (2018) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2018.02.002 · Cited by 78
Connectomic markers of disease expression, genetic risk and resilience in bipolar disorder
Dima, D., Roberts, E., & Frangou, S. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.193 · Cited by 75
“14 In patients with BD, exaggerated activation during affective and executive tasks has been consistently observed in the AMG, insula and ventral ACC, whereas in unaffected relatives it is mostly con fi ned to the insula.”
Shi, L., Sun, J., Wu, X., Wei, D., Chen, Q., Yang, W., Chen, H., & Qiu, J. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy059 · Cited by 81
Sampedro‐Piquero, P., de Guevara‐Miranda, D. L., Pavón, F. J., Serrano, A., Suárez, J., de Fonseca, F. R., Santín, L. J., & Castilla‐Ortega, E. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.015 · Cited by 85
“, 2013) which is associated with executive functions such as working memory, suppression of unrelated thoughts, and task-set switching (Niendam et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Niendam, T. A., Laird, A. R., Ray, K. L., Dean, Y. M., Glahn, D. C., & Carter, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Niendam, Tara A.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-01-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-268
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC3660731
- OpenAlex
- W2019930104
- Semantic Scholar
- 98fddd2e31078947295c667fc52d483f3e530f48
- Cited by
- 1,700
- References
- 266
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 170 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 33.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P60AA007611)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH074457, R01MH078143, R24MH081807, R01MH059883, K23MH087708, R01MH083824)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- executive function, cognitive control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, basal ganglia, cerebellum, functional neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Radionuclide Imaging, Visual Perception, Young Adult, Executive Function, Neuroimaging
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