Sex differences in the effect of fish-oil supplementation on the adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older people: a randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Resistance exercise increases muscle mass and function in older adults, but responses are attenuated compared with younger people. Data suggest that long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may enhance adaptations to resistance exercise in older women. To our knowledge, this possibility has not been investigated in men. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the effects of long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation on resistance exercise training-induced increases in muscle mass and function and whether these effects differ between older men and women. DESIGN: ): 25.6 ± 4.2; women: n = 23, mean ± SD age: 70.7 ± 3.3 y, mean ± SD BMI: 25.3 ± 4.7] were randomly assigned to either long-chain n-3 PUFA (n = 23; 3 g fish oil/d) or placebo (n = 27; 3 g safflower oil/d) and participated in lower-limb resistance exercise training twice weekly for 18 wk. Muscle size, strength, and quality (strength per unit muscle area), functional abilities, and circulating metabolic and inflammatory markers were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: , 4-m walk time, chair-rise time, muscle anatomic cross-sectional area, and muscle fat did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups. There was a greater (P < 0.05) increase in muscle quality in women after exercise training in the long-chain n-3 PUFA group than in the placebo group, with no such differences in men (P > 0.05). Long-chain n-3 PUFAs resulted in a greater decrease (P < 0.05) than the placebo in plasma triglyceride concentrations in both sexes, with no differences (P > 0.05) in glucose, insulin, or inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION: Long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation augments increases in muscle function and quality in older women but not in older men after resistance exercise training. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02843009.
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Da Boit et al. described an increased muscle function in older women but not in men after receiving fish oil supplements.
“Da Boit et al. described an increased muscle function in older women but not in men [52] after receiving fish oil supplements.”
From Identification of factors associated with sarcopenic obesity development: Literature review and expert panel voting (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
Da Boit et al. and others were unable to detect differences in plasma TNF-α or IL-6 between placebo and n-3 PUFA treatment groups post-intervention in older and younger men and women.
“Despite their purported anti-inflammatory effects, which are thought to underlie the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs in muscle, Da Boit, et al. [78] and others [33,47], were unable to detect any differences in plasma TNF-α or IL-6 between the placebo and n-3 PUFA treatment groups post-intervention in both older and younger men and women.”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [78]
There is evidence to suggest that older women may respond better than men to combined n-3 PUFA supplementation and resistance exercise training.
“There is also evidence to suggest that older women may respond better than men to combined n-3 PUFA supplementation and resistance exercise training.”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [78]
Da Boit and co-workers observed greater improvement in muscle quality in the quadriceps of older women following combined resistance exercise and fish-oil supplementation compared to male and female placebo groups.
“For example, when compared to both male and female placebo groups, Da Boit and co-workers observed greater improvement in muscle quality (strength/unit of muscle area) in the quadriceps of older women following combined resistance exercise and fish-oil supplementation [78].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [78]
In older individuals, sex differences in muscle quality have been observed following n-3 PUFA supplementation.
“In older individuals sex differences in muscle quality have been observed following n-3 PUFA supplementation [78].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [78]
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- Authors
- Da Boit, M., Sibson, R., Sivasubramaniam, S., Meakin, J. R., Greig, C. A., Aspden, R. M., Thies, F., Jeromson, S., Hamilton, D. L., Speakman, J. R., Hambly, C., Mangoni, A. A., Preston, T., & Gray, S. R.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- University of Stirling (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gray, Stuart R
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 151-158
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5183731
- OpenAlex
- W2556298806
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13
- FWCI
- 19.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University) (submittedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/K00414X/1, MR/P021220/1)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/J015911/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- fish oil supplementation, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, resistance training, older adults, sex differences, muscle quality, muscle strength, muscle mass, muscle function, muscle fat, plasma triglycerides, inflammatory markers, insulin
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adipose Tissue, Aged, Body Composition, Dietary Fats, Female, Fish Oils, Humans, Male, Movement, Sex Factors, Triglycerides, Exercise, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Body Mass Index, Muscle, Skeletal, Torque, Dietary Supplements, Lower Extremity, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training
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