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Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms.
Open accessAbstract
Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) are ecologically novel chemosensory signaling compounds that influence ingestive processes and behavior. Only about 15% of the US population aged >2 y ingest NNS, but the incidence is increasing. These sweeteners have the potential to moderate sugar and energy intakes while maintaining diet palatability, but their use has increased in concert with BMI in the population. This association may be coincidental or causal, and either mode of directionality is plausible. A critical review of the literature suggests that the addition of NNS to non-energy-yielding products may heighten appetite, but this is not observed under the more common condition in which NNS is ingested in conjunction with other energy sources. Substitution of NNS for a nutritive sweetener generally elicits incomplete energy compensation, but evidence of long-term efficacy for weight management is not available. The addition of NNS to diets poses no benefit for weight loss or reduced weight gain without energy restriction. There are long-standing and recent concerns that inclusion of NNS in the diet promotes energy intake and contributes to obesity. Most of the purported mechanisms by which this occurs are not supported by the available evidence, although some warrant further consideration. Resolution of this important issue will require long-term randomized controlled trials.
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“The introduction of several low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) into the food supply, following approval by the U.S. FDA, has led to the creation of beverages and foods that taste sweet but provide less or no energy [see (5,6) for reviews].”
From Sweetness and Food Preference (2012) · cites this paper as [6]
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“The addition of nonnutritive sweeteners to diets poses no benefit for weight loss or reduced weight gain without energy restriction (238).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [238]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mattes, R. D., & Popkin, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Popkin, Barry M
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2650084
- OpenAlex
- W2150685626
- Cited by
- 521
- References
- 234
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (0172514/INDO0840-55)
- EyeSight Foundation of Alabama
- World Health Organization
- Purdue University
- National Institutes of Health (2r24hd050924-06)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK063185)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD039183, R01HD030880, R24 HD-050924, R01HD041375)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- artificial sweeteners, appetite, dietary intake, energy compensation, weight management, obesity, sweetener substitution, sugar consumption, caloric restriction, chemosensory signaling, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Appetite, Energy Intake, Homeostasis, Humans, Obesity, Sweetening Agents, Taste, Weight Gain, Body Mass Index
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