The DOI matches its Crossref record; 232 of the 234 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms.
Open accessAbstract
Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) are ecologically novel chemosensory signaling compounds that influence ingestive processes and behavior. Only about 15% of the US population aged >2 y ingest NNS, but the incidence is increasing. These sweeteners have the potential to moderate sugar and energy intakes while maintaining diet palatability, but their use has increased in concert with BMI in the population. This association may be coincidental or causal, and either mode of directionality is plausible. A critical review of the literature suggests that the addition of NNS to non-energy-yielding products may heighten appetite, but this is not observed under the more common condition in which NNS is ingested in conjunction with other energy sources. Substitution of NNS for a nutritive sweetener generally elicits incomplete energy compensation, but evidence of long-term efficacy for weight management is not available. The addition of NNS to diets poses no benefit for weight loss or reduced weight gain without energy restriction. There are long-standing and recent concerns that inclusion of NNS in the diet promotes energy intake and contributes to obesity. Most of the purported mechanisms by which this occurs are not supported by the available evidence, although some warrant further consideration. Resolution of this important issue will require long-term randomized controlled trials.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The introduction of several low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) into the food supply, following approval by the U.S. FDA, has led to the creation of beverages and foods that taste sweet but provide less or no energy [see (5,6) for reviews].”
From Sweetness and Food Preference (2012) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“The addition of nonnutritive sweeteners to diets poses no benefit for weight loss or reduced weight gain without energy restriction (238).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [238]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Genetics of Food Intake Self-Regulation in Childhood: Literature Review and Research Opportunities
Faith, M. S., Carnell, S., & Kral, T. V. E. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000353879 · Cited by 7,633
Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases
Joint, W. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,890
Swinburn, B., Baba, N. H., Belhadj, M., Deurenberg‐Yap, M., Djazayery, A., Forrester, T., Galuska, D. A., Herman, S. T., James, W. P. T., Kabangu, J. R. M., et al. (2003) · World Health Organization eBooks · Cited by 3,453
Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet
Shai, I., Schwarzfuchs, D., Henkin, Y., Shahar, D. R., Witkow, S., Greenberg, I., Golan, R., Fraser, D., Bolotin, A., Vardi, H., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0708681 · Cited by 2,143
Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review
Malik, V. S., Schulze, M. B., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274 · Cited by 2,100
Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking
Berridge, K. C. (1996) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(95)00033-b · Cited by 1,901
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00233-9 · Cited by 1,869
Wang, G.-J., Volkow, N. D., Logan, J., Pappas, N. R., Wong, C. T., Zhu, W., Netusll, N., & Fowler, J. S. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03643-6 · Cited by 1,864
Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Vartanian, L. R., Schwartz, M. B., & Brownell, K. D. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.083782 · Cited by 1,863
Dansinger, M. L., Gleason, J. A., Griffith, J. L., Selker, H. P., & Schaefer, E. J. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.1.43 · Cited by 1,726
Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology
Fluharty, S. J., & Grill, H. J. (2003) · Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology · doi:10.1108/s0363-0951200318 · Cited by 1,701
Schulze, M. B. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.8.927 · Cited by 1,639
Glucagon-like peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans.
Flint, A., Raben, A., Astrup, A., & Holst, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci990 · Cited by 1,402
Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation
Doty, R. L. (2003) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203911457 · Cited by 1,228
Subar, A. F. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg092 · Cited by 1,070
Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1.
Jang, H.-J., Kokrashvili, Z., Theodorakis, M. J., Carlson, O. D., Kim, B.-J., Zhou, J., Kim, H. H., Xu, X., Chan, S. L., Juhaszova, M., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706890104 · Cited by 995 · cited 2×
“Sucralose is a ligand for the gut receptor and elicits GLP-1 secretion (123).”
BackgroundNordmann, A. J., Nordmann, A., Briel, M., Keller, U., Yancy, W. S., Brehm, B. J., & Bucher, H. C. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.3.285 · Cited by 973
Structure of Dietary Measurement Error: Results of the OPEN Biomarker Study
Kipnis, V. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg091 · Cited by 875
Elliott, R. M., Morgan, L. M., Tredger, J. A., Deacon, S., Wright, J., & Marks, V. (1993) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1380159 · Cited by 695
Raben, A., Vasilaras, T. H., Møller, A. C., & Astrup, A. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.4.721 · Cited by 667
Effect of sensory perception of foods on appetite and food intake: a review of studies on humans
Sørensen, L. B., Møller, P., Flint, A., Martens, M., & Raben, A. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802391 · Cited by 589
Glucagon-like peptide-1: a potent regulator of food intake in humans
Gutzwiller, J.-P., Göke, B., Drewe, J., Hildebrand, P., Ketterer, S., Handschin, D., Winterhalder, R., Conen, D., & Beglinger, C. (1999) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.44.1.81 · Cited by 577
Erratum to: “Parsing reward” [Trends Neurosci. 26 (2003) 507–513]
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2003.09.001 · Cited by 562
Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum
Kelley, A. E., Bakshi, V. P., Haber, S. N., Steininger, T. L., Will, M. J., & Zhang, M. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00751-5 · Cited by 526
The Sweetening of the World's Diet
Popkin, B. M., & Nielsen, S. J. (2003) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2003.179 · Cited by 466
Self-citationFueling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long-term weight gain.
Fowler, S. P., Williams, K., Resendez, R. G., Hunt, K. J., Hazuda, H. P., & Stern, M. P. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.284 · Cited by 464
Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2
Mace, O. J., Affleck, J. A., Patel, N., & Kellett, G. L. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.130906 · Cited by 453
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Jayne, M., Franceschi, D., Wong, C., Gatley, S. J., Gifford, A. N., Ding, Y., et al. (2002) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.10075 · Cited by 452
The ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome, satiety, and a cephalic phase hypothesis.
Powley, T. L. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.89 · Cited by 452
Pass the sugar, pass the salt: experience dictates preference.
Sullivan, S. A., & Birch, L. L. (1990) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.4.546 · Cited by 450
Tordoff, M. G., & Alleva, A. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.6.963 · Cited by 444
Regulation of the Gastric Emptying of Glucose
Brener, W., Hendrix, T. R., & McHugh, P. R. (1983) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(83)80232-7 · Cited by 438
Food Reward in the Absence of Taste Receptor Signaling
de Araujo, I. E., Oliveira-Maia, A. J., Sotnikova, T. D., Gainetdinov, R. R., Caron, M. G., Nicolelis, M. A. L., & Simon, S. A. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.032 · Cited by 431
Mela, D. J. (2006) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.02.006 · Cited by 414
Davis, C. A., Patte, K. A., Levitan, R. D., Reid, C., Tweed, S., & Curtis, C. (2006) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.05.016 · Cited by 411
Taste and development : the genesis of sweet preference
Weiffenbach, J. M. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 395
Long-term reduction in dietary sodium alters the taste of salt
Beauchamp, G., & Engelman, K. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.6.1134 · Cited by 384
The Physiological Regulation of Thirst and Fluid Intake
McKinley, M. J., & Johnson, A. K. (2004) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/nips.01470.2003 · Cited by 376
The Variability of Young Children's Energy Intake
Birch, L. L., Johnson, S. L., Andresen, G. V., Peters, J. C., & Schulte, M. C. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199101243240405 · Cited by 359
Magnuson, B. A., Burdock, G. A., Doull, J., Kroes, R., Marsh, G. M., Pariza, M. W., Spencer, P. S., Waddell, W. J., Walker, R., & Williams, G. M. (2007) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408440701516184 · Cited by 353
Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: different effects on energy storage
Horton, T., Drougas, H., Brachey, A., Reed, G., Peters, J., & Hill, J. (1995) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.1.19 · Cited by 339
Eating as a regulatory control of drinking in the rat.
Fitzsimons, T., & Magnen, J. L. (1969) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026772 · Cited by 334
Sugar-sweetened beverages and body mass index in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis
Forshee, R. A., Anderson, P. A., & Storey, M. L. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1662 · Cited by 315
Homeostatic and Non‐homeostatic Pathways Involved in the Control of Food Intake and Energy Balance
Berthoud, H. (2006) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2006.308 · Cited by 309
Forebrain substrates of reward and motivation
Wise, R. A. (2005) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20689 · Cited by 309
A role for sweet taste: Calorie predictive relations in energy regulation by rats.
Swithers, S. E., & Davidson, T. L. (2008) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.122.1.161 · Cited by 294
PARADOXICAL EFFECTS OF AN INTENSE SWEETENER (ASPARTAME) ON APPETITE
Blundell, J. E. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91352-8 · Cited by 279
Franken, I. H. A., & Muris, P. (2005) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.04.004 · Cited by 278
Food-associated drinking in the rat.
Kissileff, H. R. (1969) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026773 · Cited by 275
Cephalic phase responses, craving and food intake in normal subjects
Nederkoorn, C., Smulders, F. T. Y., & Jansen, A. (2000) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.2000.0328 · Cited by 273
Role of caloric content on gastric emptying in humans.
Calbet, J. A. L., & MacLean, D. A. (1997) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1997.sp021881 · Cited by 272
Gastric volume rather than nutrient content inhibits food intake
Phillips, R. J., & Powley, T. L. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.3.r766 · Cited by 269
Patterns of weight change and their relation to diet in a cohort of healthy women
Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., London, S. J., Segal, M. R., & Speizer, F. E. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.6.1100 · Cited by 254
Genetic and environmental influences on children’s food neophobia
Cooke, L. J., Haworth, C. M. A., & Wardle, J. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.2.428 · Cited by 239
Determinants of Food Choice: Relationships with Obesity and Weight Control
Mela, D. J. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.127 · Cited by 239
Sweet and sour preferences in young children and adults: role of repeated exposure.
LIEM, D., & DEGRAAF, C. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.028 · Cited by 236
Do we eat less fat, or just report so?
Heitmann, B., Lissner, L., & Osler, M. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801176 · Cited by 235
Preferences for Sweet and Salty in 9- to 15-Year-Old and Adult Humans
Desor, J. A., Greene, L. S., & Maller, O. (1975) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188365 · Cited by 235
Progress in obesity research: 7
Angel, A. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 232
Hill, A. J., Magson, L. D., & Blundell, J. E. (1984) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(84)80008-2 · Cited by 228
The effect of osmolality and carbohydrate content on the rate of gastric emptying of liquids in man.
Vist, G. E., & Maughan, R. J. (1995) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020831 · Cited by 227
Diverse tastes: Genetics of sweet and bitter perception
Reed, D. R., Tanaka, T., & McDaniel, A. H. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.033 · Cited by 221
Oral and postoral determinants of food reward.
SCLAFANI, A. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.031 · Cited by 218
Beverage viscosity is inversely related to postprandial hunger in humans
Mattes, R. D., & Rothacker, D. Q. (2001) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00597-2 · Cited by 214
Self-citationLiquid calories, sugar, and body weight
Drewnowski, A., & Bellisle, F. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.3.651 · Cited by 214
Rogers, P. J., Carlyle, J. B. W., Hill, A. J., & Blundell, J. E. (1988) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(88)90207-7 · Cited by 210
Sensitivity to reward and body mass index (BMI): Evidence for a non-linear relationship
Davis, C. A., & Fox, J. R. E. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.05.007 · Cited by 208
Food choice and intake: the human factor
Mela, D. J. (1999) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665199000683 · Cited by 206
Gastric satiation is volumetric, intestinal satiation is nutritive
Powley, T. L., & Phillips, R. J. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.037 · Cited by 205
Increasing dietary salt alters salt taste preference
Bertino, M., Beauchamp, G. K., & Engelman, K. (1986) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90155-1 · Cited by 202
Blackburn, G. L., Kanders, B. S., Lavin, P. T., Keller, S. M., & Whatley, J. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.2.409 · Cited by 202
Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight.
Bellisle, F., & Drewnowski, A. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602649 · Cited by 200
Blundell, J. E., & Finlayson, G. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.021 · Cited by 198 · cited 1×
“However, it cannot be assumed that obese individuals derive greater pleasure from foods (168, 187).”
BackgroundAcceptance of sweet and salty tastes in 2-year-old children.
Beauchamp, G. K., & Moran, M. (1984) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(84)80002-1 · Cited by 198
Physiologic Responses to Sensory Stimulation by Food
Mattes, R. D. (1997) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00101-6 · Cited by 194
Self-citationNutritional implications of the cephalic-phase reflexes: endocrine responses
Teff, K. L. (2000) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0282 · Cited by 178
Sugar and body weight regulation
Hill, J., & Prentice, A. M. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.1.264s · Cited by 177
Qualmann, C., Nauck, M. A., Holst, J. J., øSrskov, C., & Creutzfeldt, W. (1995) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365529509101597 · Cited by 171
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human hypothalamic responses to sweet taste and calories
Smeets, P. A. M., de Graaf, C., Stafleu, A., van Osch, M. J. P., & van der Grond, J. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.5.1011 · Cited by 171
The physiological regulation of thirst and fluid intake
McKinley (2004) · Cited by 169
The Neuropsychology of Thirst: New Findings and Advances in Concepts
Routtenberg, A., Epstein, A. N., Kissileff, H. R., & Stellar, E. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421674 · Cited by 168
Stimulus satiation: effects of repeated exposure to foods on pleasantness and intake
Hetherington, M. M., Pirie, L. M., & Nabb, S. (2002) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.2001.0442 · Cited by 166
Palatability Affects Satiation But Not Satiety
de Graaf, C., Jong, L. S. D., & Lambers, A. C. (1999) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00335-7 · Cited by 164
Independent influences of body mass and gastric volumes on satiation in humans
Delgado-Aros, S., Cremonini, F., Castillo, J. E., Chial, H. J., Burton, D. D., Ferber, I., & Camilleri, M. (2004) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.007 · Cited by 163
High-fructose corn syrup: is this what's for dinner?
Duffey, K. J., & Popkin, B. M. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825c · Cited by 163
Self-citationExperimental sodium depletion and salt taste in normal human volunteers
Beauchamp, G. K., Bertino, M., Burke, D., & Engelman, K. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.5.881 · Cited by 163
Feldman, M., & Barnett, C. C. (1995) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90016-0 · Cited by 162
Caloric regulation in normal-weight men maintained on a palatable diet of concentional foods☆
Porikos, K. P., Hesser, M., & VanItallie, T. (1982) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(82)90018-x · Cited by 161
Effect of dietary sodium restriction on taste responses to sodium chloride: a longitudinal study
Blais, C., Pangborn, R. M., Borhani, N. O., Ferrell, M. F., Prineas, R., & Laing, B. (1986) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/44.2.232 · Cited by 156
Consumo de bebidas para una vida saludable: recomendaciones para la población mexicana
Rivera, J. Á., Muñoz‐Hernández, O., Rosas-Peralta, M., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Popkin, B. M., & Willett, W. C. (2008) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342008000200011 · Cited by 152
Self-citationHuman hedonic responses to sweetness: Role of taste genetics and anatomy
Yeomans, M. R., Tepper, B. J., Rietzschel, J., & Prescott, J. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.011 · Cited by 151
Taste perception of sodium chloride in relation to dietary intake of salt
Pangborn, R. M., & Pecore, S. D. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/35.3.510 · Cited by 151
Yeomans, M. R., GRAY, R. W., MITCHELL, C. J., & True, S. (1997) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1997.0092 · Cited by 150
Gastric distention by balloon and test-meal intake in obese and lean subjects
Geliebter, A., Westreich, S., & Gage, D. (1988) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/48.3.592 · Cited by 147
Facial expressions and genetic sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil predict hedonic response to sweet
Looy, H., & Weingarten, H. P. (1992) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(92)90435-5 · Cited by 144
Fat preference and adherence to a reduced-fat diet
Mattes, R. D. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/57.3.373 · Cited by 141
Self-citationA Pavlovian approach to the problem of obesity
Davidson, T. L., & Swithers, S. E. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802660 · Cited by 141
A review of the effectiveness of aspartame in helping with weight control
de la Hunty, A., Gibson, S., & Ashwell, M. (2006) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2006.00564.x · Cited by 139
Opioids as agents of reward-related feeding: a consideration of the evidence
Levine, A. S., & Billington, C. J. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.032 · Cited by 138
The structure of meals in humans: Eating and drinking patterns in lean and obese subjects
Bellisle, F., & Magnen, J. L. (1981) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(81)90237-7 · Cited by 133
Sweet taste: Effect on cephalic phase insulin release in men
Teff, K. L., Devine, J., & Engelman, K. (1995) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)00373-d · Cited by 132
The neural/cephalic phase reflexes in the physiology of nutrition
Zafra, M. A., Molina, F., & Puerto, A. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.03.005 · Cited by 132
Porikos, K. P., Booth, G., & Itallie, T. V. (1977) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/30.10.1638 · Cited by 131
Signals that influence food intake and body weight
WOODS, S. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.060 · Cited by 131
Reid, M., Hammersley, R., Hill, A. J., & Skidmore, P. (2007) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507252705 · Cited by 128
Cecil, J. E., Francis, J. R., & Read, N. W. (1998) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1998.0177 · Cited by 126
Eny, K. M., Wolever, T. M. S., Fontaine‐Bisson, B., & El‐Sohemy, A. (2008) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00148.2007 · Cited by 125
Sensory and hedonic associations with macronutrient and energy intakes of lean and obese consumers
Cox, D., Perry, L., Moore, P., Vallis, L. A., & Mela, D. J. (1999) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800836 · Cited by 120
Corpe, C. P., Mm, B., Affleck, J. A., Gould, G. W., Jess, T. J., & Kellett, G. L. (1996) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004240050124 · Cited by 119
Diet and cephalic phase insulin responses.
Powley, T., & Berthoud, H. (1985) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/42.5.991 · Cited by 119
Artificial sweetener use and one-year weight change among women
Stellman, S. D., & Garfinkel, L. (1986) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(86)90089-7 · Cited by 118
Role of palatability on meal-induced thermogenesis in human subjects
LEBLANC, J., & Brondel, L. (1985) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1985.248.3.e333 · Cited by 117
Carbohydrates and human appetite
Blundell, J. E., Green, S. M., & Burley, V. J. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.3.728s · Cited by 116
A new method for delivering a taste without fluids to preterm and term infants
Maone, T. R., Mattes, R. D., Bernbaum, J. C., & Beauchamp, G. K. (1990) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420230208 · Cited by 116
Self-citationCephalic phase metabolic responses in normal weight adults
Bruce, D. G., Storlien, L. H., Furler, S. M., & Chisholm, D. J. (1987) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(87)90106-5 · Cited by 114
Wymelbeke-Delannoy, V. V., BERIDOT-THEROND, M. E., de la Guéronnière, V., & Fantino, M. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601762 · Cited by 113
Effects of intense sweeteners on hunger, food intake, and body weight: a review
Rolls, B. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.4.872 · Cited by 112
Lavin, J., French, S., & Read, N. W. (1997) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800360 · Cited by 112
Chapman, I. M., Goble, E., Wittert, G., Morley, J. E., & Horowitz, M. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.3.r596 · Cited by 111
Information About the Fat Content of Preloads Influences Energy Intake in Healthy Women
Shide, D. J., & Rolls, B. J. (1995) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00273-1 · Cited by 110
Influences on acceptance of bitter foods and beverages
Mattes, R. D. (1994) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90370-0 · Cited by 107
Self-citationRelationships between human thirst, hunger, drinking, and feeding
McKiernan, F., Houchins, J. A., & Mattes, R. D. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.007 · Cited by 107
Self-citationCephalic phase responses to sweet taste
Abdallah, L., Chabert, M., & LOUIS-SYLVESTRE, J. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.3.737 · Cited by 103
Sugars, energy metabolism, and body weight control
Saris, W. H. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.4.850s · Cited by 102
Umami and appetite: Effects of monosodium glutamate on hunger and food intake in human subjects
Rogers, P. J., & Blundell, J. E. (1990) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90230-2 · Cited by 101
Canty, D., & Chan, M. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1159 · Cited by 100
An evaluation of the effect of aspartame on weight loss
Kanders, B. S., Lavin, P. T., Kowalchuk, M. B., Greenberg, I., & Blackburn, G. L. (1988) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(88)80050-3 · Cited by 100
Hunger and food intake following consumption of low-calorie foods
Rolls, B. J., Laster, L. J., & Summerfelt, A. T. (1989) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(89)90109-8 · Cited by 98
Parker, D., Gonzalez, S., Derby, C., Gans, K. M., Lasater, T. M., & Carleton, R. (1997) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800373 · Cited by 97
Deprivation, paiatability and the micro-structure of meals in human subjects
Bellisle, F., Lucas, F., Amrani, R., & Magnen, J. L. (1984) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(84)80027-6 · Cited by 97
Effects of sugar intake on body weight: a review
Vermunt, S. H. F., Pasman, W. J., Schaafsma, G., & Kardinaal, A. F. M. (2003) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2003.00102.x · Cited by 97
Distinctions among three sugars in their effects on gastric emptying and satiety
Moran, T. H., & McHugh, P. R. (1981) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1981.241.1.r25 · Cited by 96
Yeomans, M. R., Lee, M. D., Gray, R., & French, S. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801653 · Cited by 93
Interdependency of food and water intake in humans
Engell, D. B. (1988) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(88)90064-5 · Cited by 93
Oral stimulation with aspartame increases hunger
Tordoff, M. G., & Alleva, A. M. (1990) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90126-o · Cited by 93
Can calories be perceived and do they affect hunger in obese and nonobese humans?
Wooley, O. W., Wooley, S. C., & Dunham, R. B. (1972) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033069 · Cited by 92
Effects of aspartame and sucrose on hunger and energy intake in humans
Mattes, R. D. (1990) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90350-d · Cited by 90
Self-citationShort- and long-term effects of changes in pleasantness on food intake
Zandstra, E. H., de Graaf, C., Mela, D. J., & van Staveren, W. A. (2000) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0304 · Cited by 89
Warwick, Z. S., HALL, W. G., Pappas, T. N., & Schiffman, S. S. (1993) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90153-7 · Cited by 89
Timing of Insulin Delivery with Meals
Kraegen, E. W., Chisholm, D. J., & McNamara, M. (1981) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1019271 · Cited by 88
Pangborn, R. M., & Giovanni, M. (1984) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(84)80004-5 · Cited by 87
Total daily energy expenditure among middle-aged men and women: the OPEN Study
Tooze, J. A., Schoeller, D. A., Subar, A. F., Kipnis, V., Schatzkin, A. G., & Troiano, R. P. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.2.382 · Cited by 86
Effect of beverage osmolality on intestinal fluid absorption during exercise
GISOLFI, C. V., Summers, R. W., Lambert, G. P., & Xia, T. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.5.1941 · Cited by 85
Gastrointestinal factors in hunger and satiety
Houpt, K. A. (1982) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(82)90052-5 · Cited by 84
The relationship between food reward and satiation revisited
Sclafani, A., & Ackroff, K. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.045 · Cited by 80
Learned caloric adjustment of human intake
Louis-Sylvestre, J., Tournier, A., Verger, P., Chabert, M., Delorme, B., & Hossenlopp, J. (1989) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(89)90099-8 · Cited by 79
Relationships between and among selected measures of sweet-taste preference and dietary intake
Mattes, R. D., & Mela, D. J. (1986) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/11.4.523 · Cited by 79
Self-citationBlundell, J. E., & King, N. A. (2007) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470514962.ch9 · Cited by 78
Goldfield, G. S., Lorello, C., & Doucet, É. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.2.308 · Cited by 78
Strominger, J. L. (1947) · PubMed · Cited by 78
Black, R. M., Leiter, L. A., & Anderson, G. H. (1993) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90139-7 · Cited by 77
Physiology of drinking elicited by eating.
Kraly, F. S. (1984) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.91.4.478 · Cited by 77
[Progress in obesity research].
Hamann, A., & Matthaei, S. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 77
Can artificial sweeteners help control body weight and prevent obesity?
Benton, D. (2005) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr200494 · Cited by 74
Physiology of drinking elicited by eating.
Kraly, F. S. (1984) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.91.4.478 · Cited by 74
Black, R. M., Tanaka, P., Leiter, L. A., & Anderson, G. H. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90321-e · Cited by 72
Effects of sweetness perception and caloric value of a preload on short term intake
Brala, P. M., & Hagen, R. L. (1983) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(83)90030-6 · Cited by 72
Collaku, A., Rankinen, T., Rice, T., Leon, A. S., Rao, D., Skinner, J. S., Wilmore, J. H., & Bouchard, C. (2004) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.5.881 · Cited by 71
Laboratory hedonic ratings as predictors of consumption
Zandstra, E. H., de Graaf, C., van Trijp, J. C. M., & van Staveren, W. A. (1999) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/s0950-3293(98)00050-0 · Cited by 70
Dietary Patterns and Trends in the United States: The UNC-CH Approach
Popkin, B. M., Haines, P. S., & Siega‐Riz, A. M. (1999) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1998.0190 · Cited by 70
Self-citationEffects of obesity and set point on taste responsiveness and ingestion in humans.
Rodin, J. (1975) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077193 · Cited by 69
Drewnowski, A., Massien, C., LOUIS-SYLVESTRE, J., Fricker, J., Chapelot, D., & Apfelbaum, M. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.2.338 · Cited by 69
Cephalic-phase insulin in obese and normal-weight men: Relation to postprandial insulin
Teff, K. L., Mattes, R. D., Engelman, K., & Mattern, J. (1993) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(93)90157-j · Cited by 68
Self-citationLeclercq, C. (1999) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/026520399284145 · Cited by 67
Effects of Sweetness and Energy in Drinks on Food Intake Following Exercise
King, N. A., Appleton, K. M., Rogers, P. J., & Blundell, J. E. (1999) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00280-7 · Cited by 65
Cai, G., Cole, S. A., Bastarrachea, R. A., MacCluer, J. W., Blangero, J., & Comuzzie, A. G. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1410 · Cited by 63
Cephalic postprandial thermogenesis in human subjects
LEBLANC, J., & Cabanac, M. (1989) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(89)90024-3 · Cited by 62
Gatenby, S. J., Aaron, J., Jack, V., & Mela, D. J. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1867 · Cited by 61
Aspartame ingested without tasting inhibits hunger and food intake
Rogers, P. J., Pleming, H. C., & Blundell, J. E. (1990) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90377-g · Cited by 61
Parigi, A. D., Chen, K., Salbe, A. D., Reiman, E. M., & Tataranni, P. A. (2003) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2003.68 · Cited by 61
Uncoupling sweetness and calories: Methodological aspects of laboratory studies on appetite control
Blundell, J. E., Rogers, P. J., & Hill, A. J. (1988) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(88)80047-3 · Cited by 58
Regulation of food intake in normal rats and in rats with hypothalamic hyperphagia.
Jl, S., Brobeck, J. R., & CORT, R. L. (1953) · PubMed · Cited by 57
Beauchamp, G. K., & Cowart, B. J. (1987) · ILSI human nutrition reviews · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1429-1_9 · Cited by 57
Appleton, K. M., & Blundell, J. E. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.027 · Cited by 57
Preference and Sensitivity to Salt Taste as Determinants of Salt-intake
Shepherd, R., Farleigh, C. A., & Land, D. G. (1984) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(84)80014-8 · Cited by 57
Estimated intake of intense sweeteners from non-alcoholic beverages in Denmark
Leth, T., Fabricius, N., & Fagt, S. (2007) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652030601019429 · Cited by 57
The effects of sugar-free vs sugar-rich beverages on feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake
S.H.A. Holt, N. S. (2000) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/096374800100912 · Cited by 57
Human dietary responses to perceived manipulation of fat content in a midday meal.
Fa, C., & Rd, M. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 55
How important is hedonism? Reasons given by college students for ending a meal
Mook, D. G., & Votaw, M. C. (1992) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(92)90211-n · Cited by 54
The Ontogeny of Human Flavor Perception
Mennella, J. A., & Beauchamp, G. K. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012161958-9/50007-5 · Cited by 52
Sensory and Hedonic Judgments of Common Foods by Lean Consumers and Consumers with Obesity
Cox, D. N., Galen, M. V., HEDDERLEY, D. I., Perry, L., Moore, P. B., & Mela, D. J. (1998) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00376.x · Cited by 52
Lavin, J., French, S., & Read, N. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801828 · Cited by 51
Physiological mechanisms mediating aspartame-induced satiety
Hall, W. L., Millward, D. J., Rogers, P. J., & Morgan, L. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00034-9 · Cited by 49
Short-term dietary compensation in free-living adults
McKiernan, F., Hollis, J., & Mattes, R. D. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.12.014 · Cited by 47
Self-citationIndividual Differences in the Use of Pleasantness and Palatability Ratings
Yeomans, M. R., & SYMES, T. (1999) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0224 · Cited by 47
[Beverage consumption for a healthy life: recommendations for the Mexican population].
Rivera, J. Á., Muñoz‐Hernández, O., Rosas-Peralta, M., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Popkin, B. M., & Willett, W. C. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 46
Self-citationDo calories, osmolality, or calcium determine gastric emptying?
Shafer, R. B., Levine, A. S., MARLETTE, J. M., & Morley, J. E. (1985) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1985.248.4.r479 · Cited by 45
Intake of intense sweeteners in Germany
Bär, A., & Biermann, C. (1992) · Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/bf01612550 · Cited by 43
Effects of D-glucose anomers on sweetness taste and insulin release in man
Yamazaki, M., & Sakaguchi, T. (1986) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(86)90126-7 · Cited by 43
Harris, R. B. S., Harris, R. B. S., & Mattes, R. D. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420047844 · Cited by 42
Self-citationIntense sweeteners, food intake, and the weight of a body of evidence
RENWICK, A. G. (1994) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90021-3 · Cited by 41
Chung, M.-S., Suh, H.-J., Yoo, W., Choi, S.-H., Cho, Y.-H., Cho, Y.-H., & Kim, C.-J. (2005) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652030500202092 · Cited by 41
Rogers, P. J., Keedwell, P. A., & Blundell, J. E. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90312-c · Cited by 40
How do non-nutritive sweeteners increase food intake?
Tordoff, M. G. (1988) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(88)80039-4 · Cited by 40
Adjustment in energy intake following the covert removal of sugar from the diet
Naismith, D. J., & Rhodes, C. C. (1995) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-277x.1995.tb00309.x · Cited by 40
Responses to an intense sweetener in humans: Immediate preference and delayed effects on intake
Monneuse, M.-O., Bellisle, F., & LOUIS-SYLVESTRE, J. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90051-o · Cited by 39
Effect of sucrose and sweeteners on appetite and energy intake.
Blundell, J. E., & Green, S. M. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Beaton, G., Tarasuk, V. S., & Anderson, G. H. (1992) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(92)90013-v · Cited by 36
Sweet taste and diet in type II diabetes
Tepper, B. J., Hartfiel, L. M., & Schneider, S. H. (1996) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(95)02242-2 · Cited by 34
Meal size, satiety and cholecystokinin in gastrectomized humans
Bergh, C. E. K. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00958-7 · Cited by 34
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 234 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kuntz, 2005, Achieving flavor parity with alternative sweeteners., Food Product Design, 5, 29
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Malik, V. S., Popkin, B. M., Bray, G. A., Després, J.-P., & Hu, F. B. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.876185 · Cited by 1,641
Self-citationHu, F. B. (2013) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12040 · Cited by 884
The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Brownell, K. D., Farley, T. A., Willett, W. C., Popkin, B. M., Chaloupka, F. J., Thompson, J. W., & Ludwig, D. S. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmhpr0905723 · Cited by 742
Self-citationSweetening of the global diet, particularly beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses
Popkin, B. M., & Hawkes, C. (2016) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00419-2 · Cited by 737
Self-citationPublic health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture
Friel, S., Dangour, A. D., Garnett, T., Lock, K., Chalabi, Z., Roberts, I., Butler, A. J., Butler, C. D., Waage, J. K., McMichael, A. J., et al. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61753-0 · Cited by 498
Metadata
- Authors
- Mattes, R. D., & Popkin, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Popkin, Barry M
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2650084
- OpenAlex
- W2150685626
- Cited by
- 521
- References
- 234
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (0172514/INDO0840-55)
- EyeSight Foundation of Alabama
- World Health Organization
- Purdue University
- National Institutes of Health (2r24hd050924-06)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK063185)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD039183, R01HD030880, R24 HD-050924, R01HD041375)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- artificial sweeteners, appetite, dietary intake, energy compensation, weight management, obesity, sweetener substitution, sugar consumption, caloric restriction, chemosensory signaling, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Appetite, Energy Intake, Homeostasis, Humans, Obesity, Sweetening Agents, Taste, Weight Gain, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review