Coffee consumption and stroke risk: A meta‐analysis of epidemiologic studies
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, and contains caffeine and phenolic compounds. Many studies on the association between coffee consumption and risk of stroke have been reported, however, more research is needed to further explore many studies' inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to verify the relationship between coffee consumption and stroke. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, using the keywords "coffee" or "caffeine" for the exposure factors, and "transient ischemic attack" or "stroke" or "acute cerebral infarction" or "cardiovascular events" for the outcome factors. We included prospective cohort and case-control studies published between 2001 and July 2011 in this review. The search was limited to English language. RESULTS: Among 27 articles identified for this review, only 9 studies met the inclusion criteria, all of which were cohort studies. When using all cohort studies, the pooled relative risk (RR) of stroke for the highest vs. lowest category of coffee consumption was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 to 0.91). When subgroup analysis was performed, for Europeans, increased coffee drinking showed a preventive effect on stroke occurrence with RR 0.82 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.92); RR for women 0.81 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.93); for ischemic stroke 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71 to 0.90); and for those drinking 4 cups or more per day 0.83 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.91). CONCLUSION: We found that coffee consumption of 4 cups or more per day showed a preventive effect on stroke in this meta-analysis.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Similar results were obtained in the meta-analysis by Kim et al. (2012).
“Similar results were obtained in the meta-analysis by Kim et al. (2012)”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Kim et al. (2012)
Among the prospective cohort studies included in the meta-analyses, none reported a positive association between coffee consumption and the risk of stroke of any type.
“Among the prospective cohort studies included in the meta-analyses above, none reported a positive association (increased risk) between coffee consumption and the risk of stroke of any type.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Kim et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.1.97 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Coffee, Decaffeinated Coffee, and Tea Consumption in Relation to Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Huxley, R. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.439 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
van Dam, R. M., & Feskens, E. J. M. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11436-x · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Coffee and cardiovascular disease: In vitro, cellular, animal, and human studies
BONITA, J., Mandarano, M. A., Shuta, D., & Vinson, J. A. (2007) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.006 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
López‐García, E., van Dam, R. M., Qi, L., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.4.888 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Coffee Compounds and Their Metabolites
Ruiz, J. Á. G., Leake, D. S., & Ames, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0710985 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Coffee Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Lopez-Garcia, E., van Dam, R. M., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Rexrode, K. M., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.598664 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Woodward, M., & Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1999) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.53.8.481 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Wu, J.-N., Ho, S. C., Zhou, C., Ling, W.-H., Chen, W.-Q., Wang, C.-L., & Chen, Y.-M. (2009) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.06.051 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Cardiovascular effects of caffeine in men and women
Hartley, T. R., Lovallo, W. R., & Whitsett, T. L. (2004) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.12.057 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Women
Lopez-Garcia, E., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rexrode, K. M., Logroscino, G., Hu, F. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.826164 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Hu, G., Caballero, B., Appel, L., & Chen, L. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004044 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Tea and Coffee Consumption and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality
Gans, J. M. D. K., Uiterwaal, C. S. P. M., van der Schouw, Y. T., Boer, J. M. A., Grobbee, D. E., Verschuren, W. M. M., & Beulens, J. W. J. (2010) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.109.201939 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta‐analysis
Sofi, F., Conti, A. A., Gori, A. M., Eliana Luisi, M. L., Casini, A., Abbate, R., & Gensini, G. F. (2007) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2006.07.013 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Coffee Consumption and Insulin Sensitivity
Ärnlöv, J. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1199-b · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Caffeine induced changes in cerebral circulation.
Mathew, R. J., & Wilson, W. H. (1985) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.16.5.814 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Effects of caffeine on vascular resistance, cardiac output and myocardial contractility in young men
Pincomb, G. A., Lovallo, W. R., Passey, R. B., Whitsett, T. L., Silverstein, S. M., & Wilson, M. F. (1985) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(85)90578-8 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Coffee and tea consumption and risk of stroke subtypes in male smokers
Larsson, S. C., Männistö, S., Virtanen, M. J., Kontto, J., Albanes, D., & Virtamo, J. (2008) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.504183 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Sugiyama, K., Kuriyama, S., Akhter, M., Kakizaki, M., Nakaya, N., Ohmori‐Matsuda, K., Shimazu, T., Nagai, M., Sugawara, Y., Hozawa, A., et al. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.109314 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Women
Larsson, S. C., Virtamo, J., & Wolk, A. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.603787 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Zhang, W. L., López‐García, E., Li, T. Y., Hu, F. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1311-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
(2003) · PubMed Central · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Mukamal, K. J., Hallqvist, J., Hammar, N., Ljung, R., Gémes, K., Ahlbom, A., Ahnve, S., & Janszky, I. (2009) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.11.009 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Events After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Silletta, M. G., Marfisi, R., Levantesi, G., Boccanelli, A., Chieffo, C., Franzosi, M., Geraci, E., Maggioni, A. P., Nicolosi, G. L., Schweiger, C., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.712976 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Reis, J. P., Loria, C. M., Steffen, L. M., Zhou, X., Horn, L. V., Siscovick, D. S., Jacobs, D. R., & Carr, J. J. (2010) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.110.208280 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Greenberg, J. A., Chow, G., & Ziegelstein, R. C. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.046 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Zhang, W., López‐García, E., Li, T. Y., Hu, F. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-2251 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Polyphenols and Human Health: The Role of Bioavailability
Lorenzo, C. D., Colombo, F., Biella, S., Stockley, C. S., & Restani, P. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010273 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N. A. A. (. (2015) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review
Grosso, G., Godos, J., Galvano, F., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2017) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064941 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
The impact of coffee on health
Cano-Marquina, A., Tarín, J. J., & Cano, A. (2013) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.02.002 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Effects of Coffee Bioactive Compounds: A Review
Socała, K., Szopa, A., Serefko, A., Poleszak, E., & Właź, P. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22010107 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Caffeine Consumption through Coffee: Content in the Beverage, Metabolism, Health Benefits and Risks
DePaula, J., & Farah, A. (2019) · Beverages · doi:10.3390/beverages5020037 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
The Impact of Coffee on Health
Nieber, K. (2017) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/s-0043-115007 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Consumers’ Perceptions of Coffee Health Benefits and Motives for Coffee Consumption and Purchasing
Samoggia, A., & Riedel, B. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030653 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Jahrami, H., Al-Mutarid, M., Penson, P. E., Faris, M. E., Saif, Z., & Hammad, L. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9040473 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Martins, I. (2017) · Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.24966/dmd-201x/100019 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bhatti, S. K., O’Keefe, J. H., & Lavie, C. J. (2013) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328365b9a0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mills, C. E., Flury, A., Marmet, C., Poquet, L., Rimoldi, S. F., Sartori, C. S., Rexhaj, E., Brenner, R., Allemann, Y., Zimmermann, D., et al. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.013 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Yi, J., Yan, B., Li, M., Wang, Y., Zheng, W., Li, Y., & Zhao, Z. (2016) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.12.009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Stroke: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Qian, Y., Ye, D., Huang, H., Wu, D., Zhuang, Y., Jiang, X., & Mao, Y. (2020) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25693 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Guo, N., Zhu, Y., Tian, D., Zhao, Y., Zhang, C., Mu, C., Han, C., Zhu, R., & Liu, X. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02381-6 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Shao, C., Tang, H., Wang, X., & He, J. (2020) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105452 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Diterpenes: Advances in Neurobiological Drug Research
Islam, M. T., da Silva, C. B., de Alencar, M. V. O. B., Paz, M. F. C. J., Almeida, F. R. D. C., & Cavalcante, A. A. D. C. M. (2016) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.5609 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Pereira‐Figueiredo, D., Nascimento, A., Cunha-Rodrigues, M. C., Brito, R., & Calaza, K. D. C. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-021-01077-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Lee, J., Lee, J.-E., & Kim, Y. (2017) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0232-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nehlig, A., & Cunha, R. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12103141 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
(2019) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781788015028 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Coffee: A Selected Overview of Beneficial or Harmful Effects on the Cardiovascular System?
Whayne, T. F. (2014) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570161112666141002121429 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gene-Coffee Interactions and Health
Cornelis, M. C. (2014) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-014-0087-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Honda, M., Takezaki, D., Tanaka, M., Fukaya, M., & Goto, M. (2022) · Journal of Oleo Science · doi:10.5650/jos.ess22194 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Manolis, A. S., Manolis, T. A., Apostolopoulos, E. J., Melita, H., & Manolis, A. S. (2021) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867328666210708091709 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Johansson, A., Acosta, S., Mutie, P. M., Sonestedt, E., Engström, G., & Drake, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.993112 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dasgupta, A., & Klein, K. L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405872-9.00013-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wierzejska, R. E. (2016) · Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.1515/pjfns-2015-0048 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gill, H., Patel, N., Naik, N., Vala, L., Rana, R. K., Jain, S., Sirekulam, V., Jain, S. M., Khan, T., Kinthada, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_654_24 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An Overview of Natural Beverages
Gallo, M., Ferrara, L., & Naviglio, D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816689-5.00001-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Renda, G., & Caterina, R. D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804572-5.00045-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
do Nascimento, A. O., da Silva, C. E. C., da Silva, M. L., & Cunha, K. D. C. (2026) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70139 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Singh, K., Gupta, J. K., Jain, D., Kumar, S., Saha, S., & Sharma, A. (2024) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/0113892010304266240507050825 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Consumo habitual de café y riesgo de eventos cerebrovasculares
Badoui, N., Alba, L. H., Castillo, J. S., Peñaloza, M. J., Gutiérrez, V., & Ibarra, A. (2021) · Revista Colombiana de Cardiología · doi:10.24875/rccar.m21000071 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jia, H., Fan, H., Liang, J., & He, R. (2025) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2025.2470714 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shaban, E. E., Elmelliti, H., Shaban, A., Shaban, A., Elkandow, A., Abdelrahim, M. G., & Zaki, H. A. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-026-05693-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Caffeine Cardiovascular Toxicity
Deus, C. M., Branco, A. F., Oliveira, P. J., & Sardão, V. A. (2014) · Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409517-5.00078-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tuminah, S., & Riyadina, W. (2014) · Gizi Indonesia · doi:10.36457/gizindo.v37i1.148
Força muscular e suplementação aguda de cafeína : um estudo balanceado controlado por placebo
Soares, E. D. M. K. V. K. (2016) · doi:10.26512/2016.08.d.21437
Coffee and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
di Giuseppe, R., Wirth, J., & Weikert, C. (2014) · Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409517-5.00041-3
Whole Plant Foods and Stroke Risk
Dreher, M. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59180-3_17
Caffeine Utilization and Awareness among College Students: A Narrative Review
Kaur, A. (2021) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2021.34701
PREVALENCE AND SIDE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE CONSUMPTION AMONGST MEDICAL STUDENTS.
Bansal, K., & chhabra, A. (2020) · GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS · doi:10.36106/gjra/1704669
Analisis Hubungan Merokok dan Konsumsi Kopi Terhadap Tingkat Kejadian Stroke di RSUD Kota Kendari
Sampebulu, M. R., Sudiro, T. Y., & Zamrud, H. M. (2020) · MEDULA · doi:10.46496/medula.v8i1.15023
Components of Coffee and the Impact of Coffee on Health-a Review
Rathod, K., Hajoori, M., & Gautam, S. (2023) · Research Journal of Life Sciences Bioinformatics Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences · doi:10.26479/2023.0905.01
Wang, M., Gao, Y., Wang, G., Yang, Y., Liu, F., & Wang, G. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3974408/v1
Tripathi, A., Sharma, T., & Aronow, W. S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93459-9_31
Guo, N., Zhu, Y., Tian, D., Zhao, Y., Zhang, C., Mu, C., Han, C., Zhu, R., & Liu, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19862388
Guo, N., Zhu, Y., Tian, D., Zhao, Y., Zhang, C., Mu, C., Han, C., Zhu, R., & Liu, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19862397
Guo, N., Zhu, Y., Tian, D., Zhao, Y., Zhang, C., Mu, C., Han, C., Zhu, R., & Liu, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19862394
Guo, N., Zhu, Y., Tian, D., Zhao, Y., Zhang, C., Mu, C., Han, C., Zhu, R., & Liu, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19862391
Guo, N., Zhu, Y., Tian, D., Zhao, Y., Zhang, C., Mu, C., Han, C., Zhu, R., & Liu, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19862400
Guo, N., Zhu, Y., Tian, D., Zhao, Y., Zhang, C., Mu, C., Han, C., Zhu, R., & Liu, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19862403
Coffee and tea intake and stroke events among West Africans: findings from the SIREN Study
Asowata, O. J., Oyewole, M. O., Fakunle, A. G., Obiako, R., Komolafe, E., Adebayo, O. M., Olalusi, O., Adebajo, O. J., Oyamakin, S. O., Owoseni, I. J., et al. (2026) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-026-14379-4
- Authors
- Kim, B., Nam, Y., Kim, J., Choi, H., & Won, C.
- Affiliations
- Department of Family Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- ORCID
- Choi, Hyunrim
- Venue
- Korean Journal of Family Medicine
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 356
- ISSN
- 2005-6443 (ISSN-L)
- 2092-6715
- PMC
- PMC3526718
- OpenAlex
- W2069143474
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Korean Journal of Family Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, stroke risk, caffeine, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, acute cerebral infarction, stroke prevention, phenolic compounds, dose-response relationship
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
