Coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart diseases: A meta-analysis of 21 prospective cohort studies
Abstract
Background A large amount of cohort studies addressed coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and yielded inconsistent results. We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the pooling effects.Methods We searched for all published English articles indexed in MEDLINE or PubMed from January 1966 to January 2008. Twenty-one independent prospective cohort studies, which tested CHD risk by coffee consumption, were identified. A general variance-based method was used to pool the relative risks (RR). 15,599 cases from 407,806 participants were included in pooling the overall effects.Results As compared to the light coffee consumption (<1 cup/d in US or <or=2 cups/d in Europe), under the random-effects model, the pooled CHD RRs (95% CI) for all studies combined were 0.96 (0.87-1.06), 1.04 (0.92-1.17) and 1.07 (0.87-1.32) for the moderate (1-3 or 3-4 cups/d), heavy (4-5 or 5-6 cups/d) and very heavy (>or=6 or >or=7 cups/d) categories of coffee consumption (all p>0.05); Moderate coffee consumption showed significantly lower CHD RR (95% CI) of 0.82 (0.73-0.92) (p<0.001) in women, and of 0.87 (0.80-0.86) (p=0.001) in men and women followed <or=10 years.Conclusion Our findings do not support the hypothesis that coffee consumption increases the long-term risk of coronary heart disease. Habitual moderate coffee drinking was associated with a lower risk of CHD in women.
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- Authors
- Wu, J.-N., Ho, S. C., Zhou, C., Ling, W.-H., Chen, W.-Q., Wang, C.-L., & Chen, Y.-M.
- Affiliations
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Yu-ming
- Venue
- International Journal of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 216-225
- ISSN
- 0167-5273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2036378061
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 0.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk, sex differences, pooled relative risk, prospective cohort
- MeSH terms
- Caffeine, Coffee, Coronary Disease, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk, Sex Factors, United States, Confidence Intervals, Least-Squares Analysis
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