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Cited by 1,136Gender Roles and Identity StudiesGender and Feminist StudiesMedia, Gender, and Advertising

Gender stereotypes have changed: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of U.S. public opinion polls from 1946 to 2018.

Eagly, Alice H., Nater, Christa, Miller, David I., Kaufmann, Michèle, Sczesny, Sabine·2020·American Psychologist
DOI 10.1037/amp0000494
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Abstract

This meta-analysis integrated 16 nationally representative U.S. public opinion polls on gender stereotypes (N = 30,093 adults), extending from 1946 to 2018, a span of seven decades that brought considerable change in gender relations, especially in women's roles. In polls inquiring about communion (e.g., affectionate, emotional), agency (e.g., ambitious, courageous), and competence (e.g., intelligent, creative), respondents indicated whether each trait is more true of women or men, or equally true of both. Women's relative advantage in communion increased over time, but men's relative advantage in agency showed no change. Belief in competence equality increased over time, along with belief in female superiority among those who indicated a sex difference in competence. Contemporary gender stereotypes thus convey substantial female advantage in communion and a smaller male advantage in agency but also gender equality in competence along with some female advantage. Interpretation emphasizes the origins of gender stereotypes in the social roles of women and men. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

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  • Gender differences in faculty time allocation may be attributed to societal processes and organizational norms that assign women to tasks more highly associated with communion (teaching and service) and men to tasks more highly associated with agency (research).

    “These differences may be attributed to societal processes and organizational norms that assign women to tasks more highly associated with communion (i.e., teaching and service) and men to tasks more highly associated with agency (i.e., research) (e.g., Eagly et al., 2020).”

    From Faculty Time Expenditure Across Research, Teaching, and Service: Do Gender Differences Persist? (2023) · cites this paper as Eagly et al., 2020

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Authors
Eagly, A. H., Nater, C., Miller, D. I., Kaufmann, M., & Sczesny, S.
Affiliations
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • University of Bern (CH)
  • American Institutes for Research (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Psychologist
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2020-04
Volume
75
Issue
3
Pages
301-315
ISSN
  • 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-990X
DOI
10.1037/amp0000494
OpenAlex
W2961388998
Cited by
1,136
References
58
Citations by year
2026: 175 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 205 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 180 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2013: 1
FWCI
19.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Swiss National Science Foundation (P0BEP1_162210)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
Keywords
gender stereotypes, public opinion, cross-temporal change, gender roles, women's roles, gender equality, female superiority, competence, social roles, United States
MeSH terms
Humans, Public Opinion, Stereotyping, United States, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Femininity, Masculinity

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