Autophagy and heterophagy dysregulation leads to retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction and development of age-related macular degeneration
Open accessAbstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, degenerative and progressive eye disease that usually does not lead to complete blindness, but can result in severe loss of central vision. Risk factors for AMD include age, genetics, diet, smoking, oxidative stress and many cardiovascular-associated risk factors. Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping process that removes damaged organelles and protein aggregates, whereas heterophagy, in the case of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is the phagocytosis of exogenous photoreceptor outer segments. Numerous studies have demonstrated that both autophagy and heterophagy are highly active in the RPE. To date, there is increasing evidence that constant oxidative stress impairs autophagy and heterophagy, as well as increases protein aggregation and causes inflammasome activation leading to the pathological phenotype of AMD. This review ties together these crucial pathological topics and reflects upon autophagy as a potential therapeutic target in AMD.
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The presence of the AMD phenotype has been correlated with reduced autophagic function in the RPE.
“In addition, the presence of the AMD phenotype has been correlated with reduced autophagic function in the RPE. 57”
From Deletion of autophagy inducer <i>RB1CC1</i> results in degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (2015) · cites this paper as [57]
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Mitter, S. K., Song, C., Qi, X., Mao, H., Rao, H., Akin, D., Lewin, A., Grant, M., Dunn, W., Ding, J., et al. (2014) · Autophagy · doi:10.4161/auto.36184 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Kaarniranta, K., Sinha, D., Blasiak, J., Kauppinen, A., Veréb, Z., Salminen, A., Boulton, M. E., & Petrovski, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Debrecen (HU)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kaarniranta, Kai
- Venue
- Autophagy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-07-11
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 973-984
- ISSN
- 1554-8627 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-8635
- PMC
- PMC3722332
- OpenAlex
- W2005487633
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 5.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Autophagy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY019037, EY-021626, R01EY019688, EY019037-S, R21EY021626, EY019688)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, heterophagy, retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, inflammasome activation
- MeSH terms
- Autophagy, Humans, Lysosomes, Macular Degeneration, Phagosomes, Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex, Retinal Pigment Epithelium
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