Cited by 326Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsAutophagy in Disease and TherapyRetinal Development and Disorders

Autophagy and heterophagy dysregulation leads to retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction and development of age-related macular degeneration

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Kaarniranta, Kai, Sinha, Debasish, Blasiak, Janusz, Kauppinen, Anu, Veréb, Zoltán, Salminen, Antero, Boulton, Michael E., Petrovski, Goran·2013·Autophagy

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, degenerative and progressive eye disease that usually does not lead to complete blindness, but can result in severe loss of central vision. Risk factors for AMD include age, genetics, diet, smoking, oxidative stress and many cardiovascular-associated risk factors. Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping process that removes damaged organelles and protein aggregates, whereas heterophagy, in the case of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is the phagocytosis of exogenous photoreceptor outer segments. Numerous studies have demonstrated that both autophagy and heterophagy are highly active in the RPE. To date, there is increasing evidence that constant oxidative stress impairs autophagy and heterophagy, as well as increases protein aggregation and causes inflammasome activation leading to the pathological phenotype of AMD. This review ties together these crucial pathological topics and reflects upon autophagy as a potential therapeutic target in AMD.

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Authors
Kaarniranta, K., Sinha, D., Blasiak, J., Kauppinen, A., Veréb, Z., Salminen, A., Boulton, M. E., & Petrovski, G.
Affiliations
  • University of Eastern Finland (FI)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • University of Debrecen (HU)
  • University of Florida (US)
Corresponding author
Kaarniranta, Kai
Venue
Autophagy
Published
2013-07-11
Volume
9
Issue
7
Pages
973-984
ISSN
  • 1554-8627 (ISSN-L)
  • 1554-8635
OpenAlex
W2005487633
Cited by
326
References
156
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 8
FWCI
5.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Autophagy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
National Eye Institute (R01EY019037, EY-021626, R01EY019688, EY019037-S, R21EY021626, EY019688)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
Keywords
age-related macular degeneration, heterophagy, retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, inflammasome activation
MeSH terms
Autophagy, Humans, Lysosomes, Macular Degeneration, Phagosomes, Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex, Retinal Pigment Epithelium

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