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Aging of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Open accessAbstract
Aging has become an important topic for scientific research because life expectancy and the number of men and women in older age groups have increased dramatically in the last century. This is true in most countries of the world including the Republic of Korea and the United States. From a rehabilitation perspective, the most important associated issue is a progressive decline in functional capacity and independence. Sarcopenia is partly responsible for this decline. Many changes underlying the loss of muscle mass and force-generating capacity of skeletal muscle can be understood at the cellular and molecular levels. Muscle size and architecture are both altered with advanced adult age. Further, changes in myofibers include impairments in several physiological domains including muscle fiber activation, excitation-contraction coupling, actin-myosin cross-bridge interaction, energy production, and repair and regeneration. A thorough understanding of these alterations can lead to the design of improved preventative and rehabilitative interventions, such as personalized exercise training programs.
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“These changes are also accompanied by a diminished regenerative capacity of the muscle due to a loss in the number and activity of satellite cells in type II “fast” fibers [14,16,17].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
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Effects of Jumping Exercise on Muscular Power in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis
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“These changes are also accompanied by a diminished regenerative capacity of the muscle due to a loss in the number and activity of satellite cells in type II “fast” fibers [14,16,17].”
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Abrigo, J., Simon, F., Cabrera, D., Vilos, C., & Cabello-Verrugio, C. (2019) · Current Protein & Peptide Science · doi:10.2174/1389203720666190402100902 · Cited by 88
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“Age-related sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength that greatly impacts on mobility and mortality in elderly persons (Hughes et al. 2001; Aagaard et al. 2010; Cruz-Jentoft et al. 2010; Mitchell et al. 2012; Bijlsma et al. 2013; Miljkovic et al. 2015).”
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“A major factor that affects muscle strength is myosteatosis because increased myosteatosis leads to changes in muscle fiber orientation and significantly impairs the force generation of muscle fibers [61].”
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Improved efficacy of a next-generation ERT in murine Pompe disease
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Potential roles of vitamin E in age-related changes in skeletal muscle health
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“These decreases are mainly attributed to reductions in the average size of type II (fast) fibers, while type I (slow) fibers change to a lesser extent [127,128].”
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Evaluation of effects of aging on skeletal muscle elasticity using shear wave elastography
Şendur, H. N., Cindil, E., Cerit, M. N., Kılıç, P., Gültekin, I. İ., & Oktar, S. Ö. (2020) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109038 · Cited by 60
Apigenin Enhances Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Myoblast Differentiation by Regulating Prmt7
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“Type 1 is an oxidative muscle fiber that contains MHC1, and type 2 is a fast oxidative/glycolytic fiber that contains MHC2A and the fast-glycolytic fiber MHC2B [39].”
BackgroundImpacts of Green Tea on Joint and Skeletal Muscle Health: Prospects of Translational Nutrition
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“According to the World Health Organization, by 2050, about two billion people worldwide will be 60 years or older and approximately 400 million will be 80 years or older [9], making SC a potentially serious health issue.”
D’Souza, R. F., Woodhead, J. S. T., Hedges, C. P., Zeng, N., Wan, J., Kumagai, H., Lee, C., Cohen, P., Cameron-Smith, D., Mitchell, C. J., et al. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102944 · Cited by 55
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“During the aging process, while slow-twitch muscle fibers (type I, which relies on aerobic respiration for muscle endurance) remain largely unchanged, the mass of fast-twitch fibers (type II, which determines muscle power) is significantly reduced via the progressive denervation and reinnervation processes [1].”
BackgroundScreening for Sarcopenia (Physical Frailty) in the COVID-19 Era
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Clemens, Z. J., Sivakumar, S., Pius, A., Sahu, A., Shinde, S. S., Mamiya, H., Luketich, N., Cui, J., Dixit, P. D., Hoeck, J. D., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.61138 · Cited by 54
“Tissue-level features of sarcopenia have been described extensively, and include a decreased myofiber size, increased intramuscular fat accumulation, a preferential atrophy of type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibers, and compromised function (Doherty, 2003; Morley et al., 2014; Miljkovic et al., 2015).”
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Robin, J. D., Burbano, M. S. J., Peng, H., Croce, O., Thomas, J. L., Laberthonnìère, C., Renault, V. M., Lototska, L., Pousse, M., Tessier, F., et al. (2020) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13097 · Cited by 58
“…NADH-TR staining in downregulated TERF2 myotubes (Figure S5b), suggesting a switch from glycolytic (fast, type II) toward oxidative (slow, type I) fibers, the latter being associated with development, aging, and stronger resistance to oxidative stress (Lexell, 1995; Miljkovic et al., 2015).”
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“Notably, sarcopenia is also accompanied with obviously smaller type II fibers and commonly unaffected type I fibers (Miljkovic et al., 2015).”
BackgroundNeuromuscular junction transmission failure is a late phenotype in aging mice
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Morphological and Functional Aspects of Human Skeletal Muscle
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“In age-related sarcopenia, a reduced number of satellite cells have been highlighted [66,67].”
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Transcriptome profiling of fast/glycolytic and slow/oxidative muscle fibers in aging and obesity
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“With increasing age, there is increased atrophy of type II muscle fibres that accounts for the majority of body muscle loss [49, 50].”
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“…trained middle-age, then young trained males [17] Here, the results hint that training status may benefit older athletes in recovery, but the impacts of external Similarly, in another subset of trained young and old men, the therapeutic applications (i.e., nutrition and exercise) are out of the”
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Vitamin D 3 supplementation does not enhance the effects of resistance training in older adults
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“older adults, for whom larger spatial heterogeneity are present in muscle fibre characteristics compared with young adults,(110) possibly relating to the age-related remodeling of motor units.(111) Despite these issues, the data provided sufficient resolution to disclose marked increases in muscle fibre CSA and change…”
Single skeletal muscle fiber mechanical properties: a muscle quality biomarker of human aging
Lim, J., & Frontera, W. R. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04924-4 · Cited by 44
“Chemical alterations of the myofilaments include posttranslational modifications such as protein methylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, carbonylation, and oxidation (Miljkovic et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeural and musculotendinous mechanisms underpinning age-related force reductions
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Metabolic Impact of Frailty Changes Diabetes Trajectory
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“Increasing age is also associated with significant type II muscle fibres atrophy, which accounts for most of the muscle loss in old age [61,62].”
BackgroundThe Prospect of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Home Healthcare in Super-Aged Society
Lee, J.-Y., & Lim, J. (2017) · Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.4235/agmr.2017.21.3.95 · Cited by 37
Relationship Between Low Handgrip Strength and Chronic Kidney Disease: KNHANES 2014-2017
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Relationship between serum vitamin D level and sarcopenia in chronic liver disease
Okubo, T., Atsukawa, M., Tsubota, A., Yoshida, Y., Arai, T., Iwashita, A., Itokawa, N., Kondo, C., & Iwakiri, K. (2020) · Hepatology Research · doi:10.1111/hepr.13485 · Cited by 36
Prdx6 Plays a Main Role in the Crosstalk between Aging and Metabolic Sarcopenia
Pacifici, F., Della‐Morte, D., Piermarini, F., Arriga, R., Scioli, M. G., Capuani, B., Pastore, D., Coppola, A., Rea, S., Donadel, G., et al. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9040329 · Cited by 37
“In particular, Prdx4 may protect from diabetes and its chronic complications, by reducing oxidative stress levels [45].”
Assessing the Effects of Aging on Muscle Stiffness Using Shear Wave Elastography and Myotonometer
Do, Y., Lall, P. S., & Lee, H. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9121733 · Cited by 36
“In the present study, the relationship was stronger in young adults than in older adults in the MG and TA at rest and under contraction, which is evident from the contractility of muscle fibers, the muscle mass, and the total amount that force generation decreases with aging due to structural changes in the skeletal m…”
BackgroundMüller, D. C., Izquierdo, M., Boeno, F. P., Aagaard, P., Teodoro, J. L., Grazioli, R., Radaelli, R., Bayer, H., Neske, R., Pinto, R. S., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04355-z · Cited by 35
Human neural progenitors differentiate into astrocytes and protect motor neurons in aging rats
Das, M. M., Avalos, P., Suezaki, P., Godoy, M. I., Garcia, L., Chang, C. D., Vit, J., Shelley, B., Gowing, G., & Svendsen, C. N. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.023 · Cited by 33
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Handgrip Strength in the Korean Population: Normative Data and Cutoff Values
Lee, Y. L., Lee, B. H., & Lee, S. Y. (2019) · Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.4235/agmr.19.0042 · Cited by 33
“Ann Geriatr Med Res 2019;23(4):183-189 185 Handgrip Strength in Korean”
BackgroundInfluentialHerbst, A. J., Prior, S. J., Lee, C. C., Aiken, J. M., McKenzie, D. I., Hoang, A. N., Liu, N., Chen, X., Xun, P., Allison, D. B., et al. (2021) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-021-00351-z · Cited by 38
Diet and exercise in frailty and sarcopenia. Molecular aspects
Millan-Domingo, F., Garcia-Dominguez, E., Gambini, J., Olaso-Gonzalez, G., Viña, J., & Gomez-Cabrera, M. C. (2024) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2024.101322 · Cited by 31
Bioengineered Skeletal Muscle as a Model of Muscle Aging and Regeneration
Rajabian, N., Shahini, A., Asmani, M., Vydiam, K., Choudhury, D., Nguyen, T. M., Ikhapoh, I. A., Zhao, R., Lei, P., & Andreadis, S. T. (2020) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0005 · Cited by 36
“With aging, these cells lose their proliferation and differentiation potential, and SkM tissues exhibit decreased fiber number, volume, and contractile protein content, and dysregulated calcium flux, leading to significantly impaired contractile force generation.(7) Consequently, senescent SkM develops sarcopenia and…”
BackgroundWhy Fast Velocity Resistance Training Should Be Prioritized for Elderly People
Orssatto, L. B. R., Cadore, E. L., Andersen, L. L., & Diefenthaeler, F. (2018) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000407 · Cited by 31
“(36,37) including muscle atrophy and loss of maxima l strength, muscle power output, and explosive force (33,35,52).”
Exercise capacity, physical activity, and morbidity
Brunjes, D. L., Kennel, P. J., & Schulze, P. C. (2017) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-016-9592-1 · Cited by 31
Gargallo, P., Tamayo-Torres, E., Jiménez‐Martínez, P., Juesas, Á., Casaña, J., Benítez-Martínez, J. C., Gené‐Morales, J., Garrido, J. F., Sáez, G. T., & Colado, J. C. (2023) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112340 · Cited by 30
“Considering its significance in diagnosing sarcopenia and predicting mortality (Miljkovic et al., 2015), the improvement in manual dynamometry is crucial for older adults.”
Yamada, S., Tsuruya, K., Yoshida, H., Tokumoto, M., Ueki, K., Ooboshi, H., & Kitazono, T. (2016) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-016-0118-6 · Cited by 30
Chen, Z.-T., Jin, F.-S., Guo, L.-H., Li, X.-L., Wang, Q., Zhao, H., Sun, L.-P., & Xu, H.-X. (2023) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-022-09382-2 · Cited by 29
“It is considered one of the main causes of depression, social isolation, frailty, and invalidity, which places an increasing burden on public health and social services [2, 3].”
BackgroundLean, fast and strong: Determinants of functional performance in the elderly
Orssatto, L. B. R., Bezerra, E. S., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Diefenthaeler, F. (2020) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105073 · Cited by 28
Microstructural analysis of skeletal muscle force generation during aging
Zhang, Y., Chen, J., He, Q., He, X., Basava, R. R., Hodgson, J. A., Sinha, U. S., & Sinha, S. (2019) · International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1002/cnm.3295 · Cited by 28
“Apart from the microstructural changes in the passive components, the loss of muscle's force generation capacity can result from other age-associated factors, such as the decreased force generation capacity of muscle fibers.(62) It was reported that the specific force generated by muscle fiber decreases by around 30%…”
BackgroundAli, A. M., & Kunugi, H. (2021) · BioMed · doi:10.3390/biomed1010002 · Cited by 28
“Evidence denotes that biological aging of human skeletal muscle is not necessarily related to chronological aging—loss of muscle mass can start as early as the second decade of life, and it is exacerbated by muscle inactivity associated with a sedentary lifestyle [2,3,15].”
BackgroundLim, J., & Frontera, W. R. (2023) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111559 · Cited by 32
Skeletal muscle gene expression dysregulation in long-term spaceflights and aging is clock-dependent
Malhan, D., Yalçın, M., Schoenrock, B., Blottner, D., & Relógio, A. (2023) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-023-00273-4 · Cited by 28
From molecular to physical function: The aging trajectory
Janssen, T., Lowisz, C. V., & Phillips, S. M. (2024) · Current Research in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100138 · Cited by 31
“A reduction in myosin protein content and post-translational modifications may disrupt the mechanism of contraction at the cross-bridge level (Miljkovic et al., 2015).”
Responsiveness to muscle mass gain following 12 and 24 weeks of resistance training in older women
Nunes, J. P., Pina, F. L. C., Ribeiro, A. S., Cunha, P. M., Kassiano, W., Costa, B. D. V., Kunevaliki, G., do Nascimento, M. A., Carneiro, N. H., Venturini, D., et al. (2020) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01587-z · Cited by 26
“This seems to be plausible in older women since the aging process leads to a reduction in the innervation of high-threshold fibers and decrease in the proportion of type II fibers [24], which might explain the small improvements or absence of gains in SMM in N-RP individuals.”
BackgroundCamerino, G. M., Bellis, M. D., Conte, E., Liantonio, A., Musaraj, K., Cannone, M., Fonzino, A., Giustino, A., Luca, A. D., Romano, R., et al. (2016) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2016.06.032 · Cited by 27
Current Status of Sarcopenia in Korea: A Focus on Korean Geripausal Women
Park, H. M. (2018) · Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.4235/agmr.2018.22.2.52 · Cited by 25
Association between echo intensity of the tongue and its thickness and function in elderly subjects
Ariya, C., Tohara, H., Nakagawa, K., Hara, K., Nakane, A., Yamaguchi, K., Yoshimi, K., Furuya, J., & Minakuchi, S. (2019) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.12788 · Cited by 25
Fritzen, A. M., Thøgersen, F. B., Qadri, K. A. N., Krag, T. O. B., Sveen, M., Vissing, J., & Jeppesen, T. D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9072188 · Cited by 26
Long, D. E., Peck, B. D., Tuggle, S. C., Villasante Tezanos, A. G., Windham, S. T., Bamman, M. M., Kern, P. A., Peterson, C. A., & Walton, R. G. (2021) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00315-9 · Cited by 25
Mobley, C. B., Mumford, P. W., Kephart, W. C., Haun, C. T., Holland, A. M., Beck, D. T., Martin, J. S., Young, K. C., Anderson, R. G., Patel, R. K., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00518 · Cited by 24
“Hence, these data collectively suggest a potential fiber type shift in the plantaris muscle whereby older rats may lose type IIa fibers thereby increasing the proportion of type I fibers, and this phenomena has been reported in past human (Miljkovic et al., 2015) and rodent literature (Putman et al.”
BackgroundKrumpolec, P., Klepochová, R., Just, I., Jelenc, M. T., Frollo, I., Ukropec, J., Ukropcová, B., Trattnig, S., Krššák, M., & Valkovič, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00644 · Cited by 24
“With the average age of the earth’s population increasing steadily, incidence of chronic diseases, and prevalence of impairments and disabilities increases as well (Miljkovic et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAbdelhafiz, A. H., Emmerton, D., & Sinclair, A. J. (2021) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.14214 · Cited by 25
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Essex, A. L., Huot, J. R., Deosthale, P. J., Wagner, A., Figueras, J. H., Davis, A., Damrath, J. G., Pin, F., Wallace, J. M., Bonetto, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.4572 · Cited by 20
“Aging skeletal muscle is known to undergo fiber-type–specific changes, primarily affecting glycolytic, Type II fibers which are the predominant fiber type found in the EDL.((74,75)) These Type II fibers that make up the majority of the EDL have been shown to express more Activin receptor type-2B (ACVRIIB) receptors fo…”
BackgroundOh, H., Jin, H., & Lee, B.-Y. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12152015 · Cited by 23
Wen, D., Zheng, L., Ni, L., Wang, H., Feng, Y., & Zhang, M. (2016) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.07.006 · Cited by 23
“…decline in locomotor ability including the ability to walk because aging profoundly affects skeletal muscle, including loss ofmusclemass and strength and increasing the levels of fat and connective tissue (Miljkovic et al., 2015; Flachsbart et al., 2009; Suh et al., 2008; Willcox et al., 2008).”
Nishiguchi, S., Hino, K., Moriya, K., Shiraki, M., Hiramatsu, A., & Nishikawa, H. (2016) · Kanzo · doi:10.2957/kanzo.57.353 · Cited by 22
Olson, L. C., Nguyen, T., Heise, R. L., Boyan, B. D., Schwartz, Z., & McClure, M. J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22168832 · Cited by 21
“Slow‐twitch mus‐ cle fibers are known to increase relative to fast‐twitch muscle fibers with age, especially in sarcopenia [85,86].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Miljkovic, N., Lim, J.-Y., Miljkovic, I., & Frontera, W. R.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus (PR)
- Corresponding author
- Frontera, Walter R.
- Venue
- Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 155
- ISSN
- 2234-0645 (ISSN-L)
- 2234-0653
- PMC
- PMC4414960
- OpenAlex
- W2049942632
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle aging, sarcopenia, muscle fiber atrophy, muscle fiber activation, excitation-contraction coupling, actin-myosin cross-bridges, muscle energy metabolism, muscle regeneration, muscle architecture, functional capacity decline, exercise training intervention
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