The Computational Brain
Abstract
Churchland and Sejnowski address the foundational ideas of the emerging field of computational neuroscience, examine a diverse range of neural network models, and consider future directions of the field. How do groups of neurons interact to enable the organism to see, decide, and move appropriately? What are the principles whereby networks of neurons represent and compute? These are the central questions probed by The Computational Brain. Churchland and Sejnowski address the foundational ideas of the emerging field of computational neuroscience, examine a diverse range of neural network models, and consider future directions of the field. The Computational Brain is the first unified and broadly accessible book to bring together computational concepts and behavioral data within a neurobiological framework. Computer models constrained by neurobiological data can help reveal how—networks of neurons subserve perception and behavior—bow their physical interactions can yield global results in perception and behavior, and how their physical properties are used to code information and compute solutions. The Computational Brain focuses mainly on three domains: visual perception, learning and memory, and sensorimotor integration. Examples of recent computer models in these domains are discussed in detail, highlighting strengths and weaknesses, and extracting principles applicable to other domains. Churchland and Sejnowski show how both abstract models and neurobiologically realistic models can have useful roles in computational neuroscience, and they predict the coevolution of models and experiments at many levels of organization, from the neuron to the system. The Computational Brain addresses a broad audience: neuroscientists, computer scientists, cognitive scientists, and philosophers. It is written for both the expert and novice. A basic overview of neuroscience and computational theory is provided, followed by a study of some of the most recent and sophisticated modeling work in the context of relevant neurobiological research. Technical terms are clearly explained in the text, and definitions are provided in an extensive glossary. The appendix contains a précis of neurobiological techniques. The Computational Brain is the first unified and broadly accessible book to bring together computational concepts and behavioral data within a neurobiological framework. Churchland and Sejnowski address the foundational ideas of the emerging field of computational neuroscience, examine a diverse range of neural network models, and consider future directions of the field. Bradford Books imprint
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In response to incoming signals from a set of N pre-synaptic units, formal neurons exhibit sudden activation if the weighted sum of inputs surpasses a threshold.
“In response to incoming signals from a set of N pre-synaptic units, formal neurons exhibit sudden activation if the weighted sum of inputs surpasses a threshold [253,254].”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [253]
This kind of columnar organization is typical in biology.
“This kind of columnar organization is typical in biology [38],[39].”
From Towards a mathematical theory of cortical micro-circuits (2009) · cites this paper as [39]
Cites
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind
Odlin, T., & Lakoff, G. P. (1988) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.2307/1982238 · Cited by 7,412 · see citing works
Johnson, M. (1987) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226177847.001.0001 · Cited by 6,450 · see citing works
On understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design
Winograd, T. A., & Flores, F. (1987) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(87)90026-9 · Cited by 3,680 · see citing works
Searle, J. R. (1992) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5834.001.0001 · Cited by 3,595 · see citing works
Seel, P. D. N. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_5794 · Cited by 2,566 · see citing works
(1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,512 · see citing works
Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex
Gray, C. M., & Singer, W. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.5.1698 · Cited by 2,463 · see citing works
Coherent oscillations: A mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex?
Eckhorn, R., Bauer, R., Jordan, W., Brosch, M., Kruse, W., Munk, M., & Reitboeck, H. J. (1988) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/bf00202899 · Cited by 2,329 · see citing works
On the proper treatment of connectionism
Smolensky, P. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00052432 · Cited by 2,112 · see citing works
Parallel Networks that Learn to Pronounce English Text
B, T. J. S. A. (1987) · Cited by 1,524 · see citing works
Self-citationCompetitive learning: From interactive activation to adaptive resonance
Grossberg, S. (1987) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6708.1987.tb00862.x · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
Bright air, brilliant fire: on the matter of the mind
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-1781 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Neurocomputing: Foundations of Research
Anderson, J. A. D. W., & Rosenfeld, E. (1988) · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Neuronal Networks of the Hippocampus
Traub, R. D., & Miles, R. (1991) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511895401 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Sejnowsri, T. J., Christof Koch, A., Patricia, & Churchland, S. (2014) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/c2012-0-00157-3 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Ocular Dominance Column Development: Analysis and Simulation
Miller, K. D., Keller, J. B., & Stryker, M. P. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2762813 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Induction of synaptic potentiation in hippocampus by patterned stimulation involves two events
Larson, J., & Lynch, G. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3704635 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Freeman, W. (1989) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Signal and sense : local and global order in perceptual maps
Edelman, G. M., Gall, W. E., & Cowan, W. M. (1990) · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Philosophy of science: an overview for cognitive science
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5007 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
COTTERILL, R. M. J. (1989) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 271 · see citing works
From basic network principles to neural architecture: emergence of orientation-selective cells.
Linsker, R. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.21.8390 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Parallel Processing in Neural Systems and Computers
Eckmiller, R., Hartmann, G., & Hauska, G. (1990) · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Pattern Segmentation in Associative Memory
Wang, D., Buhmann, J. M., & von der Malsburg, C. (1990) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.1990.2.1.94 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Global processing of visual stimuli in a neural network of coupled oscillators.
Sompolinsky, H., Golomb, D., & Kleinfeld, D. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.18.7200 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Separating Figure from Ground with a Parallel Network
Kienker, P. K., B, T. J. S. A., Hinton, G. E., & Schumacher, L. E. (1986) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p150197 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Eckhorn, R., Reitboeck, H. J., Arndt, M., et al. (1989) · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Outline of a theory for the ontogenesis of iso-orientation domains in visual cortex
von der Malsburg, C., & Cowan, J. D. (1982) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/bf00387213 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Behaviorally Based Modeling and Computational Approaches to Neuroscience
Reeke, G. N., & Sporns, O. (1993) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.003121 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Simulation of the segmental burst generating network for locomotion in lamprey
Grillner, S., Buchanan, J. T., & Lansner, A. (1988) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(88)90476-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Reeke, G. N. (1991) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(91)90034-h · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The significance of real neuron architectures for neural network simulations
Shepherd, G. M. (1993) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Collins, S. D. (1992) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.42.8.1648-b · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Computer simulation and psychological theories of perception.
Gyr, J. W., Brown, J. S., Willey, R., et al. (1966) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0022945 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bi, G.-Q., & Poo, M.-M. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-24-10464.1998 · Cited by 4,744 · see citing works
A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface
Merolla, P. A., Arthur, J. V., Alvarez-Icaza, R., Cassidy, A. S., Sawada, J., Akopyan, F., Jackson, B. L., Imam, N., Chen, G., Nakamura, Y., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1254642 · Cited by 4,137 · see citing works
Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.246 · Cited by 3,889 · see citing works
Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain
Steriade, M., McCormick, D. A., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8235588 · Cited by 3,564 · see citing works
Networks of spiking neurons: The third generation of neural network models
Maass, W. (1997) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(97)00011-7 · Cited by 3,551 · see citing works
Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again.
van Gelder, T., & Clark, A. (1998) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2998391 · Cited by 3,131 · see citing works
Synaptic Plasticity and Memory: An Evaluation of the Hypothesis
Martin, S. J., Grimwood, P. D., & Morris, R. G. M. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.649 · Cited by 2,794 · see citing works
On the momentum term in gradient descent learning algorithms
Ning Qian, A. (1999) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(98)00116-6 · Cited by 2,318 · see citing works
Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension
Clark, A. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333213.001.0001 · Cited by 2,201 · see citing works
Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles
Buzsáki, G. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1233 · Cited by 1,875 · see citing works
Control of memory formation through regulated expression of a CaMKII transgene
Mayford, M., Bach, M. E., Huang, Y.-Y., Wang, L., Hawkins, R. D., & Kandel, E. R. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5293.1678 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Blackmore, S. (1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-0272 · Cited by 1,441 · see citing works
The dynamical hypothesis in cognitive science
van Gelder, T. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98001733 · Cited by 1,332 · see citing works
Neural syntax: cell assemblies, synapsembles, and readers
Buzsáki, G. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.023 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Gallistel, C. R., & Gibbon, J. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.289 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Computational analysis of the role of the hippocampus in memory
Treves, A., & Rolls, E. T. (1994) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450040319 · Cited by 1,272 · see citing works
The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models
Reichle, E. D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2003) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x03000104 · Cited by 1,083 · see citing works
Memory and Information Processing in Neuromorphic Systems
Indiveri, G., & Liu, S. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2444094 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Biophysics of computation: information processing in single neurons
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-5662 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Crone, N. E. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.12.2271 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Communication dynamics in complex brain networks
Avena-Koenigsberger, A., Misic, B., & Sporns, O. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.149 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
The neural basis of cognitive development: A constructivist manifesto
Quartz, S. R., & B, T. J. S. A. (1997) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x97001581 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Cortical coordination dynamics and cognition
Bressler, S. L., & Kelso, J. A. S. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01564-3 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
From the neuron doctrine to neural networks
Yuste, R. (2015) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3962 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
RECONCILING PROCESSING DYNAMICS AND PERSONALITY DISPOSITIONS
Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.229 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming
Revonsuo, A. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00004015 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
An Introduction to Discourse Analysis
Gee, J. P. (2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203005675 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Li‐Ion Synaptic Transistor for Low Power Analog Computing
Fuller, E. J., Gabaly, F. E., Léonard, F., Agarwal, S., Plimpton, S. J., Jacobs-Gedrim, R. B., James, C. D., Marinella, M. J., & Talin, A. A. (2016) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201604310 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Brain networks and cognitive architectures
Petersen, S. E., & Sporns, O. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.027 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Langton, C. G. (1995) · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Nicolelis, M. A. L., Baccalá, L. A., Lin, R. C. S., & Chapin, J. K. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7761855 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Role Functions, Mechanisms, and Hierarchy
Craver, C. F. (2001) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/392866 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Constructive Incremental Learning from Only Local Information
Schaal, S., & Atkeson, C. G. (1998) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/089976698300016963 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography
Maquet (2000) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00214.x · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Sparseness of the neuronal representation of stimuli in the primate temporal visual cortex
Rolls, E. T., & Tovée, M. J. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.73.2.713 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Vector reconstruction from firing rates
Salinas, E., & Abbott, L. F. (1994) · Journal of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf00962720 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Kreiter, A., & Singer, W. (1996) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-07-02381.1996 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Top-down Causation Without Top-down Causes
Craver, C. F., & Bechtel, W. (2006) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-006-9028-8 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Clark, A., & Toribio, J. (1994) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/bf01063896 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Toward a quantitative description of large-scale neocortical dynamic function and EEG
Nunez, P. L. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003253 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Grayson, D. S., & Fair, D. A. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.079 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
“The cerebral cortex is both anatomically and functionally organized at many physical scales - starting at the level of single neurons and extending up to functional systems (Churchland and Sejnowski, 1992).”
BackgroundReconsidering the Rational Public: Cognition, Heuristics, and Mass Opinion
Kuklinski, J., & Quirk, P. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805813.008 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Where's the action? The pragmatic turn in cognitive science
Engel, A. K., Maÿe, A., Kurthen, M., & Peter König, B. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.03.006 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Taverna, S., Ilijic, E., & Surmeier, D. J. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5493-07.2008 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
D'Angelo, E., & Casali, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2012.00116 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Cognitive Systems and the Extended Mind
Rupert, R. D. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379457.001.0001 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Emergentism, Connectionism and Language Learning
Ellis, N. C. (1998) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/0023-8333.00063 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Salinas, E., & Thier, P. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00004-0 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Towards a mathematical theory of cortical micro-circuits
George, D., & Hawkins, J. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000532 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Massively Parallel Recording of Unit and Local Field Potentials With Silicon-Based Electrodes
Csicsvari, J., Henze, D. A., Jamieson, B., Harris, K. D., Sirota, A., Barthó, P., Wise, K. D., & Buzsáki, G. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00116.2003 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Information processing, dimensionality reduction and reinforcement learning in the basal ganglia
Bar‐Gad, I., Morris, G., & Bergman, H. (2003) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2003.12.001 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
A theory of eye movements during target acquisition.
Zelinsky, G. J. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0013118 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Finding a roadmap to achieve large neuromorphic hardware systems
Hasler, J., & Marr, B. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00118 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
A single-transistor silicon synapse
Diorio, C., Hasler, P., Minch, A., & Mead, C. A. (1996) · IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices · doi:10.1109/16.543035 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Can robots make good models of biological behaviour?
Webb, B. H. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01000127 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Quantum computation in brain microtubules? The Penrose–Hameroff ‘Orch OR‘ model of consciousness
Hameroff, S. R. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.1998.0254 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Functional Convergence of Neurons Generated in the Developing and Adult Hippocampus
Laplagne, D. A., Esposito, M. S., Piatti, V. C., Morgenstern, N. A., Zhao, C., van Praag, H., Gage, F. H., & Schinder, A. F. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040409 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Morris, R. G. M. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04888.x · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Functional connectivity in the brain—is it an elusive concept?
Fingelkurts, A. A., Fingelkurts, A. A., & Kähkönen, S. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.009 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Poggio, T., & Beymer, D. (1996) · IEEE Spectrum · doi:10.1109/6.490058 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Brooks, R. A., & Stein, L. A. (1994) · Autonomous Robots · doi:10.1007/bf00735340 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Brain nicotinic receptors: structure and regulation, role in learning and reinforcement
Changeux, J.-P., Bertrand, D., Corringer, P.-J., Dehaene, S., Edelstein, S., Léna, C., Le Novère, N., Marubio, L., Picciotto, M., & Zoli, M. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00040-4 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Population coding in neuronal systems with correlated noise
Sompolinsky, H., Yoon, H., Kang, K., & Shamir, M. (2001) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.64.051904 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Mind, Language, and Epistemology: Toward a Language Socialization Paradigm for SLA
Watson‐Gegeo, K. A. (2004) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.00233.x · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Venkataraman, S., Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., & Forster, W. R. (2011) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2011.0079 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Associative Engines: Connectionism, Concepts and Representational Change.
McCauley, R. N., & Clark, A. (1995) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2220426 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
What do connectionism and social psychology offer each other?
Smith, E. R. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.5.893 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Macroeconomics from the Bottom-up
Gatti, D. D., Desiderio, S., Gaffeo, E., Cirillo, P., & Gallegati, M. (2011) · New economic windows · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1971-3 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Dynamic Model of Visual Recognition Predicts Neural Response Properties in the Visual Cortex
Rao, R. P. N., & Ballard, D. H. (1997) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.1997.9.4.721 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Druckman, J. N., & Lupia, A. (2000) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.1 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Trading spaces: Computation, representation, and the limits of uninformed learning
Clark, A., & Thornton, C. (1997) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x97000022 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Fundamentals of natural computing: an overview
DECASTRO, L. (2006) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2006.10.002 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Visual stimuli recruit intrinsically generated cortical ensembles
Miller, J.-E. K., Ayzenshtat, I., Carrillo-Reid, L., & Yuste, R. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1406077111 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Memory from the dynamics of intrinsic membrane currents
Marder, E., Abbott, L. F., Turrigiano, G. G., Liu, Z., & Golowasch, J. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13481 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Polytrodes: High-Density Silicon Electrode Arrays for Large-Scale Multiunit Recording
Blanche, T. J., Spacek, M. A., Hetke, J. F., & Swindale, N. V. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01023.2004 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Economic Crisis is a Crisis for Economic Theory
Kirman, A. P. (2010) · CESifo Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/cesifo/ifq017 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Memento’s Revenge: The Extended Mind, Extended
Clark, A. (2010) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262014038.003.0003 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Dynamics of the brain at global and microscopic scales: Neural networks and the EEG
Wright, J. J., & Liley, D. T. J. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00042679 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Single Units and Visual Cortical Organization
Lennie, P. (1998) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p270889 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Clark, A., & Grush, R. (1999) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971239900700101 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Vartanian, O. A., Navarrete, G., Chatterjee, A. K., Fich, L. B., González–Mora, J. L., Leder, H., Modroño, C., Nadal, M., Rostrup, N., & Skov, M. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.006 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Clayton, P., & Davies, P. C. W. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544318.001.0001 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Coordinating perceptually grounded categories through language: A case study for colour
steels, L., & belpaeme, T. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000087 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
The AHA! Experience: Creativity Through Emergent Binding in Neural Networks
Thagard, P. R., & Stewart, T. C. (2010) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01142.x · Cited by 265 · see citing works
A Grammar of Gestural Coordination
Gafos, A. I. (2002) · Natural Language & Linguistic Theory · doi:10.1023/a:1014942312445 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Pearce, M. T., Zaidel, D. W., Vartanian, O. A., Skov, M., Leder, H., Chatterjee, A. K., & Nadal, M. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615621274 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Binocular Disparity and the Perception of Depth
Ning Qian, A. (1997) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81238-6 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
From first words to grammar in children with focal brain injury
Bates, E. A., Thal, D. J., Trauner, D. A., Fenson, J., Aram, D., Eisele, J. A., & Nass, R. D. (1997) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649709540682 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Language as a Dynamical System
Elman, J. (1998) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4622.003.0009 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Rolls, E. T., Treves, A., & Tovée, M. J. (1997) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/pl00005615 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
A computational principle for hippocampal learning and neurogenesis
Becker, S. (2005) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20095 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Distributed synaptic modification in neural networks induced by patterned stimulation
Bi, G., & Poo, M. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44573 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Gabora, L. M. (2010) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410903579494 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Multiple Realizability and Universality
Batterman, R. W. (2000) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1093/bjps/51.1.115 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Craver, C. F. (2009) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515080903238930 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Miller, B. L., Seeley, W. W., Mychack, P., Rosen, H. J., Mena, I. G., & Boone, K. W. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.5.817 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Reconstruction of Natural Scenes from Ensemble Responses in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Stanley, G. B., Li, F. F., & Dan, Y. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-18-08036.1999 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Information processing, computation, and cognition
Piccinini, G., & Scarantino, A. (2010) · Journal of Biological Physics · doi:10.1007/s10867-010-9195-3 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Artificial van der Waals hybrid synapse and its application to acoustic pattern recognition
Seo, S., Kang, B., Lee, J., Ryu, H.-J., Kim, S., Kim, H., Oh, S., Shim, J., Heo, K., Oh, S., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17849-3 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Scalable Techniques from Nonparametric Statistics for Real Time Robot Learning
Schaal, S., Atkeson, C. G., & Vijayakumar, S. (2002) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1023/a:1015727715131 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
- Authors
- Churchland, P. S., & Sejnowski, T. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 1992-06-12
- OpenAlex
- W1589549454
- Cited by
- 1,757
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 12.21
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Neural Networks and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- population coding, neural population activity, artificial neural networks, computational neuroscience, neural coding, single-unit recording, brain function, neural network model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review