Candida albicans exhibits heterogeneous and adaptive cytoprotective responses to antifungal compounds
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Abstract
Candida albicans, an opportunistic human pathogen, poses a significant threat to human health and is associated with significant socio-economic burden. Current antifungal treatments fail, at least in part, because C. albicans can initiate a strong drug tolerance response that allows some cells to grow at drug concentrations above their minimal inhibitory concentration. To better characterize this cytoprotective tolerance program at the molecular single-cell level, we used a nanoliter droplet-based transcriptomics platform to profile thousands of individual fungal cells and establish their subpopulation characteristics in the absence and presence of antifungal drugs. Profiles of untreated cells exhibit heterogeneous expression that correlates with cell cycle stage with distinct metabolic and stress responses. At 2 days post-fluconazole exposure (a time when tolerance is measurable), surviving cells bifurcate into two major subpopulations: one characterized by the upregulation of genes encoding ribosomal proteins, rRNA processing machinery, and mitochondrial cellular respiration capacity, termed the Ribo-dominant ( Rd ) state; and the other enriched for genes encoding stress responses and related processes, termed the Stress-dominant ( Sd ) state. This bifurcation persists at 3 and 6 days post-treatment. We provide evidence that the ribosome assembly stress response (RASTR) is activated in these subpopulations and may facilitate cell survival.
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Single-cell transcriptomics have shown that the ribosome assembly stress response supports survival under fluconazole exposure above the MIC.
“Moreover, single-cell transcriptomics have shown that the ribosome assembly stress response supports survival under fluconazole exposure above the MIC, highlighting the importance of stress responses in antifungal tolerance [122].”
From Insight into the Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance of Antifungal Heteroresistance (2025) · cites this paper as [122]
The Abstract reports single-cell transcriptomic profiling of fluconazole-exposed Candida albicans cells and says the ribosome assembly stress response may facilitate survival. The Results likewise propose a possible role in drug tolerance. The claim omits that uncertainty by stating that the response supports survival as an established finding. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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The Dynamic Fungal Genome: Polyploidy, Aneuploidy and Copy Number Variation in Response to Stress
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Self-citationInsight into the Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance of Antifungal Heteroresistance
Su, Y., Li, Y., Yi, Q., Xu, Y., Sun, T., & Li, Y. (2025) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof11020143 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dumeaux, V., Massahi, S., Bettauer, V., Mottola, A., Dukovny, A., Khurdia, S. S., Costa, A. C. B. P., Omran, R. P., Simpson, S., Xie, J. L., Whiteway, M., Berman, J., & Hallett, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- Concordia University (US)
- Concordia University (CA)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hallett, Michael T
- ORCID
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2023-10-27
- Volume
- 12
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10699808
- OpenAlex
- W4387966939
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 2.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2018-05085)
- Canada Foundation for Innovation (37083)
- European Research Council (951475)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, antifungal drug tolerance, fluconazole, single-cell transcriptomics, cellular heterogeneity, ribosomal proteins, mitochondrial respiration, stress response genes, cell cycle phases, fungal drug resistance
- MeSH terms
- Antifungal Agents, Candida albicans, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Mitochondria, Fluconazole, Drug Resistance, Fungal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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