Expandable and reversible copy number amplification drives rapid adaptation to antifungal drugs
Open accessAbstract
Previously, we identified long repeat sequences that are frequently associated with genome rearrangements, including copy number variation (CNV), in many diverse isolates of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans (Todd et al., 2019). Here, we describe the rapid acquisition of novel, high copy number CNVs during adaptation to azole antifungal drugs. Single-cell karyotype analysis indicates that these CNVs appear to arise via a dicentric chromosome intermediate and breakage-fusion-bridge cycles that are repaired using multiple distinct long inverted repeat sequences. Subsequent removal of the antifungal drug can lead to a dramatic loss of the CNV and reversion to the progenitor genotype and drug susceptibility phenotype. These findings support a novel mechanism for the rapid acquisition of antifungal drug resistance and provide genomic evidence for the heterogeneity frequently observed in clinical settings.
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In vitro evolution of C. auris during fluconazole exposure is relatively slow compared to C. albicans and mainly composed of SNPs, with aneuploidy a minority effect.
“In vitro evolution during fluconazole exposure is relatively slow, compared to C. albicans, and mainly composed of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), with aneuploidy a minority effect [135,136].”
From Insight into the Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance of Antifungal Heteroresistance (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
The Results section (page unavailable) reports rapid fluconazole adaptation in C. albicans: all 14 sequenced, resistance-increased isolates acquired chromosome or segmental aneuploidies. The Introduction and Conclusion mention copy-number variation in C. auris, but the paper does not compare its adaptation rate with C. albicans or establish that SNPs predominate and aneuploidy is a minority effect in C. auris. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUnder fluconazole exposure, C. albicans rapidly evolves CNVs and aneuploidy in vitro.
“Under fluconazole exposure, C. albicans rapidly evolves CNVs and aneuploidy in vitro [135].”
From Insight into the Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance of Antifungal Heteroresistance (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
These complex CNVs are flanked by distinct long inverted repeat sequences, found across the genome, and often contain genes associated with drug resistance.
“These complex CNVs are flanked by distinct long inverted repeat sequences and are found across the genome, often containing genes associated with drug resistance68.”
From Molecular mechanisms governing antifungal drug resistance (2023) · cites this paper as [68]
Extensive copy number variations (CNVs) amplify large genomic regions and drive rapid acquisition of azole resistance in C. albicans.
“Another significant source of genomic diversity that drives the rapid acquisition of azole resistance in C. albicans involves extensive copy number variations (CNVs), which amplify large genomic regions68.”
From Molecular mechanisms governing antifungal drug resistance (2023) · cites this paper as [68]
GRs and CNVs around these genes are related to drug resistance.
“our results suggest that GRs and CNVs around these genes are related to drug resistance, as previously proposed in C. albicans.36”
From Narrow mutational signatures drive acquisition of multidrug resistance in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
Azole tolerance and cross-tolerance to different azole drugs can evolve rapidly in vitro.
“Intriguingly, our recent experiments demonstrate that azole tolerance and cross-tolerance to different azole drugs can evolve rapidly in vitro (Todd and Selmecki 2020; Kukurudz et al. 2022), yet the mechanisms that distinguish drug-resistant and drug-tolerant phenotypes in fungi are not fully characterized.”
From Antifungal Drug Concentration Impacts the Spectrum of Adaptive Mutations in <i>Candida albicans</i> (2023) · cites this paper as Todd and Selmecki 2020
The copy number breakpoints of all segmental aneuploidies occurred at long repeat sequences.
“The copy number breakpoints of all segmental aneuploidies occurred at long repeat sequences as described previously (Todd et al. 2019; Todd and Selmecki 2020).”
From Antifungal Drug Concentration Impacts the Spectrum of Adaptive Mutations in <i>Candida albicans</i> (2023) · cites this paper as Todd and Selmecki 2020
Todd and Selmecki (2020) identified 3 isolates evolved to FLC in an in vitro experiment that had increased copy number of a subset of efflux pump, multidrug transporters, and stress response genes on Chr3, leading to increased tolerance and resistance to several azoles.
“Todd and Selmecki (2020) did, however, identify 3 isolates evolved to FLC in an in vitro experiment that had increased copy number of a subset of efflux pump, multidrug transporters, and stress response genes on Chr3, leading to increased tolerance and resistance to several azoles.”
From Acquisition of cross-azole tolerance and aneuploidy in <i>Candida albicans</i> strains evolved to posaconazole (2022) · cites this paper as Todd and Selmecki (2020)
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The Antifungal Pipeline: Fosmanogepix, Ibrexafungerp, Olorofim, Opelconazole, and Rezafungin
Hoenigl, M., Sprute, R., Egger, M., Arastehfar, A., Cornely, O. A., Krause, R., Lass-Flörl, C., Prattes, J., Spec, A., Thompson, G. R., et al. (2021) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01611-0 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms governing antifungal drug resistance
Lee, Y., Robbins, N., & Cowen, L. E. (2023) · npj Antimicrobials and Resistance · doi:10.1038/s44259-023-00007-2 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
The importance of antimicrobial resistance in medical mycology
Gow, N. A. R., Johnson, C., Berman, J. G., Coste, A. T., Cuomo, C. A., Perlin, D. S., Bicanic, T. A., Harrison, T. S., Wiederhold, N. P., Bromley, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32249-5 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Candida albicans and Candida glabrata : global priority pathogens
Katsipoulaki, M., Stappers, M. H. T., Malavia, D., Brunke, S., Hube, B., & Gow, N. A. R. (2024) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00021-23 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Hoenigl, M., Arastehfar, A. A., Arendrup, M. C., Brüggemann, R. J. M., Carvalho, A., Chiller, T. M., Chen, W., Egger, M., Feys, S., Gangneux, J., et al. (2024) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00074-23 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Ksiezopolska, E., Schikora-Tamarit, M. À., Beyer, R., Nunez-Rodriguez, J. C., Schüller, C., & Gabaldón, T. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.084 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Burrack, L. S., Todd, R. T., Soisangwan, N., Wiederhold, N. P., & Selmecki, A. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00842-22 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationChromosomal instability and aneuploidy as causes of cancer drug resistance
Lukow, D. A., & Sheltzer, J. M. (2021) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2021.09.002 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Dynamic Fungal Genome: Polyploidy, Aneuploidy and Copy Number Variation in Response to Stress
Vande Zande, P., Zhou, X., & Selmecki, A. (2023) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-112443 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding the mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungals in Candida species
Li, Y., Hind, C. K., Furner-Pardoe, J., Sutton, J. M., & Rahman, K. M. (2025) · JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance · doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlaf106 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Zhai, B., Liao, C., Jaggavarapu, S., Tang, Y., Rolling, T., Ning, Y., Sun, T., Bergin, S. A., Gjonbalaj, M., Miranda, E., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03183-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The population genetics of adaptation through copy number variation in a fungal plant pathogen
Stalder, L., Oggenfuss, U., Mohd‐Assaad, N., & Croll, D. (2022) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.16435 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Antifungal Drug Concentration Impacts the Spectrum of Adaptive Mutations in <i>Candida albicans</i>
Todd, R. T., Soisangwan, N., Peters, S., Kemp, B., Crooks, T., Gerstein, A., & Selmecki, A. (2023) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msad009 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationFan, X., Dai, R.-C., Zhang, S., Geng, Y.-Y., Kang, M., Guo, D.-W., Mei, Y.-N., Pan, Y.-H., Sun, Z.-Y., Xu, Y.-C., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43380-2 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Recent gene selection and drug resistance underscore clinical adaptation across Candida species
Schikora-Tamarit, M. À., & Gabaldón, T. (2024) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-023-01547-z · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mba, I. E., Nweze, E. I., Eze, E. A., & Anyaegbunam, Z. K. G. (2022) · Infection, Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105256 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Genetic variation in aneuploidy prevalence and tolerance across Saccharomyces cerevisiae lineages
da Costa, E. S. F., Hose, J., Bensasson, D., & Gasch, A. P. (2021) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab015 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hoenigl, M., Sprute, R., Arastehfar, A. A., Perfect, J. R., Lass‐Flörl, C., Bellmann, R., Prattes, J., Thompson, G. R., Wiederhold, N. P., Al‐Obaidi, M. M., et al. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2022.2086120 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bergin, S. A., Zhao, F., Ryan, A. P., Müller, C. A., Nieduszynski, C. A., Zhai, B., Rolling, T., Hohl, T. M., Morio, F., Scully, J., et al. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01777-22 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tralamazza, S. M., Gluck‐Thaler, E., Feurtey, A., & Croll, D. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49913-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Beyond resistance: antifungal heteroresistance and antifungal tolerance in fungal pathogens
Yang, F., & Berman, J. (2024) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2024.102439 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kukurudz, R. J., Chapel, M., Wonitowy, Q., Adamu Bukari, A.-R., Sidney, B., Sierhuis, R., & Gerstein, A. C. (2022) · G3 · doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkac156 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Role of Structural Variation in Adaptation and Evolution of Yeast and Other Fungi
Gorkovskiy, A., & Verstrepen, K. J. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12050699 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Narayanan, A., Kumar, P., Chauhan, A., Kumar, M., Yadav, K., Banerjee, A., Sharma, R. D., Rudramurthy, S. M., Chakrabarti, A., Sanyal, K., et al. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03052-22 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
PerSVade: personalized structural variant detection in any species of interest
Schikora-Tamarit, M. À., & Gabaldón, T. (2022) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-022-02737-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hu, T., Wang, S., Bing, J., Zheng, Q., Du, H., Li, C., Guan, Z., Bai, F., Nobile, C. J., Chu, H., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.107010 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A synthetic peptide mimic kills Candida albicans and synergistically prevents infection
Schaefer, S., Vij, R., Sprague, J. L., Austermeier, S., Dinh, H., Judzewitsch, P. R., Müller‐Loennies, S., Silva, T. L., Seemann, E. A., Qualmann, B., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50491-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Using genomics to understand the mechanisms of virulence and drug resistance in fungal pathogens
Schikora-Tamarit, M. À., & Gabaldón, T. (2022) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20211123 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cell wall protein variation, break‐induced replication, and subtelomere dynamics in Candida glabrata
Xu, Z., Green, B., Benoit, N. E., Sobel, J. D., Schatz, M. C., Wheelan, S. J., & Cormack, B. P. (2021) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.14707 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gervais, N. C., Bella, A. A. L., Wensing, L. F., Sharma, J., Acquaviva, V., Best, M. A., López, R. O. C., Fogal, M., Uthayakumar, D., Chavez, A., et al. (2022) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkac301 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Stolp, Z. D., Kulkarni, M., Liu, Y., Zhu, C., Jalisi, A., Lin, S., Casadevall, A., Cunningham, K. W., Pineda, F. J., Teng, X., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110647 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Avecilla, G., Chuong, J. N., Li, F., Sherlock, G. J., Gresham, D., & Ram, Y. (2022) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001633 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gallet, R., Mattia, J. D., Ravel, S., Zeddam, J.-L., Vitalis, R., Michalakis, Y., & Blanc, S. (2022) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/veac058 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Scott, N. E., Erayil, S. E., Kline, S. E., & Selmecki, A. M. (2023) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00543-23 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> Can Display Persistence to the Fungicidal Drug Voriconazole
Scott, J., Valero, C., Mato-López, Á., Donaldson, I. J., Roldán, A., Chown, H., Van Rhijn, N., Lobo-Vega, R., Gago, S., Furukawa, T., et al. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.04770-22 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Identification and characterization of mediators of fluconazole tolerance in Candida albicans
Delarze, E., Brandt, L., Trachsel, E., Patxot, M., Pralong, C., Maranzano, F., Chauvel, M., Legrand, M., Znaidi, S., Bougnoux, M.-E., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.591140 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Challenges and pitfalls of inferring microbial growth rates from lab cultures
Ghenu, A., Marrec, L., & Bank, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1313500 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Branco, J., Ryan, A. P., Silva, A. P., Butler, G., Miranda, I. M., & Rodrigues, A. G. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2022.08.014 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Adaptation dynamics between copy-number and point mutations
Tomanek, I., & Guet, C. C. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.82240 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dumeaux, V., Massahi, S., Bettauer, V., Mottola, A., Dukovny, A., Khurdia, S. S., Costa, A. C. B. P., Omran, R. P., Simpson, S., Xie, J. L., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.81406 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Microevolution of Antifungal Drug Resistance in Pathogenic Fungi
Boyce, K. J. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11112757 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Hilk, A. L., Solis, N. V., Scott, N. E., Beach, A., Soisangwan, N., Billings, C. L., Burrack, L. S., Filler, S. G., & Selmecki, A. M. (2024) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-024-01795-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationKeighley, C., Gall, M. L., van Hal, S. J., Halliday, C. L., Chai, L. Y. A., Chew, K. L., Biswas, C., Slavin, M. A., Meyer, W., Sintchenko, V., et al. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8090896 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The role of gene copy number variation in antimicrobial resistance in human fungal pathogens
Jay, A., Jordan, D., Gerstein, A. C., & Landry, C. R. (2025) · npj Antimicrobials and Resistance · doi:10.1038/s44259-024-00072-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Fu, C., Davy, A., Holmes, S., Sun, S., Yadav, V., Gusa, A. A., Coelho, M. A., & Heitman, J. (2021) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009935 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Daneshnia, F., Floyd, D. J., Ryan, A. P., Ghahfarokhy, P. M., Ebadati, A., Jusuf, S., Munoz, J., Jeffries, N. E., Yvanovich, E., Apostolopoulou, A., et al. (2024) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2024.2322655 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Zande, P. V., Gautier, C., Kawar, N., Maufrais, C., Metzner, K., Wash, E., Beach, A. K., Bracken, R., Maciel, E. I., de Sá, N. P., et al. (2024) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012497 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationArastehfar, A., Daneshnia, F., Floyd, D. J., Jeffries, N. E., Salehi, M., Perlin, D. S., Ilkit, M., Lass-Flöerl, C., & Mansour, M. K. (2024) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00072-24 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Saada, A. A., Guo, W., Costa, A. B., Yang, J., Wang, J., & Lobachev, K. S. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad153 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Min, K., Jannace, T. F., Si, H., Veeramah, K. R., Haley, J. D., & Konopka, J. B. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009861 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Genomics insights of candidiasis: mechanisms of pathogenicity and drug resistance
Huang, X., Dong, Q., Zhou, Q., Fang, S., Xu, Y., Hu, L., Chen, J., Li, X. Y., Qin, H., Mu, D., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1531543 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bergin, S. A., Doorley, L. A., Rybak, J. M., Wolfe, K. H., Butler, G., Cuomo, C. A., & Rogers, P. D. (2024) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01619-23 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pathogenic Fungal Sensing and Responses to Stressful Host Environments
Rapala, J. R., Anderson, F. M., Larkin, A., & O’Meara, T. R. (2025) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-051024-033116 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
How fungal multidrug transporters mediate hyper resistance through DNA amplification and mutation
Banerjee, A., Rahman, H., Prasad, R., & Golin, J. E. (2022) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.14947 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Multilevel Gene Expression Changes in Lineages Containing Adaptive Copy Number Variants
Spealman, P., de Santana, C., De, T., & Gresham, D. (2025) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaf005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Insight into the Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance of Antifungal Heteroresistance
Su, Y., Li, Y., Yi, Q., Xu, Y., Sun, T., & Li, Y. (2025) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof11020143 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In vitro evolution during fluconazole exposure is relatively slow, compared to C. albicans , and mainly composed of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), with aneuploidy a minority effect [135,136].”
Evolutionary causes and consequences of gene duplication
Cisneros, A. F., Dibyachintan, S., Bédard, F., Aubé, S., Lemieux, P., & Landry, C. R. (2026) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-026-00935-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Spealman, P., De, T., Chuong, J. N., & Gresham, D. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-023-10102-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tibayrenc, M., & Ayala, F. J. (2021) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2020.12.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Unlocking the potential of experimental evolution to study drug resistance in pathogenic fungi
Jacobs, S., Boccarella, G., van den Berg, P., Dijck, P. V., & Carolus, H. (2024) · npj Antimicrobials and Resistance · doi:10.1038/s44259-024-00064-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Späth, G. F., & Bussotti, G. (2021) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkab1237 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Experimental and in-host evolution of triazole resistance in human pathogenic fungi
Handelman, M., & Osherov, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Fungal Biology · doi:10.3389/ffunb.2022.957577 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Oh, J., Jo, S., Park, K. W., Lee, E., Lee, S. H., Hwang, Y. S., Jeon, H. R., Ryu, Y., Yoon, H. J., Chun, S., et al. (2023) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-023-00952-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The impact of phenotypic heterogeneity on fungal pathogenicity and drug resistance
Kozubowski, L., & Berman, J. G. (2025) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuaf001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Copy number variation alters local and global mutational tolerancePreprint
Avecilla, G., Spealman, P., Matthews, J. C., Caudal, É., Schacherer, J., & Gresham, D. (2023) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.277625.122 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Teixeira, M. D. M., Almeida‐Paes, R., Bernardes‐Engemann, A. R., Nicola, A. M., de Macedo, P. M., do Valle, A. C. F., Gutierrez‐Galhardo, M. C., Freitas, D. F. S., Barker, B. M., Matute, D. R., et al. (2022) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103743 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Beekman, C. N., Cuomo, C. A., Bennett, R. J., & Ene, I. V. (2021) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkab001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Todd, R. T., & Selmecki, A. M. (2023) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3155-3_8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolution and strain diversity advance exploration of Candida albicans biology
Anderson, M. Z., & Dietz, S. M. (2024) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00641-23 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rizzo, M., Soisangwan, N., Vega, S. B. P., Price, R. J., Uyl, C., Iracane, E., Shaw, M., Soetaert, J., Selmecki, A. M., & Buscaino, A. (2022) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010576 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHorizontal Gene Transfer in Fungi and Its Ecological Importance
Gonçalves, C., Hittinger, C. T., & Rokas, A. (2024) · The mycota · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41648-4_3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Experimental evolution of drug resistance in human fungal pathogens
Gerstein, A. C., & Sethi, P. (2022) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2022.101965 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Oggenfuss, U., Todd, R. T., Soisangwan, N., Kemp, B. R., Guyer, A., Beach, A., & Selmecki, A. M. (2024) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.279301.124 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationA rapidly reversible mutation generates subclonal genetic diversity and unstable drug resistance
Dan, L., Li, Y., Chen, S., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Li, F., He, X., & Carey, L. B. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2019060118 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of Candida bloodstream isolates in an academic medical center and affiliated hospitals
Scott, N. E., Wash, E., Zajac, C., Erayil, S. E., Kline, S. E., & Selmecki, A. M. (2025) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00464-25 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyer, R., Zangl, I., Seidl, B., Pap, I.-J., Lackner, M., Strauss, J., Willinger, B., & Schüller, C. (2025) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00786-25 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhai, B., Liao, C., Jaggavarapu, S., Tang, Y., Rolling, T., Ning, Y., Sun, T., Bergin, S. A., Gjonbalaj, M., Miranda, E., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.29.22275734 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Challenges and pitfalls of inferring microbial growth rates from lab culturesPreprint
Ghenu, A., Marrec, L., & Bank, C. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497412 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Drivers of diversification in fungal pathogen populations
Murante, D., & Hogan, D. A. (2024) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012430 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Transcriptomic and proteomic ramifications of segmental amplification in Escherichia coli
Fritts, R. K., Ebmeier, C. C., & Copley, S. D. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2422424122 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chauhan, A., Gow, N. A. R., & Prasad, R. (2026) · The Cell Surface · doi:10.1016/j.tcsw.2026.100168 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Reversible Adaptive Responses in Fungi
Dan, L., Liu, S., Qiang, Z., Ye, X., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof12050309 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ibe, C., Otu, A. A., & Pohl, C. H. (2025) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2024.2448844 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Li, K., Gong, J., Zheng, Q., Yang, L., Mei, X., Chen, J., Liao, G., & Liang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.971546 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Huang, J. T., Liu, S., & Cook, D. E. (2023) · Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.pmpp.2023.102006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Drug Resistance and Evolvability in an Emerging Human Fungal Pathogen
Billmyre, R. B. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01876-22 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Recurrent copy number variations in the human fungal pathogen Candida parapsilosis
Selmecki, A. M. (2023) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00713-23 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationThe putative error prone polymerase REV1 mediates DNA damage and drug resistance in Candida albicans
Agyare-Tabbi, M. R., Uthayakumar, D., Francis, D., Maroc, L., Grant, C., McQueen, P., Westmacott, G., Shaker, H., Skulska, I., Gagnon‐Arsenault, I., et al. (2024) · npj Antimicrobials and Resistance · doi:10.1038/s44259-024-00057-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ene, I. V., Hickman, M. A., & Gerstein, A. C. (2021) · Current Clinical Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40588-021-00171-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Aspergillus fumigatus can display persistence to the fungicidal drug voriconazolePreprint
Scott, J., Valero, C., Mato-López, Á., Donaldson, I. J., Roldán, A., Chown, H., van Rhijn, N., Lobo-Vega, R., Gago, S., Furukawa, T., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.491816 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stress-driven emergence of heritable non-genetic drug resistancePreprint
Xie, J. L., Yin, S., Yang, T. S., Chandrasekher, K. A., Hanson, L., Kim, S. H., Esqueda, L., Hogan, C. A., Banaei, N., Round, J. L., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629823 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sousa, G., Correia, I., & Bezerra, A. R. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14020273 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
АНТИЕВОЛЮЦІЙНА ТЕРАПІЯ: НОВИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЛІКУВАННЯ ІНФЕКЦІЙНИХ ЗАХВОРЮВАНЬ
Мінухін, В. В., Kolotova, T., & Скляр, Н. І. (2023) · Інфекційні хвороби · doi:10.11603/1681-2727.2023.4.14241 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Dall’Ara, M., Baldo, D., Gilmer, D., & Ratti, C. (2024) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01410-24 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nywening, A. V., Thorn, H. I., Xie, J., Martín‐Vicente, A., Guruceaga, X., Ge, W., Gibbons, J. G., & Fortwendel, J. R. (2025) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00536-25 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fu, C., Xiong, E. H., Kupczok, L., Archambault, L. S., Wang, T. R. W., Holleran, C., Carruthers-Lay, D., Zhuang, T. X., Marcoccia, S., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003409 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Genome of the CTG(Ser1) Yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis Is Plastic
Vega, S. B. P., Armitage, A. D., Bates, H. J., Harrison, R. J., & Buscaino, A. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01871-21 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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MAESTRO uncovers tandem paralog dynamics as a core driver of fungal stress adaptationPreprint
Hsieh, P.-H., Sasaki, Y., Yang, C.-I., Wu, Z., Steindorff, A. S., Haridas, S., Ke, J., Fatma, Z., Zhao, Z., Opulente, D. A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673034 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Todd, R. T., & Selmecki, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Selmecki, Anna
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2020-07-20
- Volume
- 9
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7371428
- OpenAlex
- W3042508348
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 2.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI143689)
- Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (LB506-2017-55)
- Nebraska Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (First Award)
- National Center for Research Resources (COBRE P20RR018788 sub-award)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, copy number variation, antifungal resistance, azole antifungals, breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, inverted repeats, drug sensitivity, genome rearrangement
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Biological, Antifungal Agents, Candida albicans, Genotype, Drug Resistance, Fungal, DNA Copy Number Variations, Single-Cell Analysis, Karyotype
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