Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on mood and cognitive function
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Very low-carbohydrate (LC) diets are often used to promote weight loss, but the long-term effects on psychological function remain unknown. METHODS: A total of 106 overweight and obese participants (mean [SE] age, 50.0 [0.8] years; mean [SE] body mass index [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared], 33.7 [0.4]) were randomly assigned either to an energy-restricted (approximately 1433-1672 kcal [to convert to kilojoules, multiply by 4.186]), planned isocaloric, very low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LC) diet or to a high-carbohydrate, low-fat (LF) diet for 1 year. Changes in body weight, psychological mood and well-being (Profile of Mood States, Beck Depression Inventory, and Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory scores), and cognitive functioning (working memory and speed of processing) were assessed. RESULTS: By 1 year, the overall mean (SE) weight loss was 13.7 (1.8) kg, with no significant difference between groups (P = .26). Over the course of the study, there were significant time x diet interactions for Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Profile of Mood States scores for total mood disturbance, anger-hostility, confusion-bewilderment, and depression-dejection (P < .05) as a result of greater improvements in these psychological mood states for the LF diet compared with the LC diet. Working memory improved by 1 year (P < .001 for time), but speed of processing remained largely unchanged, with no effect of diet composition on either cognitive domain. CONCLUSIONS: Over 1 year, there was a favorable effect of an energy-restricted LF diet compared with an isocaloric LC diet on mood state and affect in overweight and obese individuals. Both diets had similar effects on working memory and speed of processing. Trial Registration anzctr.org.au Identifier: 12606000203550.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These may be due to feelings of isolation or due to tiring of following the strict very-low-fat diet.
“These may be due to feelings of isolation or due to tiring of following the strict verylow-fat diet.42,43”
From Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: Bringing to life dietary recommendations throughout the life span (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032 · see citing works
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.169404 · Cited by 11,961 · see citing works
Norman, G. R., Sloan, J. A., & Wyrwich, K. W. (2003) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000062554.74615.4c · Cited by 4,700 · see citing works
DONNELLY, J. E., BLAIR, S. N., JAKICIC, J. M., MANORE, M. M., RANKIN, J. W., & SMITH, B. K. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181949333 · Cited by 2,658 · see citing works
A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity
Foster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., McGuckin, B. G., Brill, C., Mohammed, B. S., Szapary, P. O., Rader, D. J., Edman, J. S., & Klein, S. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022207 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
Dansinger, M. L., Gleason, J. A., Griffith, J. L., Selker, H. P., & Schaefer, E. J. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.1.43 · Cited by 1,726 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000380842.14048.7e · Cited by 1,600 · see citing works
Position of the American Dietetic Association
Marlett, J. A., McBurney, M. I., & Slavin, J. L. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90228-2 · Cited by 1,468 · see citing works
Using the general linear mixed model to analyse unbalanced repeated measures and longitudinal data
Cnaan, A., Laird, N. M., & Slasor, P. (1997) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19971030)16:20 · Cited by 1,227 · see citing works
Molteni, R., Barnard, R. J., Ying, Z., Roberts, C. K., & Gómez‐Pinilla, F. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00123-9 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Stern, L., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., Chicano, K. L., Daily, D. A., McGrory, J., Williams, M., Gracely, E. J., & Samaha, F. F. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00007 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Appropriate Intervention Strategies for Weight Loss and Prevention of Weight Regain for Adults
Jakicic, J. M., Clark, K. L., COLEMAN, E., Donnelly, J. E., Foreyt, J. P., Melanson, E. L., Volek, J. S., & Volpe, S. L. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200112000-00026 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Stem, L., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., & Chicano, K. L. (2004) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/j.accreview.2004.07.103 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Caloric restriction improves memory in elderly humans
Witte, A. V., Fobker, M., Gellner, R., Knecht, S., & Flöel, A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0808587106 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Transport of glucose from blood to brain.
Lund‐Andersen, H. (1979) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1979.59.2.305 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution
Atkins, R. C. (1973) · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/01.hco.0000200416.65370.a0 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Position of the American Dietetic
Cummings, S., Parham, E. S., & Strain, G. W. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90255-5 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss?
Astrup, A. V., Larsen, T. M., & Harper, A. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16986-9 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Freedman, M. R., King, J., & Kennedy, E. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.113 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs
Young, S. N. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0738 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
High‐fat diet impairs hippocampal neurogenesis in male rats
Lindqvist, A., Mohapel, P., Bouter, B., Frielingsdorf, H., Pizzo, D., Brundin, P., & Erlanson-Albertsson, C. (2006) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01500.x · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Brinkworth, G. D., Noakes, M., Buckley, J. D., Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P. M. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27326 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive effects of insulin in the central nervous system
Park, C. R. (2001) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00016-1 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Statistical handling of drop‐outs in longitudinal clinical trials
Heyting, A., Tolboom, J. T. B. M., & Essers, J. G. A. (1992) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780111603 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Blood glucose influences memory and attention in young adults
Benton, D., Owens, D. S., & Parker, P. Y. (1994) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)90147-3 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Wadden, T. A., Vogt, R. A., Andersen, R. E., Bartlett, S. J., Foster, G. D., Kuehnel, R. H., Wilk, J., Weinstock, R., Buckenmeyer, P., Berkowitz, R. I., et al. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.2.269 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The NEMO Study Group (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1082 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
McClernon, F. J., Yancy, W. S., Eberstein, J. A., Atkins, R. C., & Westman, E. C. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.516 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Geliebter, A., Maher, M., Gerace, L., Gutin, B., Heymsfield, S. B., & Hashim, S. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/66.3.557 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Carbohydrate ingestion, blood glucose and mood
Benton, D. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00004-0 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Normal and reactive NG2+ glial cells are distinct from resting and activated microglia
Nishiyama, A., Yu, M., Drazba, J. A., & Tuohy, V. K. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19970515)48:4 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Gadbury, G. L., Coffey, C. S., & Allison, D. B. (2003) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2003.00109.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with better mental and physical health
Muñoz, M.-A., Fíto, M., Marrugat, J., Covas, M.-I., & Schröder, H. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508143598 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Nutrients that Modify Brain Function
Wurtman, R. J. (1982) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0482-50 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
An hypothesis on the role of glucose in the mechanism of action of cognitive enhancers
Wenk, G. L. (1989) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00589888 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
de Castro, J. M. (1987) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(87)90154-5 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Macronutrients and mental performance
Dye, L., Lluch, A., & Blundell, J. E. (2000) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00450-0 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Schaaf, M. J. M., Hoetelmans, R. W. M., de Kloet, E. R., & Vreugdenhil, E. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Halyburton, A. K., Brinkworth, G. D., Wilson, C. J., Noakes, M., Buckley, J. D., Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P. M. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.3.580 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationHoyland, A., Lawton, C. L., & Dye, L. (2007) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.05.006 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Detrimental Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Cognitive Function in Rats
Zhao, Q., Stafstrom, C. E., Fu, D. D., Hu, Y., & Holmes, G. L. (2004) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000112032.47575.d1 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Exercise in the treatment of obesity
Jakicic, J. M. (2003) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00075-6 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Bryan, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2001) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.2000.0389 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Glucose improves attention and reaction to frustration in children
Benton, D., Brett, V., & Brain, P. F. (1987) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(87)90016-0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Dansinger, M. L., Gleason, J. A., Griffith, J. L., Selker, H. P., & Schaefer, E. J. (2005) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/j.accreview.2005.02.079 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Cognitive effects of a long-term weight reducing diet
Kretsch, M., Green, M. W., Fong, A., Elliman, N., & Johnson, H. (1997) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800353 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Martin, C. K., Anton, S. D., Han, H., York‐Crowe, E., Redman, L. M., Ravussin, É., Williamson, D. A., & for the Pennington CALERIE Team (2007) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2006.0502 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Mood changes in behavioral weight loss programs
Wing, R. R., Epstein, L. H., Marcus, M. D., & Kupfer, D. J. (1984) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(84)90019-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Position of the American Dietetic Association
Olson, C. M., & Holben, D. H. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90408-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Cognitive effects of ketogenic weight-reducing diets.
Wing, R. R., Vazquez, J. A., & Ryan, C. M. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hoyer, S., Henneberg, N., KNAPP, S., Lannert, H., & MARTIN, E. (1996) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb34448.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets. Effects on cognition and mood
D’Anci, K. E., Watts, K. L., Kanarek, R. B., & Taylor, H. A. (2008) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.08.009 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Neurotrophins in Depression and Antidepressant Effects
Ċastrén, E., & Rantamäki, T. (2008) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470751251.ch4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Enhancing Cognitive Function across the Life Span
Korol, D. L. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02091.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Position of The American Dietetic Association
Cummings, S. M., Goodrick, G. K., & Foreyt, J. P. (1997) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00024-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Gersh, B. J. (2006) · Yearbook of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0145-4145(07)70170-3 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Rosen, J., Hunt, D., Sims, E., & Bogardus, C. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.3.463 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cognitive and psychomotor function in hypoglycemia: response error patterns and retest reliability
Schächinger, H. (2003) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00167-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Psychological Responses of Obese Type II Diabetic Subjects to Very-Low-Calorie Diet
Wing, R. R., Marcus, M. D., Blair, E. H., & Burton, L. R. (1991) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.14.7.596 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Average daily nutrient intake and mood among obese women
Pellegrin, K. L., O'Neil, P. M., Stellefson, E. J., Fossey, M. D., Ballenger, J. C., Cochrane, C. E., & Currey, H. S. (1998) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(98)00092-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Inspection time and intelligence
Petrill, S. A., & Deary, I. J. (2001) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00079-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Psychological Ramifications of Weight Management
Miller‐Kovach, K., Hermann, M., & Winick, M. (1999) · Journal of Women s Health & Gender-Based Medicine · doi:10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.477 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Selective processing of food words during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in healthy humans
Brody, S., Keller, U. B., Degen, L. P., Cox, D. J., & Schächinger, H. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1722-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kogon, M. M., Kräuchi, K., van der Velde, P., van der Werf, H. M. G., & Keller, U. B. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/60.4.488 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Persisting Neural and Endocrine Modifications Induced by a Single Fat Meal
Rouch, C., Meile, M.-J., & Gerozissis, K. (2005) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-005-8470-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Exercise in the Treatment of Obesity
Sayer, R. D., & Hill, J. O. (2019) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46933-1_29 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 72 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Foster GD, Wadden TA. Social and psychological effects of weight loss. In: Brownell KD, Fairburn CG, eds. Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Hand- book. New York, NY: Guliford Press; 1995:426-430.
- Norman GR, Sloan JA, Wyrwich KW. Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life. Med Care. 2003;41(5):582-592.
- Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. London, En- gland: Academic Press; 1969.
- Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res. 2001;9(suppl 1):1S-40S.
- Schächinger H, Cox D, Linder L, Brody S, Keller U. Cognitive and psychomotor func- tion in hypoglycemia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;75(4):915-920.
- Martin CK, Anton SD, Han H, et al. Examination of cognitive function during six months of calorie restriction. Rejuvenation Res. 2007;10(2):179-190.
- Osendarp SJ, Baghurst KI, Bryan J, et al; NEMO Study Group. Effect of a 12-mo micronutrient intervention on learning and memory in well-nourished and margin- ally nourished school-aged children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(4):1082-1093.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Comparison of Weight Loss Among Named Diet Programs in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Meta-analysis
Johnston, B. C., Kanters, S., Bandayrel, K., Wu, P., Naji, F., Siemieniuk, R. A., Ball, G. D. C., Busse, J. W., Thorlund, K., Guyatt, G., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.10397 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Smith, E., Hay, P., Campbell, L. V., & Trollor, J. N. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00920.x · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Lopresti, A. L., Hood, S. D., & Drummond, P. D. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.014 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Neurological consequences of obesity
O’Brien, P. D., Hinder, L. M., Callaghan, B. C., & Feldman, E. L. (2017) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30084-4 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Energy intake and exercise as determinants of brain health and vulnerability to injury and disease
Mattson, M. P. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.08.012 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Hu, T., Mills, K. T., Yao, L., Demanelis, K., Eloustaz, M., Yancy, W. S., Kelly, T. N., He, J., & Bazzano, L. A. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kws264 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Kirkpatrick, C. F., Bolick, J. P., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Sikand, G., Aspry, K. E., Soffer, D. E., Willard, K.-E., & Maki, K. C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2019.08.003 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Rebuilding the Gut Microbiota Ecosystem
Gagliardi, A., Totino, V., Cacciotti, F., Iebba, V., Neroni, B., Bonfiglio, G., Trancassini, M., Passariello, C., Pantanella, F., & Schippa, S. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15081679 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Nutrition and behavioral health disorders: depression and anxiety
Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Petersen, K. S., Hibbeln, J. R., Hurley, D. L., Kolick, V., Peoples, S., Rodriguez, N. R., & Woodward-Lopez, G. M. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa025 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Interplay between the gut-brain axis, obesity and cognitive function
Agustí, A., García-Pardo, M. P., López-Almela, I., Campillo, I., Maes, M., Romaní-Pérez, M., & Sanz, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00155 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Santesso, N., Akl, E. A., Bianchi, M., Mente, A., Mustafa, R., Heels-Ansdell, D., & Schünemann, H. J. (2012) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.37 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Expert panel report: Guidelines (2013) for the management of overweight and obesity in adults
(2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20660 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Veronese, N., Facchini, S., Stubbs, B., Luchini, C., Solmi, M., Manzato, E., Sergi, G., Maggi, S., Cosco, T., & Fontana, L. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.017 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Siervo, M., Arnold, R. J., Wells, J. C. K., Tagliabue, A., Colantuoni, A., Albanese, E., Brayne, C., & Stephan, B. C. M. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00903.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Role of Adiposity-Driven Inflammation in Depressive Morbidity
Capuron, L., Lasselin, J., & Castanon, N. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.123 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Castanon, N., Luheshi, G. N., & Layé, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00229 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Cognitive Function and Decline in Obesity
Stanek, K. M., & Gunstad, J. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-111073 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Ketogenic Diet Improves Core Symptoms of Autism in BTBR Mice
Ruskin, D. N., Svedova, J., Cote, J. L., Sandau, U., Rho, J. M., Kawamura, M., Boison, D., & Masino, S. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065021 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric Comorbidity in Obesity: Role of Inflammatory Processes
Castanon, N., Lasselin, J., & Capuron, L. (2014) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00074 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Mohorko, N., Černelič-Bizjak, M., Poklar-Vatovec, T., Grom, G., Kenig, S., Petelin, A., & Jenko-Pražnikar, Z. (2019) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2018.11.007 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Yao, S., Zhang, M., Dong, S., Wang, J.-H., Zhang, K., Guo, J., Guo, Y., & Yang, T. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01412-9 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Interdisziplinäre Leitlinie der Qualität S3 zur „Prävention und Therapie der Adipositas”
Hauner, H., Moss, A., Berg, A., Bischoff, S. C., Colombo‐Benkmann, M., Ellrott, T., Heintze, C., Kanthak, U., Kunze, D., Stefan, N., et al. (2014) · Adipositas - Ursachen Folgeerkrankungen Therapie · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1618857 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Diet, Obesity, and Depression: A Systematic Review
Patsalos, O., Keeler, J. L., Schmidt, U. H., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Young, A. H., & Himmerich, H. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11030176 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: Bringing to life dietary recommendations throughout the life span
Williams, L., Rhodes, K. S., Karmally, W., Welstead, L. A., Alexander, L., & Sutton, L. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2018.04.010 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Shefer, G., Marcus, Y., & Stern, N. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.015 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Faulconbridge, L. F., Wadden, T. A., Rubin, R. R., Wing, R. R., Walkup, M. P., Fabricatore, A. N., Coday, M., Van Dorsten, B., Mount, D. L., Ewing, L. J., et al. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.315 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Nrf2/ARE Pathway Modulation by Dietary Energy Regulation in Neurological Disorders
Vasconcelos, A. R., dos Santos, N. B., Scavone, C., & Munhoz, C. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00033 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Abildgaard, A. M., Solskov, L., Volke, V., Harvey, B. H., Lund, S. A., & Wegener, G. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.004 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Paoli, A., Bianco, A., & Grimaldi, K. A. (2015) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000050 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate versus balanced-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk
Naude, C. E., Brand, A., Schoonees, A., Nguyen, K. A., Chaplin, M., & Volmink, J. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013334.pub2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Beck, B., & Pourié, G. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12045 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Breymeyer, K. L., Lampe, J. W., McGregor, B. A., & Neuhouser, M. L. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.008 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Key, M. N., & Szabo‐Reed, A. N. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15112495 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Wolfe, A. R., Arroyo, C., Tedders, S. H., Li, Y., Dai, Q., & Zhang, J. (2010) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.11.011 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Ruskin, D. N., Ross, J. L., Kawamura, M., Ruiz, T., Geiger, J. D., & Masino, S. A. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.001 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Johnson, L. A., Zuloaga, K. L., Kugelman, T., Mader, K. S., Morré, J. T., Zuloaga, D. G., Weber, S. J., Marzulla, T., Mulford, A., Button, D. A., et al. (2015) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.12.008 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Exercise and diet in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Mahady, S. E., & George, J. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.032 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Low-Carbohydrate-High-Fat Diet: Can it Help Exercise Performance?
Chang, C., Borer, K. T., & Lin, P. (2017) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.1515/hukin-2017-0025 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Patients with Depression
Kaner, G., Soylu, M., Yüksel, N., İnanç, N., Ongan, D., & Başmısırlı, E. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/521481 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Grave, R. D., Calugi, S., Gavasso, I., Ghoch, M. E., & Marchesini, G. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20320 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ruskin, D. N., & Masino, S. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00033 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cohen, S. P. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.380 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Wade, A. T., Davis, C. R., Dyer, K. A., Hodgson, J. M., Woodman, R. J., Keage, H. A. D., & Murphy, K. J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071521 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Brinkworth, G. D., Luscombe‐Marsh, N. D., Thompson, C. H., Noakes, M., Buckley, J. D., Wittert, G., & Wilson, C. J. (2016) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12501 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationLow-Carbohydrate Diets and Prostate Cancer: How Low Is “Low Enough”?
Masko, E. M., Thomas, J.-A., Antonelli, J. A., Lloyd, J. C., Phillips, T. E., Poulton, S. H. M., Dewhirst, M. W., Pizzo, S. V., & Freedland, S. J. (2010) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0071 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Iacovides, S., Goble, D., Paterson, B., & Meiring, R. M. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz073 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Guldbrand, H., Lindström, T., Dizdar, B., Bunjaku, B., Östgren, C. J., Nyström, F. H., & Bachrach‐Lindström, M. (2014) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.08.032 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Combined Treatment for Obesity and Depression: A Pilot Study
Faulconbridge, L. F., Driscoll, C. F. B., Hopkins, C. M., Benforado, B. B., Bishop‐Gilyard, C. T., Carvajal, R., Berkowitz, R. I., DeRubeis, R. J., & Wadden, T. A. (2018) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22209 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Low-Carbohydrate Diets: A Matter of Love or Hate
Frigolet, M.-E., Ramos Barragán, V.-E., & Tamez González, M. (2011) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000331994 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Walton, S. R., Kerr, Z. Y., Brett, B. L., Chandran, A. S., DeFreese, J. D., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Stoner, L. R., Echemendía, R. J., McCrea, M., Meehan, W. P., III, et al. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103400 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rupanagunta, G. P., Nandave, M., Rawat, D., Upadhyay, J., Rashid, S., & Ansari, M. N. (2023) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2023.05.008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Iacovides, S., & Meiring, R. M. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2462-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Depression and Disordered Eating in the Obese Person
Faulconbridge, L. F., & Bechtel, C. F. (2013) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-013-0080-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Implication of Physiological Ketosis on The Cognitive Brain: A Narrative Review
Altayyar, M., Nasser, J. A., Thomopoulos, D., & Bruneau, M. L. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030513 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Bernardi, E., & Visioli, F. (2024) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2024.03.007 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Attuquayefio, T., & Stevenson, R. J. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.023 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
El Ghoch, M., Calugi, S., & Dalle Grave, R. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8070402 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Perez‐Cornago, A., de la Iglesia, R., Lopez‐Legarrea, P., Abete, I., Navas‐Carretero, S., Lacunza, C. I., Lahortiga‐Ramos, F., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Martínez, J. A., & Zulet, M. Á. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-36 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The ketogenic diet affects the social behavior of young male rats
Liśkiewicz, D., Liśkiewicz, A., Nowacka-Chmielewska, M. M., Nowicka, J., Małecki, A., & Barski, J. J. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.06.007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kakoschke, N., Zajac, I. T., Tay, J., Luscombe‐Marsh, N. D., Thompson, C. H., Noakes, M., Buckley, J. D., Wittert, G., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02587-z · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationEbdrup, B. H., Knop, F. K., Ishøy, P. L., Rostrup, E., Fagerlund, B., Lublin, H., & Glenthøj, B. (2012) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-92 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Göbel, H., Tronnier, V. M., & Münte, T. F. (2017) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.150 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Nutritional Impact on Metabolic Homeostasis and Brain Health
Carneiro, L., & Pellerin, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.767405 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Iacovides, S., Maloney, S. K., Bhana, S., Angamia, Z., & Meiring, R. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269440 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chrysafi, M., Jacovides, C., Papadopoulou, S. Κ., Psara, E., Vorvolakos, T., Antonopoulou, M., Dakanalis, A., Martin, M., Voulgaridou, G., Pritsa, A. A., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16111546 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
McEvoy, C. T., Leng, Y., Peeters, G. M. E. E., Kaup, A. R., Allen, I. E., & Yaffe, K. S. (2019) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2019.02.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Current opinion on dietary advice in order to preserve fat-free mass during a low-calorie diet
Rondanelli, M., Faliva, M. A., Gasparri, C., Peroni, G., Spadaccini, D., Maugeri, R., Nichetti, M., Infantino, V., & Perna, S. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.110667 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Varaee, H., Darand, M., Hassanizadeh, S., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.030 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A ketogenic diet reduces long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of freely behaving rats
Koranda, J. L., Ruskin, D. N., Masino, S. A., & Blaise, J. H. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00001.2011 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Grigolon, R. B., Gerchman, F., Schöffel, A. C., Hawken, E. R., Gill, H., Vázquez, G. H., Mansur, R. B., McIntyre, R. S., & Brietzke, E. M. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109947 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The relation between low carbohydrate diet score and psychological disorders among Iranian adults
Sangsefidi, Z. S., Salehi-Abarghouei, A., Sangsefidi, Z. S., Mirzaei, M., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2021) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-021-00546-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Why Doesn’t the Brain Lose Weight, When Obese People Diet?
Peters, A., Bosy‐Westphal, A., Kubera, B., Langemann, D., Goele, K., Later, W., Heller, M., Hubold, C., & Müller, M. J. (2011) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000327676 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ooi, C. P., Loke, S., Yassin, Z., & Hamid, T. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007220.pub2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Relationship between Affective Symptoms and Malnutrition Severity in Severe Anorexia Nervosa
Mattar, L., Huas, C., EVHAN group, & Godart, N. T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049380 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Nutrition and Cognition in Aging Adults
Coley, N., Vaurs, C., & Andrieu, S. (2015) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2015.04.008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Naseer, F., Shabbir, A., Livingstone, M. B. E., Price, R. K., Syn, N. L. X., & Flannery, O. (2018) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-018-3451-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Field, R., Field, T., Pourkazemi, F., & Rooney, K. (2022) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422422000087 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Behavioral Interventions for Antipsychotic Induced Appetite Changes
Werneke, U., Taylor, D. M., & Sanders, T. A. B. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0347-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
O’Leary, J., Georgeaux‐Healy, C., & Serpell, L. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad170 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Higher dietary fat quality is associated with lower anxiety score in women: a cross-sectional study
Fatemi, F., Siassi, F., Qorbani, M., & Sotoudeh, G. (2020) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-020-00264-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bypassing TBI: Metabolic Surgery and the Link between Obesity and Traumatic Brain Injury—a Review
McGlennon, T. W., Buchwald, J. N., Pories, W. J., Yu, F., Roberts, A. J., Ahnfeldt, E. P., Menon, R., & Buchwald, H. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-05065-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Apolzan, J. W., Bray, G. A., Hamilton, M. T., Zderic, T. W., Han, H., Champagne, C. M., Shepard, D. N., & Martin, C. K. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20587 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Adams, R. N., Athinarayanan, S. J., McKenzie, A. L., Hallberg, S. J., McCarter, J. P., Phinney, S. D., & Gonzalez, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-021-00272-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Applewhite, B., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Young, A. H., Schmidt, U. H., Himmerich, H., & Keeler, J. L. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723003586 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Abildgaard, A. M., Lund, S. A., & Hougaard, K. S. (2013) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2013.28 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Karl, J. P., Thompson, L., Niro, P. J., Margolis, L. M., McClung, J. P., Cao, J., Whigham, L. D., Combs, G. F., Young, A., Lieberman, H. R., et al. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.068 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Depression Can Beget Obesity Can Beget Depression
Wurtman, J. J., & Wurtman, R. J. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.15com10380 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ketogenic Diets and Depression and Anxiety
Janssen‐Aguilar, R., Vije, T., Peera, M., Al-Shamali, H. F., Meshkat, S., Lin, Q., Lou, W. Y. W., Laviada‐Molina, H., Phillips, M. L., & Bhat, V. (2025) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.3261 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Trans fatty acid intake is related to emotional affect in the Adventist Health Study-2
Ford, P. A., Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., Lee, J. W., & Tonstad, S. (2016) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2016.01.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Low carbohydrate versus balanced carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk
Naude, C. E., Schoonees, A., Nguyen, K. A., Senekal, M., Young, T., Garner, P., Chaplin, M., & Volmink, J. A. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013334 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Cognitive Performance in Type 2 Diabetes
Pearce, K. L., Noakes, M., Wilson, C. J., & Clifton, P. M. (2012) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2012.0143 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tay, J., Zajac, I. T., Thompson, C. H., Luscombe‐Marsh, N. D., Danthiir, V., Noakes, M., Buckley, J. D., Wittert, G., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516004001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationA narrative review on the effects of a ketogenic diet on patients with Alzheimer's disease
Tabaie, E. A., Reddy, A. J., & Brahmbhatt, H. (2021) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2022014 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Okubo, R., Chen, C., Sekiguchi, M., Hamazaki, K., & Matsuoka, Y. (2018) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of a ketogenic diet on hippocampal plasticity in freely moving juvenile rats
Blaise, J. H., Ruskin, D. N., Koranda, J. L., & Masino, S. A. (2015) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12411 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Aspry, K. E., DUNSIGER, S. I., Breault, C., Stabile, L. M., DeAngelis, J., & Wu, W. (2018) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000348 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
O’Reilly, G. A., Huh, J., Schembre, S. M., Tate, E. B., Pentz, M. A., & Dunton, G. F. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.032 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Moran, L., Wilson, C. J., Buckley, J. D., Noakes, M., Clifton, P. M., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2013) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.023 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity and deep brain stimulation: an overview
Kumar, R., Simpson, C. V., Froelich, C. A., Baughman, B. C., Gienapp, A. J., & Sillay, K. A. (2015) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.5214/ans.0972.7531.220310 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Similar effects on cognitive performance during high- and low-carbohydrate obesity treatment
Makris, A., Darcey, V. L., Rosenbaum, D. L., Komaroff, E., Veur, S. S. V., Collins, B. N., Klein, S., Wyatt, H. R., & Foster, G. D. (2013) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2013.29 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brinkworth, G. D.
- Affiliations
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Brinkworth, Grant D.
- ORCID
- Brinkworth, Grant D.
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2009-11-09
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1873
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2166147261
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 6.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- very low carbohydrate diet, low-fat diet, hypocaloric diet, mood, depression, anxiety, working memory, processing speed, cognitive function, overweight, obesity, weight loss, long-term dietary effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Energy Intake, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Probability, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Multivariate Analysis, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Risk Assessment, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Mood Disorders, Body Fat Distribution, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
