Caloric restriction improves memory in elderly humans
Open accessAbstract
Animal studies suggest that diets low in calories and rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) are beneficial for cognitive function in age. Here, we tested in a prospective interventional design whether the same effects can be induced in humans. Fifty healthy, normal- to overweight elderly subjects (29 females, mean age 60.5 years, mean body mass index 28 kg/m 2 ) were stratified into 3 groups: ( i ) caloric restriction (30% reduction), ( ii ) relative increased intake of UFAs (20% increase, unchanged total fat), and ( iii ) control. Before and after 3 months of intervention, memory performance was assessed under standardized conditions. We found a significant increase in verbal memory scores after caloric restriction (mean increase 20%; P < 0.001), which was correlated with decreases in fasting plasma levels of insulin and high sensitive C-reactive protein, most pronounced in subjects with best adherence to the diet (all r values < −0.8; all P values <0.05). Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor remained unchanged. No significant memory changes were observed in the other 2 groups. This interventional trial demonstrates beneficial effects of caloric restriction on memory performance in healthy elderly subjects. Mechanisms underlying this improvement might include higher synaptic plasticity and stimulation of neurofacilitatory pathways in the brain because of improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammatory activity. Our study may help to generate novel prevention strategies to maintain cognitive functions into old age.
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Caloric restriction prevents many age-dependent gene expression changes in the mouse brain, reduces age-related brain atrophy in rhesus macaques, and has significant beneficial effects on the age-dependent impairment of learning and memory in rodents and humans.
“It prevents many age-dependent gene expression changes in the mouse brain (8,43), reduces age-related brain atrophy in rhesus macaques (75) and has significant beneficial effects on the age-dependent impairment of learning and memory in rodents (76,77) and humans (78).”
From Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline (2010) · cites this paper as [78]
A three-month period of caloric restriction in healthy aged humans was sufficient to improve verbal memory by approximately 20%.
“Unexpectedly, a three-month period of caloric restriction in healthy aged humans was sufficient to improve verbal memory by approximately 20% (ref. 78).”
From Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline (2010) · cites this paper as [78]
Caloric restriction has beneficial effects on the function of the brain and its vulnerability to age-dependent pathology.
“Caloric restriction has also been widely documented to have beneficial effects on the function of the brain and its vulnerability to age-dependent pathology.”
From Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline (2010) · cites this paper as [78]
Positive lifestyle changes such as aerobic and resistance exercise and/or healthy caloric restriction can favorably affect endocrine and metabolic functions and counter age-related diseases.
“Rather, positive lifestyle modifications such as regular aerobic and resistance exercise programs and/or healthy calorically restricted diet can favorably affect endocrine and metabolic functions and act as countermeasures to various age-related diseases.”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Emerging data from multiple studies show beneficial effects of lifestyle changes, especially exercise and caloric restriction, in mitigating many age-related physical and cognitive declines.
“In contrast, the emerging data from multiple studies show the indisputable beneficial effects of lifestyle changes, especially exercise 14, 15 and caloric restriction,16-18 in mitigating many age-related physical and cognitive declines.”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
Caloric restriction can improve cognitive function in older adults.
“CR is another lifestyle modification which can improve cognitive function in older adults.”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
A 3-to-4-month period of CR improves verbal memory in overweight women and aged people.
“A 3-to-4-month period of CR improves verbal memory in overweight women and aged people (Witte et al., 2009) despite the fact that the brain relies mainly on glucose.”
From The Search for Antiaging Interventions: From Elixirs to Fasting Regimens (2014) · cites this paper as Witte et al., 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology and inflammatory markers in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans (Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Witte et al, 2009
Another study reported a memory improvement of 20% in normal and overweight elderly females, following 30% caloric restriction for a period of 3 months.
“Similarly, another study also reported a memory improvement of 20% in normal and overweight elderly females, following 30% caloric restriction for a period of 3 months (Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Witte et al, 2009
These changes were associated with reduced plasma levels of insulin and inflammatory markers such as CRP.
“These changes were associated with reduced plasma levels of insulin and inflammatory markers such as CRP (Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Witte et al, 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with prolonged life in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans(Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Witte et al, 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with improved motor function in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans(Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Witte et al, 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with increased gray matter volume in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans(Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Witte et al, 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans(Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Witte et al, 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with reduced inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans(Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Witte et al, 2009
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- Authors
- Witte, A. V., Fobker, M., Gellner, R., Knecht, S., & Flöel, A.
- Affiliations
- Departments of aNeurology and
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, and
- Internal Medicine,
- University of Münster (DE)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-01-27
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1255-1260
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2633586
- OpenAlex
- W1975959567
- Cited by
- 574
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 27.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2009-04-07)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- caloric restriction, memory, aging, verbal memory, unsaturated fatty acids, dietary intervention, insulin sensitivity, C-reactive protein, inflammation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cognitive function in older adults, dietary adherence
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, C-Reactive Protein, Diet, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Guidelines as Topic, Guideline Adherence, Caloric Restriction
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