Cited by 422Nuts composition and effectsNutritional Studies and DietLipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health

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Nut Consumption and Blood Lipid Levels: A Pooled Analysis of 25 Intervention Trials

Sabaté, Joan·2010·Archives of Internal Medicine

DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.79

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have consistently associated nut consumption with reduced risk for coronary heart disease. Subsequently, many dietary intervention trials investigated the effects of nut consumption on blood lipid levels. The objectives of this study were to estimate the effects of nut consumption on blood lipid levels and to examine whether different factors modify the effects. METHODS: We pooled individual primary data from 25 nut consumption trials conducted in 7 countries among 583 men and women with normolipidemia and hypercholesterolemia who were not taking lipid-lowering medications. In a pooled analysis, we used mixed linear models to assess the effects of nut consumption and the potential interactions. RESULTS: With a mean daily consumption of 67 g of nuts, the following estimated mean reductions were achieved: total cholesterol concentration (10.9 mg/dL [5.1% change]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (LDL-C) (10.2 mg/dL [7.4% change]), ratio of LDL-C to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (HDL-C) (0.22 [8.3% change]), and ratio of total cholesterol concentration to HDL-C (0.24 [5.6% change]) (P < .001 for all) (to convert all cholesterol concentrations to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259). Triglyceride levels were reduced by 20.6 mg/dL (10.2%) in subjects with blood triglyceride levels of at least 150 mg/dL (P < .05) but not in those with lower levels (to convert triglyceride level to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113). The effects of nut consumption were dose related, and different types of nuts had similar effects on blood lipid levels. The effects of nut consumption were significantly modified by LDL-C, body mass index, and diet type: the lipid-lowering effects of nut consumption were greatest among subjects with high baseline LDL-C and with low body mass index and among those consuming Western diets. CONCLUSION: Nut consumption improves blood lipid levels in a dose-related manner, particularly among subjects with higher LDL-C or with lower BMI.

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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Benefits of Nut Consumption on Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Multiple Potential Mechanisms of Actions
Kim, Y., Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P. M. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111271 · Cited by 161
Atheroprotective effects of (poly)phenols: a focus on cell cholesterol metabolism
Zanotti, I., Dall’Asta, M., Mena, P. R., Mele, L., Bruni, R., Ray, S., & Rio, D. D. (2014) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c4fo00670d · Cited by 160
Nuts and CVD
Ros, E. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514003924 · Cited by 158
“control diets during periods of 3–8 weeks for outcomes on blood lipids clearly demonstrated that nuts had a cholesterol-lowering effect that was related to both dose and baseline cholesterol level, stratified by sex and across all age groups, and independent of the type of nut tested((46)).”
Background
A systematic review and meta-analysis of nut consumption and incident risk of CVD and all-cause mortality
Mayhew, A. J., de Souza, R. J., Meyre, D., Anand, S. S., & Mente, A. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515004316 · Cited by 147
Effect of tree nuts on metabolic syndrome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Blanco Mejia, S., Kendall, C. W. C., Viguiliouk, E., Augustin, L. S., Ha, V., Cozma, A. I., Mirrahimi, A., Maroleanu, A., Chiavaroli, L., Leiter, L. A., et al. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004660 · Cited by 150
Nutrition Therapy
Dworatzek, P. D. N., Arcudi, K., Gougeon, R., Husein, N., Sievenpiper, J. L., & Williams, S. L. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.01.019 · Cited by 157
Effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors: An updated meta-analysis and systematic review of controlled trials
Guasch-Ferré, M., Li, J., Hu, F. B., Salas-Salvadó, J., & Tobias, D. K. (2018) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy091 · Cited by 147
“WALNUTS AND BLOOD LIPIDS 175 note, in a pooled analysis of 25 trials including 583 participants with normolipidemia and hypercholesterolemia, a reduction of total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol, and the ratio of TC to HDL cholesterol was observed when incorporating nuts into the…”
BackgroundMethod
Dietary composition and nutrient content of the New Nordic Diet
Mithril, C. E., Dragsted, L. O., Meyer, C., Tetens, I., Biltoft-Jensen, A. P., & Astrup, A. V. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980012004521 · Cited by 149
“There is some scientific evidence that consumption of nuts is associated with a reduced risk of CVD(38,39) and weight gain and obesity(40).”
BackgroundInfluential
Consumption of Plant Seeds and Cardiovascular Health
Ros, E., & Hu, F. B. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.001119 · Cited by 149
“4 oz) of nuts depending on nut dose and baseline LDL-cholesterol, and was similar by sex and age group and independent of the type of nut tested.(49) Acute feeding studies indicate that nuts reduce postprandial glucose responses when consumed with foods having a high glycemic index, which suggests that they may be use…”
Vegetarian and vegan diets and the risk of cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Dybvik, J. S., Svendsen, M., & Aune, D. (2023) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-022-02942-8 · Cited by 150
Nutrition attributes and health effects of pistachio nuts
Bulló, M., Juanola‐Falgarona, M., Hernández‐Alonso, P., & Salas‐Salvadó, J. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514003250 · Cited by 152
“The effects of nut consumption were dose-related, and different types of nuts had similar effects on blood lipid levels((94)).”
Background
Effect of Plant Protein on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Li, S. S., Blanco Mejia, S., Lytvyn, L., Stewart, S. E., Viguiliouk, E., Ha, V., de Souza, R. J., Leiter, L. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.006659 · Cited by 139
Influence of roasting conditions on health-related compounds in different nuts
Schlörmann, W., Birringer, M., Böhm, V., Löber, K., Jahreis, G., Stefan Lorkowski, A., Müller, A. K., Schöne, F., & Glei, M. (2015) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.017 · Cited by 135
The Contribution of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption to Human Health
Yahia, E. M. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780813809397.ch1 · Cited by 136
“Both in meta-analysis and in clinical studies, the beneficial effects of different nuts and peanuts on lipids, lipoproteins, and various CHD risk factors, including oxidation, inflammation, endothelial function, and arterial stiffness, have been shown (Kris-Etherton et al., 2008; Sabaté et al., 2010; Kasliwal et al.,…”
Background
Nuts: Natural Pleiotropic Nutraceuticals
Ros, E., Singh, A., & O’Keefe, J. H. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13093269 · Cited by 155
“All individual nuts except cashews reduced LDL-cholesterol to a similar extent than reported for total nuts in the mentioned systematic reviews [9,67], but cashews had no effect, which may be due to the low number of RCTs analyzed.”
BackgroundMethod
Nuts and Berries for Heart Health
Ros, E., Tapsell, L. C., & Sabaté, J. (2010) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-010-0132-5 · Cited by 130
Almond Consumption and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults with Prediabetes
Wien, M., Bleich, D., Raghuwanshi, M. P., Gould-Forgerite, S., Gomes, J., Couch, L. M., & Oda, K. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2010.10719833 · Cited by 129
“The TC:HDL-C ratio has recently emerged as a good or better indicator of predicting CVD risk than LDL-C or apolipoprotein fractions in large cohort studies [25,26] and has been included in a recent pooled analysis of 25 intervention trials evaluating nut consumption and blood lipid levels [27].”
Background
Role of Walnuts in Maintaining Brain Health with Age
Poulose, S. M., Miller, M. G., & Shukitt‐Hale, B. (2014) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.113.184838 · Cited by 133
Nut consumption, weight gain and obesity: Epidemiological evidence
Martínez‐González, M. Á., & Bes‐Rastrollo, M. (2011) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.11.005 · Cited by 129
“A recently published pooled analysis of 25 feeding studies with different nuts supported also a consistent cholesterol-lowering effect of nut consumption [8].”
Background
Associations between nut consumption and inflammatory biomarkers,
Yu, Z., Malik, V., Keum, N., Hu, F. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Fuchs, C. S., & Bao, Y. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.134205 · Cited by 129
“Epidemiologic studies have consistently shown that intake of nuts is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)(9) and type 2 diabetes (3), and short-term trials have demonstrated beneficial effects on intermediate markers of cardiovascular disease risk, particularly lipids with a doserelated reducti…”
Background
Beneficial Effect of Pistachio Consumption on Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Related Metabolic Risk Markers: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Hernández‐Alonso, P., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Baldrich-Mora, M., Juanola‐Falgarona, M., & Bulló, M. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-1431 · Cited by 129
“sis inherent to the obese state makes them resistant to downregulating cholesterol (36).”
Background
Effects of almond consumption on the reduction of LDL-cholesterol: a discussion of potential mechanisms and future research directions
Berryman, C. E., Preston, A. G., Karmally, W., Deckelbaum, R. J., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2011) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00383.x · Cited by 128
Evaluating and adapting the Mediterranean diet for non-Mediterranean populations: A critical appraisal
Hoffman, R. M., & Gerber, M. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12040 · Cited by 131
Brazilian nut consumption improves selenium status and glutathione peroxidase activity and reduces atherogenic risk in obese women
Cominetti, C., de Bortoli, M. C., Junior, A. B. G., & Cozzolino, S. M. F. (2012) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.005 · Cited by 124
“[6] Sabaté J, Oda K, Ros E.”
Background
Acute Consumption of Walnuts and Walnut Components Differentially Affect Postprandial Lipemia, Endothelial Function, Oxidative Stress, and Cholesterol Efflux in Humans with Mild Hypercholesterolemia
Berryman, C. E., Grieger, J. A., West, S. G., Chen, C.-Y. O., Blumberg, J. B., Rothblat, G. H., Sankaranarayanan, S., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.170993 · Cited by 126
Effects of Walnuts on Endothelial Function in Overweight Adults with Visceral Obesity: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial
Katz, D. L., Davidhi, A., Ma, Y., Kavak, Y., Bifulco, L., & Njike, V. Y. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2012.10720468 · Cited by 123
“showed that nuts produce favorable lipid-regulating effects in individuals with BMI ,30 [31].”
Background
Functional Food and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment: A Review
Asgary, S., Rastqar, A., & Keshvari, M. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2017.1410867 · Cited by 142
Development of the food-based Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) and its application in 129,369 Lifelines participants
Vinke, P. C., Corpeleijn, E., Dekker, L. H., Jacobs, D. R., Navis, G. J., & Kromhout, D. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0205-z · Cited by 118
“that both reduced LDL-cholesterol.(39,40) Also, combining the groups was expected to 273 enhance discriminative power because consumption of both groups is low.”
Background
Cross-Sectional Assessment of Nut Consumption and Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Other Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The PREDIMED Study
Ibarrola-Jurado, N., Bulló, M., Guasch‐Ferré, M., Ros, E., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Corella, D., Fiol, M., Wärnberǵ, J., Estruch, R., Román, P., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057367 · Cited by 115
“However, a recent pooled analysis of clinical studies showed that nut consumption had no effect on HDL-C, although it reduced triglycerides when they were elevated at baseline [18].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Effects of Daily Almond Consumption on Cardiometabolic Risk and Abdominal Adiposity in Healthy Adults With Elevated LDL‐Cholesterol: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Berryman, C. E., West, S. G., Fleming, J. A., Bordi, P. L., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2015) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.114.000993 · Cited by 120
“Prospective cohort studies consistently show that nuts reduce the risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, and nut intervention studies demonstrate a cholesterollowering effect.(14) The PREDIMED trial found a 30% reduction in major cardiovascular events in individuals who consumed a Mediterranean diet (MeDiet) supplemente…”
Background
Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Diabetes: A Summary of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Kahleova, H., Salas-Salvadó, J., Rahelić, D., Kendall, C. W., Rembert, E., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092209 · Cited by 114
Nuts as a Replacement for Carbohydrates in the Diabetic Diet
Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Banach, M. S., Srichaikul, K., Vidgen, E., Mitchell, S., Parker, T. L., Nishi, S. K., Bashyam, B., de Souza, R. J., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-0338 · Cited by 109
“Nevertheless, use of nuts to increase fat intake has not resulted in weight gain, and habitual nut consumption lowers LDL cholesterol (4).”
Background
Retracted
Dietary habits, lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease: From individual foods to dietary patterns
Gómez-Delgado, F., Katsiki, N., López‐Miranda, J., & Pérez‐Martínez, P. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1764487 · Cited by 113
Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate (‘Eco-Atkins’) diet on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: A randomised controlled trial
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wong, J. M. W., Kendall, C. W. C., Esfahani, A., Ng, V. W. Y., Leong, T. C. K., Faulkner, D. A., Vidgen, E., Paul, G., Mukherjea, R., et al. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003505 · Cited by 109
Dietary Fats and Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases
Billingsley, H., Carbone, S., & Lavie, C. J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101385 · Cited by 116
“The American Heart Association recommends that individuals with a high LDL-C reduce SFA to 5–6% of daily calories, which may have applied to many of the individuals who developed CVD events during the trial [31].”
BackgroundInfluential
Consumption of Nuts and Seeds and Health Outcomes Including Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Cancer, and Mortality: An Umbrella Review
Balakrishna, R., Bjørnerud, T., Bemanian, M., Aune, D., & Fadnes, L. T. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmac077 · Cited by 103
Evaluation of the Phenolic Profile of Castanea sativa Mill. By-Products and Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity against Multiresistant Bacteria
SILVA, V. Y. N. E. D., Falco, V., Días, M. I., Barros, L., Silva, A., Capita, R., Alonso‐Calleja, C., Amaral, J. S., Igrejas, G., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., et al. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9010087 · Cited by 102
“The regular consumption of nuts leads to the reduction of the levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the blood and the lower oxidation rate of LDL, thus being associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases [22].”
Background
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Healthy Eating for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases in Adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/The American College of Endocrinology and the Obesity Society Executive Summary
González-Campoy, J. M., Jeor, S. T. S., CASTORINO, K. N., Ebrahim, A., Hurley, D., Jovanovič, L., Mechanick, J. I., Petak, S. M., Yu, Y., Harris, K. A., et al. (2013) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13155.esgl · Cited by 102
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Healthy Eating for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases in Adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/The American College of Endocrinology and the Obesity Society
González-Campoy, J. M., CASTORINO, K. N., Ebrahim, A., Hurley, D., Jovanovič, L., Mechanick, J. I., Petak, S. M., Yu, Y., Jeor, S. T. S., Harris, K. A., et al. (2013) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13155.gl · Cited by 105
A randomized trial of the effects of an almond-enriched, hypocaloric diet in the treatment of obesity
Foster, G. D., Shantz, K. L., Veur, S. S. V., Oliver, T. L., Lent, M. R., Virus, A., Szapary, P. O., Rader, D. J., Zemel, B. S., & Tsai, A. G. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.037895 · Cited by 99
“Inclusion criteria were an age of 18 to 75 y and a BMI of 27–40.”
BackgroundInfluential
Hazelnut-enriched diet improves cardiovascular risk biomarkers beyond a lipid-lowering effect in hypercholesterolemic subjects
Örem, A., Yücesan, F. B., Örem, C., Akçan, B., Kural, B. V., Alasalvar, C., & Shahidi, F. (2012) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2012.10.005 · Cited by 100
Tree Nut consumption is associated with better adiposity measures and cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome health risk factors in U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2010
O’Neil, C. E., Fulgoni, V. L. I., & Nicklas, T. A. (2015) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0052-x · Cited by 100
“To help reconcile these findings, a recent pooled analysis of primary data from 25 tree nut consumption trials with a total of 583 participants failed to show a significant difference in mean HDL-C levels between tree nut consumers and non-consumers [64].”
Result
Nut Consumption in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Incidence and Mortality Among Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Liu, G., Guasch‐Ferré, M., Hu, Y., Li, Y., Hu, F. B., Rimm, E. B., Manson, J. E., Rexrode, K. M., & Sun, Q. (2019) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.118.314316 · Cited by 94
Effects of pistachios on the lipid/lipoprotein profile, glycemic control, inflammation, and endothelial function in type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial
Sauder, K. A., McCrea, C. E., Ulbrecht, J. S., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., & West, S. G. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.07.021 · Cited by 93
“23 mmol/L) [23].”
Walnut-enriched diet reduces fasting non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in healthy Caucasian subjects: A randomized controlled cross-over clinical trial
Li-ya, W., Piotrowski, K., Rau, T., Waldmann, E., Broedl, U. C., Demmelmair, H., Koletzko, B. V., Stark, R. G., Nagel, J. M., Mantzoros, C. S., et al. (2013) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.11.005 · Cited by 91
“a p value of significance between walnut and controls determined using a dependent manner, and the lipid-lowering effect is most prominent in subjects with high baseline LDL cholesterol [40].”
Background
Nuts and Cardiovascular Disease
Bitok, E., & Sabaté, J. (2018) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.05.003 · Cited by 92
Nuts Improve Diet Quality Compared to Other Energy-Dense Snacks While Maintaining Body Weight
Tey, S. L., Brown, R. C., Gray, A. R., Chisholm, A. W., & Delahunty, C. M. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2011/357350 · Cited by 89
“Recent studies have shown that the magnitude in the reduction in TC and LDL-C following regular nut consumption was dependent on the baseline concentrations [11, 22, 65, 66].”
Effects of adiposity on plasma lipid response to reductions in dietary saturated fatty acids and cholesterol
Flock, M. R., Green, M. H., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2011) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.111.000422 · Cited by 82
“When individuals were classified according to BMI, the TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels decreased in the lean group (BMI < 24 kg/m2), whereas in the obese group (BMI > 30 kg/m2) the decrease in LDL-C was slightly less (w10 vs. 12% in the lean group).”
BackgroundInfluential
Advances in Crop Improvement and Delivery Research for Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Ojiewo, C. O., Janila, P., Bhatnagar‐Mathur, P., Pandey, M. K., Desmae, H., Okori, P., Mwololo, J. K., Ajeigbe, H. A., Njuguna‐Mungai, E., Muricho, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00029 · Cited by 86

Authors: Sabaté, J.
Affiliations: Loma Linda University (US)
Corresponding author: Sabaté, Joan
ORCID: Sabaté, Joan
Venue: Archives of Internal Medicine
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2010-05-10
Volume: 170
Issue: 9
Pages: 821
ISSN: 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.79
OpenAlex: W2134454487
Cited by: 422
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 30.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nuts composition and effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Keywords: nut consumption, serum lipids, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery disease, dose-response relationship, body mass index, Western diet, dietary intervention, hypolipidemic effect
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cholesterol, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Nuts, Triglycerides, Linear Models

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Nut Consumption and Blood Lipid Levels: A Pooled Analysis of 25 Intervention Trials

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