Cited by 68Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsMedical Imaging Techniques and Applications

11 C-PIB-PET for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

Open access
Zhang, Shuo, Smailagic, Nadja, Hyde, Chris, Noel-Storr, Anna H, Takwoingi, Yemisi, McShane, Rupert, Feng, Juan·2014·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Abstract

BACKGROUND: According to the latest revised National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (now known as the Alzheimer's Association) (NINCDS-ADRDA) diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease dementia, the confidence in diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease dementia is raised with the application of imaging biomarkers. These tests, added to core clinical criteria, might increase the sensitivity or specificity of a testing strategy. However, the accuracy of biomarkers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias has not yet been systematically evaluated. A formal systematic evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity, and other properties of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the (11)C-labelled Pittsburgh Compound-B ((11)C-PIB) ligand was performed. OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the (11)C- PIB-PET scan for detecting participants with MCI at baseline who will clinically convert to Alzheimer's disease dementia or other forms of dementia over a period of time. SEARCH METHODS: The most recent search for this review was performed on 12 January 2013. We searched MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), BIOSIS Previews (ISI Web of Knowledge), Web of Science and Conference Proceedings (ISI Web of Knowledge), PsycINFO (OvidSP), and LILACS (BIREME). We also requested a search of the Cochrane Register of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies (managed by the Cochrane Renal Group).No language or date restrictions were applied to the electronic searches and methodological filters were not used so as to maximise sensitivity. SELECTION CRITERIA: We selected studies that had prospectively defined cohorts with any accepted definition of MCI with baseline (11)C-PIB-PET scan. In addition, we only selected studies that applied a reference standard for Alzheimer's dementia diagnosis for example NINCDS-ADRDA or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We screened all titles generated by electronic database searches. Two review authors independently assessed the abstracts of all potentially relevant studies. The identified full papers were assessed for eligibility and data were extracted to create two by two tables. Two independent assessors performed quality assessment using the QUADAS 2 tool. We used the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) model to produce a summary ROC curve. MAIN RESULTS: Conversion from MCI to Alzheimer's disease dementia was evaluated in nine studies. The quality of the evidence was limited. Of the 274 participants included in the meta-analysis, 112 developed Alzheimer's dementia. Based on the nine included studies, the median proportion converting was 34%. The studies varied markedly in how the PIB scans were done and interpreted.The sensitivities were between 83% and 100% while the specificities were between 46% and 88%. Because of the variation in thresholds and measures of (11)C-PIB amyloid retention, we did not calculate summary sensitivity and specificity. Although subject to considerable uncertainty, to illustrate the potential strengths and weaknesses of (11)C-PIB-PET scans we estimated from the fitted summary ROC curve that the sensitivity was 96% (95% confidence interval (CI) 87 to 99) at the included study median specificity of 58%. This equated to a positive likelihood ratio of 2.3 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.07. Assuming a typical conversion rate of MCI to Alzheimer's dementia of 34%, for every 100 PIB scans one person with a negative scan would progress and 28 with a positive scan would not actually progress to Alzheimer's dementia.There were limited data for formal investigation of heterogeneity. We performed two sensitivity analyses to assess the influence of type of reference standard and the use of a pre-specified threshold. There was no effect on our findings. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Although the good sensitivity achieved in some included studies is promising for the value of (11)C-PIB-PET, given the heterogeneity in the conduct and interpretation of the test and the lack of defined thresholds for determination of test positivity, we cannot recommend its routine use in clinical practice.(11)C-PIB-PET biomarker is a high cost investigation, therefore it is important to clearly demonstrate its accuracy and standardise the process of the (11)C-PIB diagnostic modality prior to it being widely used.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/14651858.cd010386.pub2

Cites

117 of 118 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Six currently available Cochrane reviews on CSF or amyloid PET biomarkers consistently concluded that routine use of these biomarkers in clinical practice cannot be recommended.

    “Considering general medical practice and standard of care, the six currently available Cochrane reviews on the use of CSF or amyloid PET biomarkers have consistently led to the same conclusion: that the routine use of these biomarkers in clinical practice cannot be recommended.73–78”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 17

  1. Forsberg A, Engler H, Blomquist G, Almkvist O, Hagman G, Wall A, et al. PET imaging of amyloid depositions in MCI patients using PIB. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2007; Vol. 27 Suppl 1:BO03‐01.
  2. Riddle WR, Shokouhi S, Donlevy SC. Monitoring brain changes in mild cognitive impairment and a biomarker for structural changes and correlations with serial PET‐FDG scans, PET‐PIB scans, and MMSE scores. European Journal of Neurology 2012; Vol. 19 Suppl 1:110.
  3. Nordberg A, Carter SF, Rinne J, Drzezga A, Brooks DJ, Vandenberghe R, et al. A European multicentre PET study of fibrillar amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2013;40(1):104‐14. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Nordberg A, Carter SF, Rinne J, Drzezga A, Brooks DJ, Vandenberghe R, et al. A European multicentre PET study of fibrillar amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2013; Vol. 40, issue 1:104‐14. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  5. Choo H, Lee DY, Seo EH, Kim YK, Yoon EJ, Lee DS, et al. PIB retention changes in cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: One year follow‐up study IL [Conference: Alzheimer's Association International Conference, AAIC 11 Paris France. Conference Start: 20110716 Conference End: 20110721. Conference Publication: (var.pagings)]. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2011; Vol. 7, issue 4 Suppl 1:S208‐9.
  6. Kadir A, Alkmvist O, Forsberg A, Wall A, Engler H, Langstrom B at al. Dynamic changes in PET amyloid and FDG imaging at diffetrent stages of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 2012;33:198.e1‐198.e14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dekosky ST, Mathis CA, Price JC, Lopresti BJ, Meltzer CC, Ziolko SK, et al. Human amyloid‐imaging studies with Pittsburgh compound‐B in mild cognitive impairment (MCI): Is MCI the critical period of amyloid plaque deposition?. Neurology 2006; Vol. 66, issue 5:A60.
  8. Bossuyt PM, Leeflang MM. Chapter 6: Developing criteria for including studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Version 0.4 2008.
  9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd revised edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association 1987.
  10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association 1994.
  11. Hatashita S, Yamasaki H. PET biomarkers of beta‐amyloid deposition and neuronal injury in mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2012; Vol. 39:S407.
  12. Knotnerus A, Weel C, Muris JWM. Evaluation of diagnostic procedures. BMJ 2002;324:477‐80. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Masliah E, Rockenstein E, Veinbergs I, Sagara Y, Mallory M, Hashimoto M, et al. Beta‐amyloid peptides enhance alpha‐synuclein accumulation and neuronal deficits in a transgenic mouse model linking Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America 2001;98(21):12245‐50. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Clifford RJ, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendation from the National Institute on Ageing and Alzheimer’s Association workgroup. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 2011; Vol. 7, issue 3:263‐9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  15. SAS Institute Inc. 2011. SAS/OR® 9.3 User’s Guide: Mathematical Programming. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. SAS/OR® 9.3 User’s Guide: Mathematical Programming Copyright © 2011. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/ormpug/63975/PDF/default/ormpug.pdf (access 18 January 2013) . [Google Scholar]
  16. Wolk DA, Price JC, Saxton JA, Snitz BE, James JA, Lopez OL, et al. Amyloid imaging in mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Annals of Neurology 2009;65(5):557‐68. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. World Health Organization. Mental Health. Alzheimer’s Disease. http:// www.afro.who.int/mentalhealth/related_disease/alyheimer_disease.html. Last updated 18 September 2002 (archives, accessed 4 March 2004). [Google Scholar]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Zhang, S., Smailagic, N., Hyde, C., Noel-Storr, A. H., Takwoingi, Y., McShane, R., & Feng, J.
Affiliations
  • Sheng Jing Hospital (CN)
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • University of Exeter (GB)
  • John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
  • University of Birmingham (GB)
Venue
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2014-07-23
Volume
2014
Issue
7
Pages
CD010386-CD010386
ISSN
  • 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
  • 1465-1858
OpenAlex
W4210951082
Cited by
66
References
116
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7
FWCI
0.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute for Health and Care Research (10/4001/05)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Keywords
11C-PiB PET, Pittsburgh compound B, Alzheimer's dementia, mild cognitive impairment, conversion to dementia, diagnostic accuracy, positron emission tomography, imaging biomarkers, amyloid imaging, sensitivity and specificity, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, dementia diagnosis, early diagnosis of dementia, QUADAS
MeSH terms
Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Aniline Compounds, Carbon Radioisotopes, Dementia, Humans, Prospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Thiazoles, Disease Progression, Early Diagnosis, Positron-Emission Tomography, Cognitive Dysfunction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review