A Fully Integrated Closed-Loop System Based on Mesoporous Microneedles-Iontophoresis for Diabetes Treatment
Open accessAbstract
A closed-loop system that can mini-invasively track blood glucose and intelligently treat diabetes is in great demand for modern medicine, yet it remains challenging to realize. Microneedles technologies have recently emerged as powerful tools for transdermal applications with inherent painlessness and biosafety. In this work, for the first time to the authors' knowledge, a fully integrated wearable closed-loop system (IWCS) based on mini-invasive microneedle platform is developed for in situ diabetic sensing and treatment. The IWCS consists of three connected modules: 1) a mesoporous microneedle-reverse iontophoretic glucose sensor; 2) a flexible printed circuit board as integrated and control; and 3) a microneedle-iontophoretic insulin delivery component. As the key component, mesoporous microneedles enable the painless penetration of stratum corneum, implementing subcutaneous substance exchange. The coupling with iontophoresis significantly enhances glucose extraction and insulin delivery and enables electrical control. This IWCS is demonstrated to accurately monitor glucose fluctuations, and responsively deliver insulin to regulate hyperglycemia in diabetic rat model. The painless microneedles and wearable design endows this IWCS as a highly promising platform to improve the therapies of diabetic patients.
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Li et al. employed mesoporous microneedles patches for both glucose extraction and insulin delivery.
“Li et al. [164] employed mesoporous microneedles patches for both glucose extraction and insulin delivery (Figure 6e).”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [164]
The IWCS platform could regulate blood glucose levels in a diabetic rat.
“This IWCS platform could regulate blood glucose levels in a diabetic rat.”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [164]
The fully integrated wearable closed-loop system (IWCS) could accurately track glucose concentration via electrochemical sensors and accordingly deliver insulin.
“This fully integrated wearable closed-loop system (IWCS) could accurately track glucose concentration via electrochemical sensors and accordingly deliver insulin.”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [164]
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- Authors
- Li, X., Huang, X., Mo, J., Wang, H., Huang, Q., Yang, C., Zhang, T., Chen, H., Hang, T., Liu, F., Jiang, L., Wu, Q., Li, H., Hu, N., & Xie, X.
- Affiliations
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xie, Xi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Advanced Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-06-03
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- e2100827-e2100827
- ISSN
- 2198-3844 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8373098
- OpenAlex
- W3165239041
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 15.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Advanced Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (61771498, 82061148011, 81970778, 61901535, 31900954)
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M683079)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Keywords
- iontophoresis, insulin delivery, diabetes treatment, wearable medical devices, flexible printed circuit board, hyperglycemia, stratum corneum penetration
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Disease Models, Animal, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Iontophoresis, Male, Microinjections, Needles, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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