Non-invasive, transdermal, path-selective and specific glucose monitoring via a graphene-based platform
Open accessAbstract
Currently, there is no available needle-free approach for diabetics to monitor glucose levels in the interstitial fluid. Here, we report a path-selective, non-invasive, transdermal glucose monitoring system based on a miniaturized pixel array platform (realized either by graphene-based thin-film technology, or screen-printing). The system samples glucose from the interstitial fluid via electroosmotic extraction through individual, privileged, follicular pathways in the skin, accessible via the pixels of the array. A proof of principle using mammalian skin ex vivo is demonstrated for specific and 'quantized' glucose extraction/detection via follicular pathways, and across the hypo- to hyper-glycaemic range in humans. Furthermore, the quantification of follicular and non-follicular glucose extraction fluxes is clearly shown. In vivo continuous monitoring of interstitial fluid-borne glucose with the pixel array was able to track blood sugar in healthy human subjects. This approach paves the way to clinically relevant glucose detection in diabetics without the need for invasive, finger-stick blood sampling.
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Hyaluronic acid was employed to increase osmotic pressure and drive more glucose toward the electrode.
“They employed hyaluronic acid to increase osmotic pressure and drive more glucose toward the electrode.”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [169]
A transdermal patch consisting of graphene microarrays has been developed to monitor ISF glucose through follicles.
“So far, a transdermal patch consisting of graphene microarrays has been developed to monitor ISF glucose through follicles [169].”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [169]
6G end-to-end delay, radio delay and processing requirements are 1 ms, 10 ns and 10 ns respectively to provide real-time communication.
“The end-to-end delay, radio delay and processing requirements are 1 ms, 10 ns and 10 ns respectively to provide real-time communication [2], [22].”
From 6G Communication Technology: A Vision on Intelligent Healthcare (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Lipani, L., Dupont, B. G. R., Doungmene, F., Marken, F., Tyrrell, R. M., Guy, R. H., & Ilie, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Bath (GB)
- Venue
- Nature Nanotechnology
- Published
- 2018-04-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 504-511
- ISSN
- 1748-3387 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-3395
- OpenAlex
- W2796826964
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 14
- FWCI
- 13.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Nanotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure (University of Bath) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust
- University of Bath
- Sir Halley Stewart Trust
- Medical Research Council (MC_PC_14106)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M507295/1, EP/G036101/1, EP/G036101)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- non-invasive glucose monitoring, interstitial fluid, graphene films, screen printing, diabetes mellitus, continuous glucose monitoring, blood glucose monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Equipment Design, Glucose, Graphite, Humans, Skin, Swine, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Biosensing Techniques, Extracellular Fluid, Electroosmosis
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