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Seeing with the eyes shut: neural basis of enhanced imagery following ayahuasca ingestion.
Open accessAbstract
The hallucinogenic brew Ayahuasca, a rich source of serotonergic agonists and reuptake inhibitors, has been used for ages by Amazonian populations during religious ceremonies. Among all perceptual changes induced by Ayahuasca, the most remarkable are vivid "seeings." During such seeings, users report potent imagery. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during a closed-eyes imagery task, we found that Ayahuasca produces a robust increase in the activation of several occipital, temporal, and frontal areas. In the primary visual area, the effect was comparable in magnitude to the activation levels of natural image with the eyes open. Importantly, this effect was specifically correlated with the occurrence of individual perceptual changes measured by psychiatric scales. The activity of cortical areas BA30 and BA37, known to be involved with episodic memory and the processing of contextual associations, was also potentiated by Ayahuasca intake during imagery. Finally, we detected a positive modulation by Ayahuasca of BA 10, a frontal area involved with intentional prospective imagination, working memory and the processing of information from internal sources. Therefore, our results indicate that Ayahuasca seeings stem from the activation of an extensive network generally involved with vision, memory, and intention. By boosting the intensity of recalled images to the same level of natural image, Ayahuasca lends a status of reality to inner experiences. It is therefore understandable why Ayahuasca was culturally selected over many centuries by rain forest shamans to facilitate mystical revelations of visual nature.
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“The ayahuasca-produced stimulation of the primary visual cortex was comparable to the effect of natural images with the eyes open.”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as de Araujo et al. (2012)
In the citing paper
“Using functional magnetic resonance imaging technique de Araujo et al. (2012) found that ayahuasca induces a robust activation of occipital, temporal, and frontal areas during a closed-eyes imagery task.”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as de Araujo et al. (2012)
In the citing paper
“The consumption of the brew activated an extended network in the brain (that has previously been correlated to visual perception, memory and intention) in which the Brodmann areas BA10, BA17, BA30, and BA37 play a central role.”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as de Araujo et al. (2012)
In the citing paper
“Moreover, this effect correlated significantly with the occurrence of perceptual changes measured by rating scales.”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as de Araujo et al. (2012)
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“The nonprimary visual areas strongly modulated by Ayahuasca (BA7, BA18, and BA19) are known to be activated during psychopathological hallucinations [Allen et al., 2008] as well as during normal dreaming, within rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep [Braun et al., 1998; Wehrle et al., 2007].”
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- Shanon B, 2002, Ayahuasca visualizations‐A structural typology, J Conscious Stud, 9, 3
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Metadata
- Authors
- de Araujo, D. B., Ribeiro, S., Cecchi, G. A., Carvalho, F. M., Sanchez, T. A., Pinto, J. P., de Martinis, B. S., Crippa, J. A., Hallak, J. E. C., & Santos, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (BR)
- IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center (US)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (BR)
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-09-16
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2550-2560
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6870240
- OpenAlex
- W2035391615
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Scientific Electronic Library Online (São Paulo Research Foundation, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, hallucinations, visual imagery, serotonergic agonists, primary visual cortex, episodic memory, brain networks, shamanic rituals, mystical experience, hallucinogenic effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Hallucinations, Hallucinogens, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Banisteriopsis, Young Adult
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