The hallucinating brain: a review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations
Abstract
Hallucinations remains one of the most intriguing phenomena in psychopathology. In the past two decades the advent of neuroimaging techniques have allowed researchers to investigate what is happening in the brain of those who experience hallucinations. In this article we review both structural and functional neuroimaging studies of patients with auditory and visual hallucinations as well as a small number of studies that have assessed cognitive processes associated with hallucinations in healthy volunteers. The current literature suggests that in addition to secondary (and occasionally primary) sensory cortices, dysfunction in prefrontal premotor, cingulate, subcortical and cerebellar regions also seem to contribute to hallucinatory experiences. Based on the findings of these studies we tentatively propose a neurocognitive model in which both bottom-up and top-down processes interact to produce these erroneous percepts. Finally, directions for future work are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Symptom-capture studies of AVHs often implicate similar areas to those involved in monitoring one's own speech.
“This corresponds well to ‘symptom-capture’ studies of AVHs, in which similar areas are often implicated (Allen et al., 2008).”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2008
Cites
A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia
Shenton, M. E., Dickey, C. C., Frumin, M., & McCarley, R. W. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00163-3 · Cited by 2,346 · see citing works
Functional Connectivity: The Principal-Component Analysis of Large (PET) Data Sets
Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Liddle, P., & Frackowiak, R. (1993) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1993.4 · Cited by 2,094 · see citing works
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
Jaynes, J. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,287 · see citing works
Haxby, J., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L. G., Maisog, J. M., Pietrini, P., & Grady, C. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-11-06336.1994 · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
From the perception of action to the understanding of intention
Blakemore, S., & Decety, J. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35086023 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia
Silbersweig, D. A., Stern, E., Frith, C., Cahill, C., Holmes, A., Grootoonk, S., Seaward, J., McKenna, P., Chua, S. E., Schnorr, L., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378176a0 · Cited by 906 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…1 Patient with schizophrenia and AVH (scans were compared when patients were symptomatic and remitted) fMRI m Superior and middle temporal gyrus Silbersweig et al. (1995) 5 Patients with schizophrenia with current AVH (scans were compared for periods when AVH were present and absent) Patients…”
BackgroundInfluentialPatterns of Cerebral Blood Flow in Schizophrenia
Liddle, P. F., Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Hirsch, S. R., Jones, T., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1992) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.160.2.179 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
Activation of Heschl’s Gyrus during Auditory Hallucinations
Dierks, T., Linden, D. E. J., Jandl, M., Formisano, E., Goebel, R., Lanfermann, H., & Singer, W. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80715-1 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations and smaller superior temporal gyral volume in schizophrenia
Barta, P. E., Pearlson, G. D., Powers, R. E., Richards, S. S., & Tune, L. E. (1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.11.1457 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging
Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1033 · Cited by 666 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Shergill et al. (2000a) used a novel fMRI method that involved a random sampling approach to overcome these limitations).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTowards a Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia
Frith, C., & Done, D. J. (1988) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.153.4.437 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Lawrie, S. M., Buechel, C., Whalley, H. C., Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., & Johnstone, E. C. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01316-1 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Hoffman, R. E., Hawkins, K. A., Gueorguieva, R. V., Boutros, N. N., Rachid, F., Carroll, K. M., & Krystal, J. H. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.1.49 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Onitsuka, T., Shenton, M. E., Salisbury, D. F., Dickey, C. C., Kasai, K., Toner, S. K., Frumin, M., Kikinis, R., Jolesz, F. A., & McCarley, R. W. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1603 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
The anatomy of conscious vision: an fMRI study of visual hallucinations
Ffytche, D. H., Howard, R. J., Brammer, M. J., David, A. S., Woodruff, P. W. R., & Williams, S. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/3738 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Functional analysis of primary visual cortex (V1) in humans
Tootell, R. B. H., Hadjikhani, N. K., Vanduffel, W., Liu, A. K., Mendola, J. D., Sereno, M. I., & Dale, A. M. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.811 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Mirror-Symmetric Tonotopic Maps in Human Primary Auditory Cortex
Formisano, E., Kim, D., Salle, F. D., de Moortele, P. V., Uǧurbil, K., & Goebel, R. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00669-x · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Hubl, D., Koenig, T. W., Strik, W. K., Federspiel, A., Kreis, R., Boesch, C., Maier, S. E., Schroth, G., Lövblad, K., & Dierks, T. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.658 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Collerton, D., Perry, E. K., & McKeith, I. G. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000130 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Increased blood flow in Broca's area during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
McGuire, P. K., Murray, R. M., & Shah, G. M. S. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91707-s · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Abnormal monitoring of inner speech: a physiological basis for auditory hallucinations
McGuire, P. K., David, A. S., Murray, R. M., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Frith, C. D., Wright, I., & Silbersweig, D. A. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91435-8 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Jeannerod, M. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/027249899391205 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Woodruff, P. W. R., Wright, I. C., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Howard, R. J., Williams, S., Shapleske, J., Rossell, S. L., David, A. S., McGuire, P. K., et al. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.12.1676 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
The functional anatomy of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
Lennox, B. R., Park, S. B. G., Medley, I., Morris, P. G., & Jones, P. B. (2000) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(00)00068-8 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Functional Topography: Multidimensional Scaling and Functional Connectivity in the Brain
Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Fletcher, P. C., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.2.156 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Language lateralization in schizophrenia, an fMRI study
Sommer, I. E., Ramsey, N. F., & Kahn, R. S. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00180-8 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of verbal self-monitoring
McGuire, P. K., Silbersweig, D., & Frith, C. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.3.907 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study of Fasciculi in Schizophrenia
Shergill, S. S., Kanaan, R., Chitnis, X. A., O’Daly, O., Jones, D. K., Frangou, S., Williams, S. C., Howard, R. J., Barker, G. J., Murray, R. M. L., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.3.467 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Aleman, A., Sommer, I. E., & Kahn, R. S. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v68n0310 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Christian Gaser, B. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhg107 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Agency, Simulation and Self‐identification
Jeannerod, M., & Pacherie, É. (2004) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2004.00251.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
How Good Is Good Enough in Path Analysis of fMRI Data?
Bullmore, E. T., Horwitz, B., Honey, G. D., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S., & Sharma, T. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0544 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Where the imaginal appears real: a positron emission tomography study of auditory hallucinations
Szechtman, H., Woody, E., Bowers, K. S., & Nahmias, C. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1956 · Cited by 234 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One PET study of particular interest was reported by Szechtman et al. (1998).”
Background(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Allen, P., Aleman, A., & Mcguire, P. K. (2007) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260701486498 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationAn fMRI Study of Verbal Self-monitoring: Neural Correlates of Auditory Verbal Feedback
Fu, C. H. Y., Vythelingum, G. N., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S., Amaro, E., Andrew, C., Yágüez, L., van Haren, N. E. M., Matsumoto, K., & McGuire, P. K. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj039 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
A Computational Morphometric MRI Study of Schizophrenia: Effects of Hallucinations
Shapleske, J. (2002) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/12.12.1331 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study
Rajarethinam, R., DeQuardo, J. R., Nalepa, R., & Tandon, R. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00083-3 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Modulation of activity in temporal cortex during generation of inner speech
Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Fukuda, R., Bullmore, E., Amaro, E., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10046 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Functional Anatomy of Auditory Verbal Imagery in Schizophrenic Patients With Auditory Hallucinations
Shergill, S. S., Bullmore, E. T., Simmons, A., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1691 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Disordered functional connectivity in schizophrenia
McGuire, P. K., & Frith, C. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700037673 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Seal, M., Aleman, A., & McGuire, P. (2004) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800344000156 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Misattribution of speech and impaired connectivity in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations
Mechelli, A., Allen, P., Amaro, E., Fu, C. H. Y., Williams, S. C. R., Brammer, M. J., Johns, L. C., & McGuire, P. K. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20341 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
DeLisi, L. E., Hoff, A. L., Neale, C., & Kushner, M. (1994) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(94)90080-9 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Symptom dimensions and brain morphology in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
Flaum, M. A., OʼLeary, D. S., Swayze, V. W., Miller, D. D., Arndt, S. V., & Andreasen, N. C. (1995) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)00046-t · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Hoffman, R. E., Hampson, M., Wu, K., Anderson, A. W., Gore, J. C., Buchanan, R. J., Constable, R. T., Hawkins, K. A., Sahay, N., & Krystal, J. H. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl183 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
McGuire, P. K., Bates, J. F., & Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (1991) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/1.5.408 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Gur, R. E. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950200047013 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Suzuki, M., Yuasa, S., Minabe, Y., Murata, M., & Kurachi, M. (1993) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf02190383 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The spatiotemporal pattern of auditory cortical responses during verbal hallucinations
van de Ven, V. G., Formisano, E., Röder, C. H., Prvulovic, D., Bittner, R. A., Dietz, M. G., Hubl, D., Dierks, T., Federspiel, A., Esposito, F., et al. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.041 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Modality specific neural correlates of auditory and somatic hallucinations
Shergill, S. S. (2001) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.71.5.688 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Schizophrenia as a transcallosal misconnection syndrome
Crow, T. J. (1998) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00139-4 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Neural correlates of the misattribution of speech in schizophrenia
Allen, P., Amaro, E., Fu, C. H. Y., Williams, S. C. R., Brammer, M. J., Johns, L. C., & McGuire, P. K. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025700 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations inhibit exogenous activation of auditory association cortex
David, A. S., Woodruff, P. W. R., Howard, R. J., Mellers, J. D. C., Brammer, M. J., Bullmore, E. T., Wright, I. C., Andrew, C., & Williams, S. (1996) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199603220-00021 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Fukuda, R., Williams, S., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.6.525 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Neckelmann, G., Specht, K., Lund, A., Ersland, L., Smievoll, A. I., Neckelmann, D., & Hugdahl, K. (2005) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450690962244 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Copolov, D., Seal, M. L., Maruff, P. T., Ulusoy, R., Wong, M. T. H., Tochon‐Danguy, H., & Egan, G. F. (2003) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(02)00121-x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Levitan, C., Ward, P. B., & Catts, S. V. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00373-4 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Lahti, A. C., Weiler, M. A., Holcomb, H. H., Tamminga, C. A., Carpenter, W. T., & McMahon, R. P. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300837 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Neural activity in speech-sensitive auditory cortex during silence
Hunter, M. D., Eickhoff, S. B., Miller, T. W. R., Farrow, T. F. D., Wilkinson, I. D., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506268103 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Auditory verbal hallucinations and dysfunction of the neural substrates of speech
Stephane, M., Barton, S. N., & Boutros, N. N. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00150-x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
A Source-Monitoring Account of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Patients with Schizophrenia
Ditman, T., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2005) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220500326391 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Spatial and temporal mapping of neural activity associated with auditory hallucinations
Lennox, B., Bert, S., Park, G., Jones, P. B., & Morris, P. G. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05923-6 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Sex differences in neuroanatomical and clinical correlations in schizophrenia
Cowell, P. E., Kostianovsky, D. J., Gur, R. C., Turetsky, B. I., & Gur, R. E. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.6.799 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The functional neuroanatomy of metrical stress evaluation of perceived and imagined spoken words
Aleman, A. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh124 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimaging of hallucinations: a review of the literature
Weiss, A. P., & Heckers, S. (1999) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(99)00041-4 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Brain modules of hallucination: an analysis of multiple patients with brain lesions
Braun, C. M. J., Dumont, M., Duval, J., Hamel-Hébert, I., & Godbout, L. (2003) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0352 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Temporal course of auditory hallucinations
Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Amaro, E., Williams, S., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2004) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.185.6.516 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
McGuire, P. K., Bates, J. F., & Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (1991) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/1.5.390 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Sumich, A. L., Chitnis, X. A., Fannon, D. G., O’Ceallaigh, S., Doku, V. C. K., Faldrowicz, A., & Sharma, T. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.041 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Brain activity during stimulus independent thought
McGuire, P. K., Paulesu, E., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)82485-1 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Weiss, E. M., Hofer, A., Golaszewski, S. M., Siedentopf, C., Felber, S., & Fleischhacker, W. W. (2006) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.11.003 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Plaze, M., David Bartrés-faz, A., Martinot, J., Januel, D., Bellivier, F., de Beaurepaire, R., Chanraud, S., Andoh, J., Lefaucheur, J., Eric Artiges, A., et al. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.05.005 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Phenomenology and delusions: Who put the ‘alien’ in alien control?
Pacherie, É., Green, M. J., & Bayne, T. (2006) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.11.008 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Bentaleb, L. A., Beauregard, M., Liddle, P. F., & Stip, É. (2002) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0214 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Förstl, H., Besthorn, C., Geiger-Kabisch, C., Sattel, H. C., & Schreiter-Gasser, U. (1993) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03394.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Language lateralization in monozygotic twin pairs concordant and discordant for handedness
Sommer, I. E. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf284 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Neural correlates of syntax production in schizophrenia
Kircher, T. T. J., Oh, T. M., Brammer, M. J., & McGuire, P. K. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.3.209 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations and perception of external speech
Woodruff, P. W. R., Brammer, M. J., Mellers, J. D. C., Wright, I. C., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S., Colover, J., Lawrie, S., & Abukmeil, S. S. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91715-2 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Holroyd, S., & Wooten, G. F. (2006) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2006.18.3.402 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Shapleske, J., Rossell, S. L., Simmons, A., David, A. S., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01006-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Sanjuán, J., Lull, J. J., Aguilar, E. J., Martí‐Bonmatí, L., Moratal, D., González, J. C., Robles, M., & Keshavan, M. S. (2006) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.04.011 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Multiple constraint organization in the brain: A theory for schizophrenia
Peled, A. (1999) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(99)00048-9 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Silbersweig, D., & Stern, E. R. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Havermans, R., Honig, A., Vuurman, E. F. P. M., A, L. K. M., Wilmink, J. T., Lamers, T. H., Verheecke, C. J., Jolles, J., Romme, M., & van Praag, H. M. (1999) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00006-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Collateral Inhibition of Transcallosal Activity Facilitates Functional Brain Asymmetry
Karbe, H., Herholz, K., Halber, M., & Heiss, W. (1998) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199810000-00012 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Evidence for functional abnormality in the right auditory cortex during musical hallucinations
Kasai, K., Asada, T., Yumoto, M., Takeya, J., & Matsuda, H. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)05213-7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Corpus callosum area and functioning in schizophrenic patients with auditory–verbal hallucinations
Rossell, S. L., Shapleske, J., Fukuda, R., Woodruff, P. W. R., Simmons, A., & David, A. S. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00070-0 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Shin, S., Lee, J.-S., Kang, M., Kim, C.-E., Bae, J. N., & Jung, G. (2005) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.11.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Unusual Experiences, Reality Testing and Delusions of Alien Control
Hohwy, J., & Rosenberg, R. (2005) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.0268-1064.2005.00280.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The occipital white matter lesions in Alzheimer's disease patients with visual hallucinations
Lin, S.-H., Yu, C., & Pai, M. (2006) · Clinical Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2006.09.025 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
About the mechanisms of auditory verbal hallucinations: a positron emission tomographic study
Stephane, M., Hagen, M. C., Lee, J. T., Uecker, J., Pardo, P. J., Kuskowski, M. A., & Pardo, J. V. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0644 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The American Association for Research into Nervous and Mental Diseases, Silbersweig, D., & Stern, E. R. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0340 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Differences in regional cerebral blood flow during musical and verbal hallucinations
Izumi, Y., Terao, T., Ishino, Y., & Nakamura, J. (2002) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(02)00083-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Regional cerebral blood flow change in a case of Alzheimer's disease with musical hallucinations
Mori, T., Ikeda, M., Fukuhara, R., Sugawara, Y., Nakata, S., Matsumoto, N., Nestor, P. J., & Tanabe, H. (2005) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0631-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations and the bicameral mind
Olin, R. G. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)75304-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cortical response to exogenous visual stimulation during visual hallucinations
Howard, R. J., Williams, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Mellers, J. D. C., Woodruff, P. W. R., & David, A. S. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91198-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates of Psychosis in Alzheimerʼs Disease
Howanitz, E. M., Bajulaiye, R., & LOSONCZY, M. F. (1995) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199508000-00008 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cullberg, J., & Nybäck, H. (1992) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03299.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The physiological basis of visual hallucinations after damage to the primary visual cortex
de Haan, E. H. F., Nys, G. M. S., van Zandvoort, M. J. E., & Ramsey, N. F. (2007) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32820049d3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Shedlack, K. J., McDonald, W. M., Laskowitz, D. T., & Krishnan, K. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90022-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
When Conscious Recollection Disrupts Memory
Frith, C. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.645 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 104 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A revised limbic system model for memory, emotion and behaviour.
Catani, M., Dell'Acqua, F., & de Schotten, M. T. (2013) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.001 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Jardri, R., Pouchet, A., Pins, D., & Thomas, P. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101522 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Mitchell, K., & Johnson, M. K. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0015849 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Network localization of neurological symptoms from focal brain lesions
Boes, A. D., Prasad, S., Liu, H., Liu, Q., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Caviness, V. S., & Fox, M. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv228 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
“…predictions regarding network effects could be made: auditory hallucinosis, with network effects in the superior temporal gyrus (Griffiths, 2000; Allen et al., 2008; Kumar et al., 2014), central post-stroke pain, with network effects in the posterior insula (Garcia-Larrea, 2012; Garcia-Larrea…”
BackgroundDong, D., Wang, Y., Chang, X., Luo, C., & Yao, D. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx034 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Neuroanatomy of vulnerability to psychosis: A voxel-based meta-analysis
Fusar‐Poli, P., Borgwardt, S., Crescini, A., Deste, G., Kempton, M. J., Lawrie, S. M., McGuire, P. K., & Sacchetti, E. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.005 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Maps of Psychosis Onset: Voxel-wise Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic-Naive VBM Studies
Fusar‐Poli, P., Raduà, J., McGuire, P. K., & Borgwardt, S. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr134 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Freudenmann, R. W., & Lepping, P. (2009) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00018-09 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Serotonin 2A Receptors and Visual Hallucinations in Parkinson Disease
Ballanger, B., Strafella, A. P., van Eimeren, T., Zurowski, M., Rusjan, P. M., Houle, S., & Fox, S. H. (2010) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.35 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“38 Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale part III score on medication, median (range)d 24 (10-39) 15 (14-20) .”
BackgroundVercammen, A., Knegtering, H., den Boer, J. A., Liemburg, E. J., & Aleman, A. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.017 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Perrone-Bertolotti, M., Rapin, L., Lachaux, J.-P., Baciu, M., & Lœvenbruck, H. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.034 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Allen, P., Modinos, G., Hubl, D., Shields, G., Cachia, A., Jardri, R., Thomas, P., Woodward, T., Shotbolt, P., Plaze, M., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs066 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Seeing with the eyes shut: neural basis of enhanced imagery following ayahuasca ingestion.
de Araujo, D. B., Ribeiro, S., Cecchi, G. A., Carvalho, F. M., Sanchez, T. A., Pinto, J. P., de Martinis, B. S., Crippa, J. A., Hallak, J. E. C., & Santos, A. C. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21381 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“The nonprimary visual areas strongly modulated by Ayahuasca (BA7, BA18, and BA19) are known to be activated during psychopathological hallucinations [Allen et al., 2008] as well as during normal dreaming, within rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep [Braun et al., 1998; Wehrle et al., 2007].”
Backgroundde Leede-Smith, S., & Barkus, E. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“Also, the brain regions activated during AVH are the same as those which have been documented for AVH in schizophrenia and other previous research [for review see Allen et al. (2008)].”
BackgroundResultModinos, G., Costafreda, S. G., van Tol, M., McGuire, P. K., Aleman, A., & Allen, P. (2012) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.01.009 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“A recent comprehensive review of structural and functional imaging studies in patients with AVHs concluded that dysfunction in secondary (and occasionally primary) cortices in the temporal lobes is linked to the emergence of AVHs (Allen et al., 2008).”
The neural mechanisms of hallucinations: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
Zmigrod, L., Garrison, J. R., Carr, J., & Simons, J. S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.037 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Interaction of language, auditory and memory brain networks in auditory verbal hallucinations
Ćurčić-Blake, B., Ford, J. M., Hubl, D., Orlov, N. D., Sommer, I. E., Waters, F., Allen, P., Jardri, R., Woodruff, P. W., David, O., et al. (2017) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.002 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“, 2011) that incorporate both functional and anatomical connections (Allen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSkipper, J. I., Devlin, J. T., & Lametti, D. R. (2016) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2016.10.004 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Waldo Zuardi, A., Alexandre S. Crippa, J., E.C. Hallak, J., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., Martin-Santos, R., K. McGuire, P., & Silveira Guimaraes, F. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212802884681 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“The temporal lobe has been related to psychotic disorder, particularly with auditory hallucinations [37].”
BackgroundBrain mechanisms of reality monitoring
Simons, J. S., Garrison, J. R., & Johnson, M. K. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.012 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Li, S., Hu, N., Zhang, W., Bo, T., Dai, J., Gong, Y., Tan, Y., Cai, D., & Lui, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00482 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“, AVHs that are core symptoms of the disease (120, 121).”
BackgroundResultNorthoff, G., & Qin, P. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.009 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“…reductions in the superior temporal gyrus (STG), the planum temporale and the Heschl's gyrus (and other regions like the lateral prefrontal cortex and the thalamus) in schizophrenic patients with AVH when compared to those without AVH (Allen et al., 2008; Lin et al., 2006; Shin et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe hodology of hallucinations
Ffytche, D. H. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.04.005 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“…visual hallucinations (Panayiotopoulos, 1999).1 Finally, topological dysfunction is implied in the structural abnormalities found in auditory cortices of auditory hallucinators (see Allen et al., 2008 for recent review) and visual cortices of visual hallucinators (e.g., Holroyd et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe neural correlates of visual imagery vividness – An fMRI study and literature review
Fulford, J., Milton, F., Salas, D., Smith, A., Simler, A., Winlove, C., & Zeman, A. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.09.014 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The Neurodynamic Organization of Modality-Dependent Hallucinations
Jardri, R., Thomas, P., Delmaire, C., Delion, P., & Pins, D. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs082 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Anatomical and functional disturbances in sensory cortices have been proposed to be centrally involved in their pathogenesis (Allen et al. 2008; Jardri et al. 2011).”
BackgroundKindler, J., Hubl, D., Strik, W. K., Dierks, T., & Koenig, T. W. (2010) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.10.042 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“In fMRI (Dierks et al., 1999; Allen et al., 2008) as well as EEG studies (Hubl et al., 2007; Ford et al., 2008) these dynamics have been successfully used to investigate neurophysiologic changes associated with f Clinical Neurophysiology.”
Sun, J., Maller, J. J., Guo, L., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.004 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“Dysfunction of either the STG or its network of connections is pertinent to SCZ and closely linked to two key positive symptoms of the disorder, auditory hallucinations (AH) and thought disorder (TD) (see reviews by Allen et al., 2008; Pearlson, 1997; Shenton et al., 2001).”
BackgroundShafi, M. M., Westover, M. B., Fox, M., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08035.x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“…⁄ functional abnormalities have also been noted in a distributed network of brain regions, including Broca’s area and the amygdala–hippocampal network (Allen et al., 2008). fcEEG analysis has suggested that in schizophrenic patients, brain networks resemble random graphs, with relatively small…”
Structural correlates of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.
Palaniyappan, L., Balain, V., Radua, J., & Liddle, P. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.038 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“These include an ‘over-perceptualization’ model that suggests a hyperexcitable state in the primary and secondary sensory regions (Allen et al., 2008); a source-monitoring model that suggests breakdown in the volitional assignment of self-generated speech activity leading to external misattribution (Frith and Done, 19…”
BackgroundUnderstanding auditory verbal hallucinations: a systematic review of current evidence
Upthegrove, R., Broome, M. R., Caldwell, K., Ives, J., Oyebode, F., & Wood, S. J. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12531 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“not engaged in directed activity, and these studies demonstrate a reduced connectivity in the primary and secondary auditory cortex, and language processing areas, in patients with schizophrenia with AVHs when compared to patients without AVHs or healthy controls (53, 114-124).”
Resting-state thalamic dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and relationships with symptoms
Ferri, J. M., Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Turner, J. A., van Erp, T. G., Voyvodic, J. T., Preda, A., Belger, A., Bustillo, J., OʼLeary, D. S., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800003x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Importantly, abnormal activation, structure, and connectivity with regions of the brain associated with language and memory, including middle and superior temporal gyrus, have been proposed to underlie some positive symptoms of SZ, including hallucinations (Allen et al. 2008; Jardri et al. 2011).”
Medalla, M., & Barbas, H. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.006 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“Synaptic Pathways in Cognitive Control intrudes, or reverse undesired decisions for flexible behavior (Bush et al., 2000; Paus, 2001; Matsumoto and Tanaka, 2004; Watanabe, 2007) in functions that are severely affected in schizophrenia (Vogels and Abbott, 2007; Allen et al., 2008).”
Li, Y., Lui, S., Liao, Y., Du, M., Hu, N., Thomas, J. A., & Gong, Q. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.019 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“, 2005), but only a few studies have focused on cerebral white matter (Alexander and Barker, 2005; Allen et al., 2008; Andreasen, 1997), and they have produced inconsistent results (Cheung et al.”
Winton-Brown, T. T., Allen, P., Bhattacharrya, S., Borgwardt, S. J., Fusar-Poli, P., Crippa, J. A., Seal, M. L., Martin-Santos, R., Ffytche, D., Zuardi, A. W., et al. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.17 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“Altered temporal lobe structure and function are robust findings in patients with psychotic disorders, and there is evidence of a negative relationship between left STG activation and severity of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia (reviewed in Allen et al, 2008).”
BackgroundA disturbed sense of self in the psychosis prodrome: Linking phenomenology and neurobiology
Nelson, B., Fornito, A., Harrison, B. J., Yücel, M., Sass, L. A., Yung, A. R., Thompson, A. D., Wood, S. J., Pantelis, C., & McGorry, P. D. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.002 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Auditory hallucinations elicit similar brain activation in psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals
Diederen, K. M. J., Daalman, K., de Weijer, A. D., Neggers, S. F. W., van Gastel, W., Blom, J. D., Kahn, R. S., & Sommer, I. E. C. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr033 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Hurlburt, R. T., Alderson-Day, B., Kühn, S., & Fernyhough, C. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147932 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Thus the overlap of activations in elicited inner speech and AVH have been used to support neurocognitive models of AVH as involving aberrant monitoring of spontaneous inner speech ([54]).”
MethodWolf, N. D., Sambataro, F., Vasić, N., Frasch, K., Schmid, M., Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C., Thomann, P., & Wolf, R. C. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.110008 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“45,55,59 These findings have been discussed within the context of a disrupted language lateralization in patients who have AVHs.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe multimodal connectivity of the hippocampal complex in auditory and visual hallucinations
Amad, A., Cachia, A., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., Pins, D., Delmaire, C., Rolland, B., Mondino, M., Thomas, P., & Jardri, R. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.181 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Visual hallucinations in neurological and ophthalmological disease: pathophysiology and management
O'Brien, J. T., Taylor, J., Ballard, C. G., Barker, R. A., Bradley, C., Burns, A. S., Collerton, D., Dave, S., Dudley, R. E. J., Francis, P. T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2019-322702 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Delusions, illusions and hallucinations in epilepsy: 2. Complex phenomena and psychosis
Elliott, B., Joyce, E. M., & Shorvon, S. D. (2009) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.03.017 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Shinn, A. K., Baker, J. T., Cohen, B. M., & Öngür, D. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.037 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“SZ patients with AH have STG volume reductions (McCarley et al., 1999; Allen et al., 2008; Modinos et al., 2012), and the PAC in SZ contains morphologically abnormal pyramidal cells (Sweet et al.”
BackgroundTime to end the distinction between mental and neurological illnesses
White, P. D., Rickards, H. E., & Zeman, A. Z. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e3454 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Abraham, A. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23300 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“They predominantly occur in the auditory and visual domains and are associated with corresponding sensory modality specific brain activity [Allen et al., 2008; Weiss and Heckers, 1999].”
BackgroundVercammen, A., Knegtering, H., Bruggeman, R., Westenbroek, H. M., Jenner, J. A., Slooff, C. J., Wunderink, L., & Aleman, A. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.07.013 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
What have we really learned from functional connectivity in clinical populations?
Zhang, J., Kucyi, A., Raya, J., Nielsen, A. N., Nomi, J. S., Damoiseaux, J. S., Greene, D. J., Horovitz, S. G., Uddin, L. Q., & Whitfield, S. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118466 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“In SZ, abnormal volume, metabolism and activation in the auditory ortex has traditionally been thought to underlie auditory hallucinations Allen et al., 2008 ), but theoretical advances inspired by FC suggest hat interplay between the auditory cortex and default mode network is inked to erroneous…”
Paracingulate sulcus morphology is associated with hallucinations in the human brain
Garrison, J. R., Fernyhough, C., McCarthy‐Jones, S., Haggard, M. P., Carr, V. J., Schall, U., Scott, R. J., Jablensky, A. V., Mowry, B. J., Patricia, M., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9956 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Moritz, S., & Larøi, F. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.007 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Consistent with this bottom–up view, some neuroimaging studies have shown that primary and association auditory areas are involved in auditory hallucinations (for a recent review see Allen et al., 2008).”
Lindahl, J. R., Kaplan, C. T., Winget, E. M., & Britton, W. B. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00973 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Subjective signal strength distinguishes reality from imagination
Dijkstra, N., & Fleming, S. M. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37322-1 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The brain’s voices: comparing nonclinical auditory hallucinations and imagery
Linden, D. E. J., Thornton, K., Kuswanto, C. N., Johnston, S. J., van de Ven, V., & Jackson, M. C. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq097 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“However, spontaneous STS activity by itself may not fully explain the highly structured linguistic content of the reported hallucinations, which is likely derived from activity of fronto temporal networks in the dominant hemisphere, including Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (Allen et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialKnöchel, C., Oertel‐Knöchel, V., Schönmeyer, R., Rotarska-Jagiela, A., van de Ven, V. G., Prvulovic, D., Haenschel, C., Uhlhaas, P. J., Pantel, J., Hampel, H. J., et al. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.088 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Lesions causing hallucinations localize to one common brain network
Kim, N. Y., Hsu, J., Talmasov, D., Joutsa, J., Soussand, L., Wu, O., Rost, N. S., Morenas‐Rodríguez, E., Martí‐Fábregas, J., Pascual‐Leone, Á., et al. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0565-3 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Plaze, M., Martinot, M. P., Penttilä, J., Januel, D., de Beaurepaire, R., Bellivier, F., Andoh, J., Galinowski, A., Gallarda, T., Eric Artiges, A., et al. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp081 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“The neural substrates of language complexity and selfother misattribution have already been investigated in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations.(9) Brain imaging studies have reported structural and functional deviations in brain regions involved in language (left temporal cortex and Broca’s area) and…”
BackgroundTuning in to the Voices: A Multisite fMRI Study of Auditory Hallucinations
Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Jørgensen, K. W., Turner, J. A., Brown, G. G., Notestine, R. J., Bischoff‐Grethe, A., Greve, D. N., Wible, C. G., Lauriello, J., et al. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn140 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“MRI studies suggest that auditory hallucinations are associated with reduced gray matter volumes in the temporal lobe, especially in the STG including the primary auditory cortex.(15) Although the topic of another article from the FBIRN, structural MR data were available from 20 nonhallucinators and 39 hallucinators.”
BackgroundMoseley, P., Fernyhough, C., & Ellison, A. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.001 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Vercammen, A., Knegtering, H., Liemburg, E. J., den Boer, J. A., & Aleman, A. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.12.011 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Neuroimaging studies have made significant strides however, to unearth structural and functional abnormalities associated with AVH in a distributed network of brain regions involved in linguistic processing, attention, memory and emotion, including Broca’s area, insula, the amygdala-hippocampal complex and a number of…”
BackgroundKindler, J., Homan, P., Jann, K., Federspiel, A., Flury, R., Hauf, M., Strik, W., Dierks, T., & Hubl, D. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.019 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Serotonergic Hallucinogen-Induced Visual Perceptual Alterations.
Kometer, M., & Vollenweider, F. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_461 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…information processing toward internal-driven processing could well contribute to the formation of hallucinations, given the longstanding proposal that increased internal-driven information processing may lead to the formation of visual hallucinations (Horowitz 1975; Allen et al. 2008).”
BackgroundNánay, B. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198809500.001.0001 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Perceptual reality monitoring: Neural mechanisms dissociating imagination from reality
Dijkstra, N., Kok, P., & Fleming, S. M. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104557 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Hearing Voices in Different Cultures: A Social Kindling Hypothesis
Luhrmann, T. M., Padmavati, R., Tharoor, H., & Osei, A. (2015) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12158 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Not on speaking terms: hallucinations and structural network disconnectivity in schizophrenia
Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., Nanetti, L., van der Meer, L., Cerliani, L., Renken, R. J., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., & Aleman, A. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0663-y · Cited by 104 · see citing works
mTOR-Related Brain Dysfunctions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Ryskalin, L., Limanaqi, F., Frati, A., Busceti, C. L., & Fornai, F. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19082226 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“The study revealed profound differences between the two groups, especially when looking at Broadman area 22 (BA 22), which is associated with positive symptoms, mainly auditory-verbal hallucinations or “hearing voices” [250,251].”
BackgroundOrlov, N., Giampietro, V., O'Daly, O., Lam, S.-L., Barker, G., Rubia, K., McGuire, P., Shergill, S., & Allen, P. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0067-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Medalla, M., & Barbas, H. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1773-10.2010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Weakening of ACC output from area 32 may thus account for the high distractibility as well as the disordered thought patterns described for schizophrenic patients (for review, see Cohen et al., 1996; Honey and Fletcher, 2006; Allen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundKometer, M., Cahn, B. R., Andel, D., Carter, O. L., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.002 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
How do auditory verbal hallucinations in patients differ from those in non-patients?
Larøi, F. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00025 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“In their review of the literature, Allen et al. (2008) point to the involvement of secondary (and sometimes primary) sensory cortices, prefrontal, subcortical, and cerebellar regions.”
Reality of auditory verbal hallucinations
Raij, T. T., Valkonen-Korhonen, M., Holi, M., Therman, S., Lehtonen, J., & Hari, R. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp186 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“These activations frequently include the inferior frontal gyri (IFG), the anterior cin- gulate cortex, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the superior and middle temporal gyri; for a review, see Allen et al. (2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFusar‐Poli, P., Smieskova, R., Serafini, G., Politi, P., & Borgwardt, S. (2012) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.630408 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Seeking the supernatural: the Interactive Religious Experience Model
Leeuwen, N. V., & van Elk, M. (2018) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2018.1453529 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Recombinant human erythropoietin delays loss of gray matter in chronic schizophrenia
Wüstenberg, T., Begemann, M., Bartels, C., Gefeller, O., Stawicki, S., Hinze‐Selch, D., Mohr, A., Falkai, P., Aldenhoff, J., Knauth, M., et al. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.51 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cognitive mechanisms of auditory verbal hallucinations in psychotic and non-psychotic groups
Badcock, J. C., & Hugdahl, K. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.010 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Current opinion is still divided over the question of whether hallucinatory experiences are an outcome of relatively autonomous or planned activation of core cognitive (e.g. perception and memory) and neural mechanisms (reviewed by Allen et al., 2008).”
Schizotypy and brain structure: a voxel-based morphometry study
Modinos, G., Mechelli, A., Ormel, J., Groenewold, N. A., Aleman, A., & McGuire, P. K. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991875 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Previous studies have also reported that alterations in brain morphology are correlated with positive psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia (Young et al. 1991 ; Flaum et al. 1995 ; Suzuki et al. 2005a), particularly in the case of auditory hallucinations (see Allen et al. 2008 for review).”
ResultFord, J. M., Palzes, V. A., Roach, B. J., Potkin, S. G., van Erp, T. G. M., Turner, J. A., Mueller, B. A., Calhoun, V. D., Voyvodic, J. T., Belger, A., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu031 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Goekoop, R., & Goekoop, J. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112734 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Previous neuroimaging studies have indeed shown that hallucinations occur within perceptual areas [66].”
BackgroundHearing voices: A role of interhemispheric auditory connectivity?
Mulert, C., Kirsch, V., Whitford, T. J., Alvarado, J., Pelavin, P. E., McCarley, R. W., Kubicki, M. R., Salisbury, D. F., & Shenton, M. E. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.570789 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“2005) (for a review see Allen et al. 2008). In addition, it has been shown that there is a positive correlation between the subjective reality of hallucinations and the functional coupling of the inferior frontal cortex with the auditory cortex (Raij et al. 2009). Using DTI, increased anisotropy was shown in a number…”
BackgroundMethodPsychotic Symptoms as a Continuum between Normality and Pathology
Stip, É., & Létourneau, G. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400302 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Specialized prefrontal “auditory fields”: organization of primate prefrontal-temporal pathways
Medalla, M., & Barbas, H. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00077 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Pathology in the prefrontal-auditory network has been implicated in schizophrenia, a disease characterized by high distractibility, disordered thought patterns and auditory hallucinations (reviewed in Cohen et al., 1996; Honey and Fletcher, 2006; Allen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialAuditory hallucinations: A review of the ERC “VOICE” project
Hugdahl, K. (2015) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i2.193 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mallikarjun, P., Lalousis, P., Dunne, T. F., Heinze, K., Reniers, R., Broome, M., Farmah, B., Oyebode, F., Wood, S., & Upthegrove, R. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0118-6 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Combining brain perturbation and neuroimaging in non-human primates
Klink, P. C., Aubry, J., Ferrera, V. P., Fox, A. S., Froudist‐Walsh, S., Jarraya, B., Konofagou, E. E., Krauzlis, R. J., Messinger, A., Mitchell, A. S., et al. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118017 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia From a Levels of Explanation Perspective.
Hugdahl, K., & Sommer, I. (2018) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx142 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Escartí, M. J., de la Iglesia-Vayá, M., Martí-Bonmatí, L., Robles, M., Carbonell, J., Lull, J. J., García-Martí, G., Manjón, J. V., Aguilar, E. J., Aleman, A., et al. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.028 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“However, a limitation was that the study did not include a control group of patients without hallucinations, which would enable stronger conclusions about the specificity of the enhanced frontolimbic activation for hallucinations (Allen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKubera, K., Sambataro, F., Vasić, N., Wolf, N. D., Frasch, K., Hirjak, D., Thomann, P. A., & Wolf, R. C. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.11.015 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Temporal cortical volume loss in patients presenting with persistent AVH is one of the most consistent findings (Allen et al., 2008, 2012).”
Self-other control: a candidate mechanism for social cognitive function
Sowden, S., & Shah, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00789 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“In the same vein, reduced fronto-temporal functional connectivity is now a well-established feature of schizophrenia and has been linked to diminished top-down modulatory control over social behavior (Allen et al., 2008; Cook et al., 2012).”
BackgroundXiao, Y., Yan, Z., Zhao, Y., Bo, T., Sun, H., Li, F. Y., Li, Y., Zhang, W., Shah, C., Liu, J., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.11.037 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Curcic-Blake, B., Liemburg, E., Vercammen, A., Swart, M., Knegtering, H., Bruggeman, R., & Aleman, A. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs107 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Treatment of Cognitive, Psychiatric, and Affective Disorders Associated with Parkinson's Disease
Connolly, B. S., & Fox, S. H. (2013) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-013-0238-x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Auditory Cortex Characteristics in Schizophrenia: Associations With Auditory Hallucinations
Mørch-Johnsen, L. E., Nesvåg, R., Jørgensen, K. N., Lange, E. H., Hartberg, C. B., Haukvik, U. K., Kompus, K., Westerhausen, R., Osnes, K., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw130 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Use of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment in Psychiatry
Aleman, A. (2013) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2013.11.2.53 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Structural covariance in the hallucinating brain: a voxel-based morphometry study
Modinos, G., Vercammen, A., Mechelli, A., Knegtering, H., McGuire, P. K., & Aleman, A. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0958 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Neuroimaging findings suggest that AVHs are associated with activation within a distributed network involved in language processing and verbal monitoring,(2,3) including the inferior frontal gyrus, middle/superior temporal gyri and medial regions such as the hippocampus and insula.(4) With regard to brain morphology,…”
Schecklmann, M., Giani, A. S., Tupak, S. V., Langguth, B., Raab, V., Polak, T. T., Várallyay, C. G., Harnisch, W., Herrmann, M. J., & Fallgatter, A. J. (2014) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2014/894203 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Generally, other fields of phantom perception such as acoustic hallucinations might be investigable with fNIRS [62].”
Clinical and neurocognitive aspects of hallucinations in Alzheimer’s disease
el Haj, M., Roche, J., Jardri, R., Kapogiannis, D., Gallouj, K., & Antoine, P. (2017) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.021 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Following current trends in esearch on hallucinations (Allen et al., 2008; Whalley et al., 2004), tate markers include psychological distress as well as iatrogenic actors associated with specific occurrences of hallucinations, while rait markers are risk factors for hallucinations, not directly linked ith the presence…”
BackgroundInfluentialCui, Y. J., Liu, B., Song, M., Lipnicki, D. M., Li, J., Xie, S., Chen, Y., Li, P., Lü, L., Lv, L., et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717001520 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Our finding of an association between AVHs and thinning of the MTG is consistent with the temporal lobe playing critical roles in auditory and language processing (Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000), and being the brain area most commonly implicated in AVHs (Barta et al. 1990; Flaum et al. 1995; Levitan et al. 1999; Rajarethinam…”
Hallucinations in Nonpsychotic Disorders
Pierre, J. M. (2010) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673220903523706 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Semantic Expectations Can Induce False Perceptions in Hallucination-Prone Individuals
Vercammen, A., & Aleman, A. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn063 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Lipophilic Beta-Blockers
Cojocariu, S. A., Maștaleru, A., Sascău, R. A., Stătescu, C., Mitu, F., & Leon, M. M. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57020155 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Hallucinations are a mental distortion manifested in the form of imaginary sensory experiences that seem real to the patient experiencing them [50].”
Chyzhyk, D., Graña, M., Öngür, D., & Shinn, A. (2015) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065715500070 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Studies on the neural substrates associated with AH pathophysiology, as proposed in the above and other AH models, have utilized a wide range of neuroimaging techniques.(3) These include volumetric and morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies,(48,71) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to assess white matter i…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBais, L., Vercammen, A., Stewart, R. E., van Es, F., Visser, B., Aleman, A., & Knegtering, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108828 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Furthermore, cingular, subcortical and cerebellar areas have shown involvement as well (for an overview, see: [5]).”
- Authors
- Allen, P., Larøi, F., McGuire, P. K., & Aleman, A.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, Paul
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 175-191
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2107394985
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, cerebellum, subcortical dysfunction, top-down and bottom-up processes, healthy volunteers
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Hallucinations, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron-Emission Tomography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
