Clarifying conditions and decision points for mediational type inferences in Organizational Behavior
Abstract
Although mediational designs and analyses are quite popular in Organizational Behavior research, there is much confusion surrounding the basis of causal inferences. We review theoretical, research design, and construct validity issues that are important for drawing inferences from mediational analyses. We then distinguish between indirect effects, and partial and full mediational hypotheses and outline decision points for drawing inferences of each type. An empirical illustration is provided using structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques, and we discuss extensions and directions for future research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The use of one data collection point, which the change scores function as, means that causality cannot be asserted.
“The use of one data collection point, which the change scores function as, means that causality cannot be asserted (Kazdin, 2007; Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
From Testing Mindfulness Mechanisms of Action on the Stress and Burnout of Social Workers (2024) · cites this paper as Mathieu & Taylor, 2006
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“Mathieu and Taylor (2006) argued that it is important to clarify which type of mediational inference is tested.”
BackgroundLinking Empowering Leadership to Job Satisfaction, Work Effort, and Creativity
Amundsen, S., & Martinsen, Ø. L. (2015) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051814565819 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Derks, D., van Mierlo, H., & Schmitz, E. B. (2014) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035076 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“The technique of mediated moderation effects as suggested by Mathieu and Taylor (2006) allows a test of complete research model.”
MethodLiu, M. T., Liu, Y., & Mo, Z. (2020) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-05-2019-0285 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Mathieu, J. E., Kukenberger, M. R., D'Innocenzo, L., & Reilly, G. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038898 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-citationCustomer positivity and participation in services: an empirical test in a health care context
Gallan, A. S., Jarvis, C. B., Brown, S. W., III, & Bitner, M. J. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-012-0307-4 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
“It is well-recognized that correlational research designs can’t confirm causal sequence (Mathieu and Taylor 2006), and inferences therefore need to be tempered with caution (Stone-Romero and Rosopa 2008).”
How Does Corporate Ethics Contribute to Firm Financial Performance?
Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J. N., & Kim, M. (2013) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206311419662 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“Given this pattern, there still remains the possibility of an indirect relationship between corporate ethics and firm performance, with employee commitment and behavior operating as an intervening (not mediating) process (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundCeo Transformational Leadership: The Role of Goal Importance Congruence in Top Management Teams
Colbert, A. E., Kristof‐Brown, A. L., Bradley, B., & Barrick, M. R. (2008) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2008.30717744 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
“Instead, the results were consistent with an indirect relationship between the variables (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
ResultOrganizational Justice and Individuals' Withdrawal: Unlocking the Influence of Emotional Exhaustion
Cole, M. S., Bernerth, J. B., Walter, F. H., & Holt, D. T. (2009) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00864.x · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“We examined additional structural models to complete the picture for the anticipated relationships and disconfirm alternative models (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDzhambov, A. M., Browning, M. H. E. M., Markevych, I., Hartig, T., & Lercher, P. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109613 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
The effects of trust in physician on self-efficacy, adherence and diabetes outcomes
Lee, Y.-Y., & Lin, J. L. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.033 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Prussia, G. E. (2008) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00104.x · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Leading by example: The case of leader OCB.
Yaffe, T., & Kark, R. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022464 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Job-search strategies and reemployment quality
Koen, J., Klehe, U., Vianen, A. E. M. V., Zikic, J., & Nauta, A. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.004 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
“The direct model (Table 3, model b) exhibited very poor fit indices and differed significantly from the saturated model, which indicates the relevance of the indirect links via job-search strategies (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCreativity and charisma among female leaders: the role of resources and work engagement
Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2013) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.751438 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
“However, following the recommendation by Mathieu and Taylor (2006), in that case we may examine the alternative hypothesis of the indirect effect of personal resources to creativity via engagement.”
BackgroundPerceived Organizational Support, Organizational Identification, and Employee Outcomes
Edwards, M. R., & Peccei, R. (2010) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000007 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Shared Authentic Leadership and New Venture Performance
Hmieleski, K. M., Cole, M. S., & Baron, R. A. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206311415419 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“Collectively, Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3 suggest an indirect effects model (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006), wherein positive team affective tone is an intervening variable in the relationship between shared authentic leadership and firm performance.”
BackgroundAhearne, M., Jones, E., Rapp, A. A., & Mathieu, J. E. (2008) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1070.0783 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“Structural Models We next fit several different structural models to test the mediating effects depicted in our conceptual framework as outlined by Mathieu and Taylor (2006). Table 2 presents a summary of the model fit indices and associated parameter estimates.”
MethodSelf-citationMartínez, I. M., Youssef‐Morgan, C. M., Chambel, M. J., & Pinto, A. M. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2019.1623382 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
“As shown in Table 2, the direct path models (Models 1 and 2) did not fit the data well, which supports the importance of including paths leading to or stemming from the mediator (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
MethodResultBinnewies, C., Sonnentag, S., & Mojza, E. J. (2009) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317909x418049 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“Therefore, we tested for indirect effects of recovery experiences on weekly job performance (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
MethodResultShah, N., Irani, Z., & Sharif, A. (2017) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.08.010 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“We use two different models that distinguish between direct and indirect models where the significant total relationship that exists between an independent and dependent variable is accounted for a mediator variable (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
Boxall, P., Ang, S. H., & Bartram, T. (2011) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00973.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Managing Employee Withdrawal During Organizational Change
Fugate, M., Prussia, G. E., & Kinicki, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206309352881 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“Mathieu and Taylor (2006), citing MacKinnon, Lockwood, Hoffman, West, and Sheets (2002), offer a plausible explanation.”
BackgroundThe dynamics of shared leadership: Building trust and enhancing performance.
Drescher, M. A., Korsgaard, M. A., Welpe, I. M., Picot, A. O., & Wigand, R. T. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036474 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“Because this condition for mediation (finding a nonsignificant direct relationship) is based on obtaining a null finding, it is particularly sensitive to the statistical power (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundKovjanic, S., Schuh, S. C., & Jonas, K. W. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12022 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“Please note that following Mathieu and Taylor (2006), a significant relationship between an independent variable and an outcome is a prerequisite condition for mediation but not for an indirect effect.”
BackgroundThe Relationship between Perceived Training Opportunities, Work Motivation and Employee Outcomes
Dysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2008) · International Journal of Training and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2419.2008.00301.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Managerial Ties and Firm Innovation: Is Knowledge Creation a Missing Link?
Shu, C., Page, A. L., Gao, S., & Jiang, X. (2011) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00883.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Examining online social brand engagement: A social presence theory perspective
Osei-Frimpong, K., & McLean, G. (2017) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.10.010 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“reliability concerns of the measures indicate their acceptability for hypothesis testing (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundMediation Testing in Management Research
Wood, R. E., Goodman, J. S., Beckmann, N., & Cook, A. (2007) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106297811 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“…readers to recent methodological articles that advocate a priori specification of hypotheses for full mediation, partial mediation (James et al., 2006; Mathieu & Taylor, 2006), or indirect effects (i.e., where no independent-dependent variable relationship is anticipated; Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
Modelling job crafting behaviours: Implications for work engagement
Bakker, A. B., Rodríguez‐Muñoz, A., & Sanz‐Vergel, A. I. (2015) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726715581690 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“…and (c) after the inclusion of the mediator (partner’s job crafting), the previously significant relationship between actor’s job crafting and partner’s work engagement turns into non-significance (full mediation), or becomes significantly weaker (partial mediation; Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Thin Line Between Empowering and Laissez-Faire Leadership: An Expectancy-Match Perspective
Wong, S. I., & Giessner, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206315574597 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Work Group Inclusion: Test of a Scale and Model
Chung, B. G., Ehrhart, K. H., Shore, L. M., Randel, A. E., Dean, M. A., & Kedharnath, U. (2019) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601119839858 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“As described by Mathieu and Taylor (2006), an experimental design can provide strong evidence for conclusions about the causal ordering of our variables.”
BackgroundRafferty, A. E., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2010) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00732.x · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Graves, L. M., & Sarkis, J. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.013 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Something(s) old and something(s) new: Modeling drivers of global virtual team effectiveness
Maynard, M. T., Mathieu, J. E., Rapp, T. L., & Gilson, L. L. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1772 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationBurnout and connectedness among Australian volunteers: A test of the Job Demands–Resources model
Lewig, K. A., Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Dollard, M. F., & Metzer, J. C. (2007) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.07.003 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Hyatt, D. G., & Berente, N. (2017) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.1979 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
The gain spiral of resources and work engagement: Sustaining a positive worklife
Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2010) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203853047-13 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, theory-grounded longitudinal field studies that assess variables over time in proper sequence and intervals enhance confidence in (reciprocal) causal relationships (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundPsychological Ownership: How Having Control Matters
Liu, J., Wang, H., Hui, C., & Lee, C. (2011) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01028.x · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Bisbe, J., & Malagueño, R. (2012) · Management Accounting Research · doi:10.1016/j.mar.2012.05.002 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“05 for ROA), the results support a pattern of partial mediation (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
ResultInfluentialDubbelt, L., Demerouti, E., & Rispens, S. (2019) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2019.1576632 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“An indirect effect is there, when the independent variable predicts the mediator, the mediator predicts the dependent variable (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006), and the Sobel test is significant (Preacher & Leonardelli, 2003).”
BackgroundBoards of directors in family firms: a generational perspective
Bammens, Y. P. M., Voordeckers, W., & Gils, A. E. J. V. (2007) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-007-9087-5 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“Since the regression coefficient in this model is not significant, our tests suggest a direct effect of the generational phase on the number of family directors on the board (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
Zaim, H., Muhammed, S., & Tarım, M. (2018) · Knowledge Management Research & Practice · doi:10.1080/14778238.2018.1538669 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“However, to establish full mediation it is important to first establish a significant path from the predictor variable to the outcome variable in the absence of the mediating variable (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodWorkplace Spirituality and Employee Well-being: An Empirical Exploration
Garg, N. (2017) · Journal of Human Values · doi:10.1177/0971685816689741 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“The findings are similar to those of Rastgar, Davoudi, Oraji & Abbasian (2012), Milliman et al. (2003), Robert et al. (2006), Usman and Danush (2010), Hall et al.”
BackgroundResultThe effects of empowering leadership on psychological well-being and job engagement
Park, J. G., Kim, J. S., Yoon, S. W., & Joo, B.-K. B. (2017) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-08-2015-0182 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Fugas, C. S., da Silva, S. A., & Meliá, J. L. (2011) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.08.013 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Galletta, M., Portoghese, I., & Battistelli, A. (2011) · Journal of Management Research · doi:10.5296/jmr.v3i2.619 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Kaur, D., Sambasivan, M., & Kumar, N. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.12386 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
MEDIATION ANALYSIS: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Memon, M. A., Cheah, J.-H., Ramayah, T., Ting, H., & Chuah, F. (2018) · Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling · doi:10.47263/jasem.2(1)01 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Student engagement and performance: A weekly diary study on the role of openness
Bakker, A. B., Sanz‐Vergel, A. I., & Kuntze, J. (2014) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9422-5 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, as suggested by Mathieu and Taylor (2006), mediating effects can be also examined when the predictor and the dependent variable are not directly related.”
Nielsen, K. M., Yarker, J., Brenner, S., Randall, R., & Borg, V. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04701.x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“This makes it ideal for testing mediating mechanisms ( Mathieu & Taylor 2006 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialDysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2010) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594321003590630 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“Still, the significant drops in standardized betas after the inclusion of intrinsic motivation suggest an indirect relationship (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006 ).”
Prati, G., Pietrantoni, L., & Zani, B. (2010) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01529.x · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“According to Mathieu and Taylor(41) there is a significant full mediation effect when the addition of the direct paths in the no direct effects model does T ab le I. Su m m ar y of In te rc or re la ti on s, M ea ns ,a nd St an da rd D ev ia ti on s fo r D em og ra ph ic ,C og ni ti ve ,S oc ia lC on te xt ua l, A ff…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Impact of Change Process and Context on Change Reactions and Turnover During a Merger
Rafferty, A. E., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2009) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206309341480 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“We contrast models that distinguish between indirect and mediated relationships (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
Xie, B., Xia, M., Xin, X., & Zhou, W. (2016) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2016.02.011 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Lian, H., Ferris, D. L., Morrison, R. L., & Brown, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035498 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Hughes, D. E., Bon, J. L., & Rapp, A. A. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-012-0311-8 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Tests of validity In accordance with procedures suggested by Mathieu and Taylor (2006) and others, we engaged in a series of model tests to investigate our hypothetical framework and determine the overall best-fitting model.”
MethodAbdullah, M. I., Huang, D., Sarfraz, M., Ivaşcu, L., & Riaz, A. (2020) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.665 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“Interactive effects could diminish the overall independent and dependent variable (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundEngaged at Work and Happy at Home: A Spillover–Crossover Model
Rodríguez‐Muñoz, A., Sanz‐Vergel, A. I., Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2013) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9421-3 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“…of the mediator (actor’s daily happiness), the previously significant relationship between daily actor’s work engagement (vigor and dedication) and daily partner’s happiness turns into non-significance (full mediation) or becomes significantly weaker (partial mediation; Mathieu and Taylor 2006).”
BackgroundDysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2010) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/00483481011064172 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“Finally, previous studies have suggested that employees participating in training efforts on a voluntary basis may apply more positive attitudes towards their employer than those not choosing to participate on a voluntary basis (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundFlow and performance: A study among talented Dutch soccer players
Bakker, A. B., Oerlemans, W. G. M., Demerouti, E., Slot, B. B., & Ali, D. K. (2011) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.02.003 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“To test indirect effects one has to follow the same procedure as for testing mediation save one exception: the direct effect of the predictor on the outcome does not need to be significant (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
MethodLiu, J., Kwan, H. K., Wu, L., & Wu, W. (2010) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317909x485216 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2011.584386 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“This is in line with Mathieu and Taylor (2006), who suggest T A B L E 2 M u lt il e v e l e st im a te s o f m o d e ls p re d ic ti n g d a y -l e v e l p o si ti v e e m o ti o n s M o d el N u ll 1 2 V a ri a b le s E st im a te S E t E st im a te S E t E st im a te S E t In te rc ep t 4 .3 9…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn Integrative HRM Process Theorization: Beyond Signalling Effects and Mutual Gains
Ehrnrooth, M., & Björkman, I. (2012) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01055.x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Fourth, with reference to the procedures for mediation tests (Mathieu and Taylor, 2006), PLS allowed us to parsimoniously test step 1, the relationship between our independent, and all three dependent variables, in one single model (Figure 2).”
BackgroundMethodAn Approach–Avoidance Framework of Workplace Aggression
Ferris, D. L., Yan, M. N., Lim, V. K. G., Chen, Y., & Fatimah, S. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0221 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“Following Mathieu and Taylor (2006), we first modeled a more parsimonious full mediation model where ostracism and abusive supervision only related to anger and anxiety, while anger and anxiety related to approach-oriented and avoidance-oriented CWBs. Subsequently, we tested for partial mediation…”
MethodDriving it Home: How Workplace Emotional Labor Harms Employee Home Life
Wagner, D. T., Barnes, C. M., & Scott, B. A. (2014) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12044 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“Although we did not find evidence for mediation, a special type of indirect effect, we did uncover a significant indirect effect (Mathieu & Taylor, 2006).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the consequences of public social media use for work
van Zoonen, W., Verhoeven, J. W. M., & Vliegenthart, R. (2017) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2017.07.006 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“A full-fledged discussion of indirect and mediation effects is beyond the scope of this article; for an overview, see Hayes (2009), and Mathieu and Taylor (2006).”
Background
- Authors
- Mathieu, J. E., & Taylor, S. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mathieu, John E.
- Venue
- Journal of Organizational Behavior
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-09-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1031-1056
- ISSN
- 0894-3796 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1379
- OpenAlex
- W2127597797
- Cited by
- 961
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 19.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Organizational Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Old Dominion University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- mediation analysis, causal inference, indirect effects, partial mediation, construct validity, research design, structural equation modeling, organizational behavior
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