Revealing triple-shape memory effect by polymer bilayers
Abstract
Bilayer polymers that consist of two epoxy dual-shape memory polymers of well-separated glass transition temperatures have been synthesized. These bilayer epoxy samples exhibit a triple-shape memory effect (TSME) with shape fixities tailorable by changing the ratio between the two layers. The triple-shape fixities of the bilayer epoxy polymers can be explained by the balance of stress between the two layers. Based on this work, it is believed that the following three molecular design criterions should be considered in designing triple-shape memory polymers with optimum TSME: 1) well-separated thermal transitions, 2) a strong interface, and 3) an appropriate balance of moduli and relative ratios between the layers (or microphases).
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Alternative methods for creating multiple, well-separated switching transitions in one system consist of laminating two SMPs with well-separated transition temperatures or developing hybrid SMPs with multiple thermal transitions.
“Alternative methods for creating multiple, well-separated switching transitions in one system consist of laminating two SMPs which have well-separated transition temperatures [76,77] or of developing hybrid SMPs with multiple thermal transitions [78-81].”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [76]
A layered shape memory epoxy with high Tg and low Tg layers has a strong interface due to reaction among residual epoxy or amine groups on the surface of the two layers.
“The two layers of epoxy have a strong interface as a result of the reaction among the residual epoxy or amine groups on the surface of the two layers.”
From A review of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer composites (2013) · cites this paper as [457]
Xie et al. obtained t-SME through macroscopic bilayer cross-linked polymer structures, where each epoxy layer possessed dual-SME with good Rf and Rr.
“In 2009 Xie et al. proposed a new approach in the t-SMP architecture by combining two microscopic phases. They obtained the t-SME through macroscopic bilayer cross-linked polymer structures, where each epoxy layer possessed dual-SME with good Rf and Rr [72].”
From Shape-memory polymers for multiple applications in the materials world (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
The fixation of shapes (B) and (C) was strongly correlated to the ratio between the two layers, yielding fixity ratios varying from 70% to 97%.
“The fixation of the shapes [(B) and (C)] was strongly correlated to the ratio between the two layers (yielding fixity ratios varying from 70% to 97%).”
From Shape-memory polymers for multiple applications in the materials world (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
The phase transitions of each layer were well-separated (38 °C and 75 °C, respectively).
“The phase transitions of each layer were well-separated (38 ° C and 75 ° C, respectively).”
From Shape-memory polymers for multiple applications in the materials world (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
Several t- and/or m-SMPs systems related to two (or more) distinct switching transition domains have been reported.
“Up to date, several t- and/or m-SMPs systems related to two (or more) distinct switching transition domains have been reported [64-74].”
From Shape-memory polymers for multiple applications in the materials world (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
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- Authors
- Xie, T., Xiao, X., & Cheng, Y.
- Affiliations
- General Motors (United States) (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xie, Tao
- Venue
- Macromolecular Rapid Communications
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-10-28
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 1823-1827
- ISSN
- 1022-1336 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-3927
- OpenAlex
- W2147919058
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 15.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Macromolecular Rapid Communications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer composites and self-healing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Epoxy Resin Curing Processes
- Keywords
- triple shape memory effect, epoxy polymers, shape fixity, polymer interfaces, microphase separation
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