Microbiota succession during aerobic stability of maize silage inoculated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788 and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii CNCM‐I‐4785

May combine two claims.

The interaction between treatments and time was significant for pH, lactic acid, lactic:total VFA ratio, ethanol, and total VFA, but not for acetic acid.

“The interaction between treatments and time was significant for all the chemical parameters (i.e., pH, lactic acid, lactic:total VFA ratio, ethanol, and total VFA) except acetic acid for which only a significant treatment effect was observed (Table 1).”

May combine two claims.

For a threshold of 3°C above ambient, the LB + LH silage required 224.0 ± 21.7 h, while the Control silage required 144.7 ± 40.4 h.

“For a threshold limit of 3°C above ambient temperature, the LB + LH silage required 224.0 ± 21.7 h, while the Control silage required 144.7 ± 40.4 h.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

In LB + LH, Pediococcus abundance was 2.5% compared to 1.2% in Control.

“In the latter, a higher abundance of Pediococcus (2.5%) and of Weissella (5.0%) related OTUs (1.2% and 1.2%) was observed, with a significant difference in Weissella abundance compared to that in the Control silage (p = 0.001).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ratio of lactic acid to total VFA followed the same pattern as lactic acid concentrations.

“The ratio of lactic acid to total VFA followed the same pattern as lactic acid concentrations.”

May combine two claims.

During aerobic exposure, acetic acid concentration was 1.67 g kg−1 DM for Control and 0.72 g kg−1 DM for LB + LH.

“During aerobic exposure, they were of 1.67 (p = 0.107 over time) and 0.72 g kg−1 DM (p = 0.873 over time) for Control and LB + LH, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

The maximum temperature recorded during the aerobic stability assay was 25.5 ± 1.0°C in Control and 22.9 ± 1.8°C in LB + LH (p = 0.002).

“The maximum temperature recorded during the aerobic stability assay was 25.5 ± 1.0°C in non‐inoculated silage and 22.9 ± 1.8°C in LB + LH silage (p = 0.002).”

May combine two claims.

The pH was below 4.0 in both silages upon opening, and significantly lower in Control than in LB + LH silages (−0.1 unit).

“the pH was below 4.0 in the two silages upon opening, and significantly lower in Control than in LB + LH silages (−0.1 unit, Table 2).”

May combine two claims.

Upon opening, the LAB count was 7.8 log10 g−1 fresh forage in Control and 7.4 log10 g−1 fresh forage in LB + LH.

“Upon opening, the counts of LAB, yeast, and molds in the silos were 7.8, 2.7, and 2.3 log10 g−1 fresh forage (ff), respectively, in the Control silage and 7.4, 3.1, and below the threshold of detection level of 2 log10 g−1 ff in the LB + LH silage.”

May combine two claims.

Inoculation with LB + LH significantly improved aerobic stability (p < 0.001), with time to reach 2°C above ambient being 206.3 ± 26.2 h for LB + LH and 128.7 ± 32.0 h for Control.

“Inoculation with LB + LH significantly improved aerobic stability (p < 0.001), as 206.3 ± 26.2 and 128.7 ± 32.0 h were required to reach a threshold of 2°C above the ambient temperature in the LB + LH and Control silages, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

The content of ADF, NDF and crude proteins were not significantly different between Control and LB + LH silages.

“The content of ADF (p = 0.586), NDF (p = 0.115) and crude proteins (p = 0.885) were of 19.86, 33.44, 7.18 and of 19.42, 32.62, 7.08% DM for Control and LB + LH, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

The acetic acid concentration was higher in the LB + LH silage but did not change significantly with time.

“The acetic acid concentration was higher in the LB + LH silage but did not change significantly with time.”

May combine two claims.

Fresh matter losses during aerobic stability averaged 127.7 ± 23.2 g (7.9%) in Control and 72.7 ± 5.6 g (4.6%) in LB + LH (p < 0.001).

“Fresh matter losses during AS averaged 127.7 ± 23.2 g, representing 7.9% of the original weight of the silage in the Control silage while averaging 72.7 ± 5.6 g in LB + LH silage, that is 4.6% of the original weight of the silage (p < 0.001).”

May combine two claims.

The ethanol concentration was higher in the Control silage upon opening and decreased with time in both treatments, but the reduction was more marked in the Control silage.

“The ethanol concentration was higher in the Control silage upon opening and decreased with time in both treatments, but the reduction was more marked in the Control silage, making the interaction significant.”

May combine two claims.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) was not detected until day 6, when the concentration increased to a mean of 144.0 μg kg−1 DM by day 10 in the Control silage, with high variability.

“It was not possible to detect deoxynivalenol (DON) until day 6, when the concentration increased to a mean of 144.0 µg kg−1 of DM by day 10 in the Control silage, although with high variability (Figure 6).”

May combine two claims.

In our study, the change in metabolites and microbiota corresponded to a sharp drop in lactic acid, dominance of Saccharomycetales, and more specifically an increase in OTUs linked to Issatchenkia in the first days after opening.

“In our study, the change in metabolites and microbiota corresponded to a sharp drop in lactic acid, dominance of Saccharomycetales and more specifically an increase in OTUs linked to Issatchenkia in the first days after opening.”

May combine two claims.

In the LB + LH silage, a continuous increase in Saccharomyces was observed up to 94.2% on day 10, and it dominated the emergence of Issatchenkia from day 1 to day 3.

“Conversely, a continuous increase in Saccharomyces was observed in the LB + LH silage, up to 94.2% on day 10, and dominated the emergence of Issatchenkia from day 1 to day 3.”

May combine two claims.

Contrast analysis revealed no differences between silage treatments up to day 6, with only two Lactobacillus OTUs being significantly more abundant in the Control than in the LB + LH silage.

“Contrast analysis revealed no differences between silage treatments up to day 6, with only two Lactobacillus OTUs being significantly more abundant in the Control than in the LB + LH silage (Figure 3).”

May combine two claims.

The mean concentration of beauvericin on day 1 was 315.1 μg kg−1 DM (p = 0.810 between treatments) and the interaction between treatment and time was not significant (p = 0.320).

“The mean concentration of beauvericin on day 1 was 315.1 µg kg−1 of DM (p = 0.810 between treatments) and the interaction between treatment and time was not significant (p = 0.320).”

May combine two claims.

In the LB + LH silage, the relative abundance of Saccharomyces increased with time to reach more than 80% on day 10, with less variability between replicates.

“Interestingly, in the LB + LH silage, the relative abundance of Saccharomyces increased with time to reach more than 80% on day 10 and with less variability between replicates, while the abundance of OTUs related to Issatchenkia was high from 48 h to 72 h, with 31.5% and 20.0% of the relative abundance, but from then on was never higher than 2.1% (Figure 2b).”

May combine two claims.

The fungal population was mainly composed of the yeasts Saccharomyces and Kazachstania, but with a higher abundance of Bionectriaceae in some samples of LB + LH silages.

“The fungal population was mainly composed of the yeasts Saccharomyces and Kazachstania, but with a higher abundance of Bionectriaceae in some samples of LB + LH silages.”

May combine two claims.

From day 6 on, fewer Kazachstania were detected and the relative abundance of OTUs related to Penicillium increased in the Control silage.

“From then on, fewer Kazachstania were detected, whereas the relative abundance of OTUs related to Penicillium increased (Figure 2b).”

May combine two claims.

The interaction between time and treatment was not significant (p > 0.7) for either the Shannon index or the observed OTUs.

“There was no significant effect of the length of aerobic exposure, with p of 0.956 and 0.060 for the Shannon index and the observed OTUs, the interaction was not significant (p above 0.7) in either parameter.”

May combine two claims.

The abundance of Penicillium OTUs reached 39.2% by day 7 and then decreased to around 27%-28% in the Control silage.

“Abundance reached 39.2% by day 7 and then decreased to around 27%–28%.”

May combine two claims.

In LB + LH, Weissella abundance was 5.0% compared to 1.2% in Control, with a significant difference (p = 0.001).

“In the latter, a higher abundance of Pediococcus (2.5%) and of Weissella (5.0%) related OTUs (1.2% and 1.2%) was observed, with a significant difference in Weissella abundance compared to that in the Control silage (p = 0.001).”

May combine two claims.

The concentration of zearalenone was under 50 μg kg−1 DM in both treatments (38.3 in Control and 47.0 in LB + LH, p = 0.827) on day 1 and did not change during exposure to air (p = 0.465).

“The concentration of zearalenone was under 50 µg kg−1 of DM in the two treatments (38.3 and 47.0 µg kg−1 of DM in the Control and LB + LH silage, respectively, p = 0.827) on day 1 and did not change during exposure to air (p = 0.465 for the time of exposure).”

May combine two claims.

In the LB + LH silage, the abundance of OTUs related to Issatchenkia was high from 48 h to 72 h (31.5% and 20.0%) but was never higher than 2.1% thereafter.

“Interestingly, in the LB + LH silage, the relative abundance of Saccharomyces increased with time to reach more than 80% on day 10 and with less variability between replicates, while the abundance of OTUs related to Issatchenkia was high from 48 h to 72 h, with 31.5% and 20.0% of the relative abundance, but from then on was never higher than 2.1% (Figure 2b).”

May combine two claims.

Roquefortine C remained below the threshold of detection up to day 6, then started to increase in the Control silage, reaching 1378.0 μg kg−1 DM after 10 days of incubation (p = 0.146).

“A trend similar to DON was observed for roquefortine C (Figure 6): concentration remained below the threshold of detection up to day 6, then started to increase in the Control silage, to reach 1378.0 µg kg−1 of DM after 10 days of incubation during AS (p = 0.146).”

May combine two claims.

The samples were screened for 84 mycotoxins and related fungal metabolites, among which 13 were identified, including metabolites produced by Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria.

“The samples were screened for 84 mycotoxins and related fungal metabolites (Table A2) among which 13 were identified, including metabolites produced by Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria (Table A3).”

May combine two claims.

In the Control silage, four OTUs related to mold Penicillium were significantly more abundant from day 7 on and their abundance remained high up to the last day of the trial.

“In the Control silage, four OTUs related to mold Penicillium were significantly more abundant from day 7 on (Figure 4) and their abundance remained high up to the last day of the trial (Figure 2b).”

May combine two claims.

The concentration of ethanol decreased more than 20 times from the highest value measured on day 0 to its lowest value after 10 days in the Control, while it was reduced only by half in LB + LH.

“The presence of ethanol was observed since its concentration decreased more than 20 times from the highest value measured on day 0 to its lowest value after 10 days in the control, while it was reduced only by half in LB + LH.”

May combine two claims.

Over the 10 days, both the Shannon index and the number of observed OTUs in LB + LH silage were significantly higher than in Control (p < 0.001).

“Over the 10 days, both the Shannon index and the number of observed OTUs in LB + LH silage were significantly higher, with a mean of 17.8 compared to 10.1 in the Control silage (p < 0.001).”

May combine two claims.

Upon opening after 159 days of ensiling, the pH of both silage types was still below 4 and Lactobacillus-related OTUs dominated.

“Upon opening after 159 days of ensiling, the pH of the two types of silage was still below 4 and Lactobacillus related OTUs dominated, in agreement with results in the literature (Gharechahi et al., 2017; Guan et al., 2018), and reflecting the conservation process was appropriate in both cases.”

May combine two claims.

There was no significant effect of the length of aerobic exposure on the Shannon index (p = 0.956) or on the observed OTUs (p = 0.060).

“There was no significant effect of the length of aerobic exposure, with p of 0.956 and 0.060 for the Shannon index and the observed OTUs, the interaction was not significant (p above 0.7) in either parameter.”

May combine two claims.

In the current study, the LB + LH silage had a slightly lower relative abundance of Lactobacillus and a higher abundance of Weissella.

“This was not confirmed in the current study, where we observed a slightly lower relative abundance of Lactobacillus and a higher abundance of Weissella in the LB + LH silage.”

May combine two claims.

Upon opening, the fungal Shannon diversity index and the number of observed OTUs did not differ between the two treatments.

“Upon opening, the Shannon diversity index and the number of observed OTUs of the bagged corn silage (Figure 2b—Time 0) did not differ between the two treatments (2.05 ± 0.40 and 24.7 ± 8.6 in the Control silage and 1.64 ± 0.49 and 26.3 ± 11.8 in the LB + LH silage).”

May combine two claims.

Inoculation with L. buchneri and L. hilgardii significantly improved the aerobic stability of bag silage, a result consistent with published data.

“Inoculation with L. buchneri and L. hilgardii significantly improved the AS of bag silage, a result consistent with published data (Ferrero, Piano, et al., 2019; Nair et al., 2019).”

• cites Ferrero, Piano, et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Nair et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The lactic:total VFA ratio did not decrease in the LB + LH silage, whereas it decreased dramatically to reach 0.3 in the Control silage.

“As a result, the lactic:total VFA ratio did not decrease in the LB + LH silage, whereas it decreased dramatically to reach 0.3 in the Control silage.”

May combine two claims.

The abundance of Lactobacillus was more than 78% in the first eight days and was still 57% on day 10.

“Indeed, the abundance of Lactobacillus was more than 78% in the first eight days and was still 57% on day 10.”

May combine two claims.

The temperature started to increase only on day 6 after opening in the LB + LH silage, without the two successive peaks observed in the Control silage.

“The temperature started to increase only on day 6 after opening without the two successive peaks observed in the Control silage.”

May combine two claims.

The lactic acid concentration remained stable with time, and the pH ranged between 3.97 and 4.10 during exposure to air in the LB + LH silage.

“Interestingly, the lactic acid concentration remained stable with time, resulting in higher stability after silage opening, as suggested by the pH ranged between 3.97 and 4.10 during exposure to air.”

May combine two claims.

Inoculating silage with LB and LH positively affected concentrations of FB1, DON, and roquefortine C.

“Inoculating silage with LB and LH positively affected concentrations of FB1, DON, and roquefortine C.”

May combine two claims.

An interesting observation was the increase in DON in contrast to the relatively constant concentration of ZEA and to the low abundance of Fusarium-related OTUs.

“An interesting observation was the increase in DON in contrast to the relatively constant concentration of ZEA, and to the low abundance of Fusarium related OTUs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The two bags were placed next to one another to guarantee similar storage conditions.

“The two bags were placed next to one another to guarantee similar storage conditions.”

May combine two claims.

Strains of L. buchneri were able to degrade lactic acid into acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol, which could then be metabolized into propionic acid.

“strains of Lentilactobacillus buchneri (Lactobacillus buchneri (Zheng et al., 2020)) were able to degrade lactic acid into acetic acid and 1,2‐propanediol (Oude Elferink et al., 2001), which could then be metabolized into propionic acid (Krooneman et al., 2002).”

• cites Oude Elferink et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Krooneman et al., 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Losses of organic acids due to respiration increase the pH, thereby allowing other microorganisms to grow.

“Losses of organic acids due to respiration increase the pH, thereby allowing other microorganisms, including enterobacteria, AAB, and Bacillus to grow, with counts reported to be as high as 1 × 109 CFU × g−1 (Jonsson, 1991).”

• cites Jonsson, 1991Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Co-inoculation with L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 and L. hilgardii CNCM-I-4785 was reported to increase the stability of different silages.

“co‐inoculation with L. buchneri NCIMB 40788 and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii CNCM‐I‐4785 (Lactobacillus hilgardii) was reported to increase the stability of different silages (Ferrero et al., 2019; Silva et al., 2020).”

• cites Ferrero et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Silva et al., 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To reduce contamination, LB + LH was inoculated and bagged after the control by turning the applicator on and off in turn to manage the spacers.

“To reduce contamination, LB + LH was inoculated and bagged after the control by turning the applicator on and off in turn to manage the spacers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Microbial dynamics during fermentation was recently characterized in corn silage inoculated with these two microorganisms.

“microbial dynamics during fermentation was recently characterized in corn silage inoculated with these two microorganisms (Drouin et al., 2019)”

• cites Drouin et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Aerobic deterioration can reduce the nutritional quality of the silage due to the catabolism of silage fermentation products, leading to lower feed intake, contamination by mycotoxins, and increased health-related issues for the animals.

“aerobic deterioration can reduce the nutritional quality of the silage due to the catabolism of silage fermentation products, leading to lower feed intake, contamination by mycotoxins, and increased health‐related issues for the animals (Gallo et al., 2015; Pitt & Muck, 1993).”

• cites Gallo et al., 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Pitt & Muck, 1993Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Inoculation of the forage by lactic acid bacteria improves both the fermentation process and aerobic stability.

“Inoculation of the forage by lactic acid bacteria improves both the fermentation process and aerobic stability (Muck et al., 2018).”

• cites Muck et al., 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Synthesis of mycotoxins may occur simultaneously, as recently reported for aflatoxins.

“Synthesis of mycotoxins may occur simultaneously, as recently reported for aflatoxins (Cavallarin et al., 2011; Ferrero, Prencipe, et al., 2019).”

• cites Cavallarin et al., 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ferrero, Prencipe, et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Spoiling will start with the degradation of organic acids by yeasts and occasionally by acetic acid bacteria.

“Spoiling will start with the degradation of organic acids by yeasts (Pahlow et al., 2003) and occasionally in the case of whole‐crop silages, by acetic acid bacteria (AAB) (Dolci et al., 2011).”

• cites Pahlow et al., 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Dolci et al., 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The experimental units were randomly distributed as one per period of AS.

“The experimental units were randomly distributed as one per period of AS”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The corn was harvested in the field following a randomized five-block design to minimize field-based variations.

“The corn was harvested in the field following a randomized five‐block design to minimize field‐based variations.”

May combine two claims.

Since both acetate and propionate are strong yeast inhibitors, these modifications positively improve the aerobic stability of silage.

“Since both acetate and propionate are strong yeast inhibitors (Guaragnella et al., 2010; Lourenco et al., 2011), these modifications positively improve the aerobic stability of silage.”

• cites Guaragnella et al., 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Lourenco et al., 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Acetobacter can also oxidize lactate and acetate into carbon dioxide and water.

“It can also oxidize lactate and acetate into carbon dioxide and water (Pahlow et al., 2003).”

• cites Pahlow et al., 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The heterogeneity of the fungal population in the LB + LH samples may be due to the number of fungal counts below the threshold of detection (<log10 of 2.0) for the molds.

“The heterogeneity of the fungal population in the LB + LH samples may be due to the number of fungal counts below the threshold of detection (<log10 of 2.0) for the molds.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Bionectriaceae has rarely been reported in corn silage but has been observed in sorghum before ensiling.

“Bionectriaceae has rarely been reported in corn silage but has been observed in sorghum before ensiling (Gonda et al., 2019).”

• cites Gonda et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A recent study using the same two lactic acid bacteria as inoculants showed that the microbiota of inoculated corn silage had a higher abundance of Lactobacillus and a distinctive yeast population with lower fungal alpha-diversity.

“A recent study (with a 64‐day incubation period) using the same two lactic acid bacteria as inoculants showed that the microbiota of the inoculated corn silage was characterized by a higher abundance of Lactobacillus than the non‐inoculated corn silage and hosted a distinctive yeast population with a lower alpha‐diversity of the fungal related OTUs (Drouin et al., 2019).”

• cites Drouin et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The pH below 4 and dominance of Lactobacillus-related OTUs upon opening reflect that the conservation process was appropriate in both silages.

“Upon opening after 159 days of ensiling, the pH of the two types of silage was still below 4 and Lactobacillus related OTUs dominated, in agreement with results in the literature (Gharechahi et al., 2017; Guan et al., 2018), and reflecting the conservation process was appropriate in both cases.”

May combine two claims.

The heterofermentative LAB L. buchneri in corn silage improved aerobic stability, probably through synthesis of 1,2-propanediol and subsequent conversion to propionic acid.

“To give an example, the heterofermentative LAB L. buchneri in corn silage improved AS (Dolci et al., 2011; Renaud & Sumarah, 2016), probably through a synthesis of 1,2‐propanediol and subsequent conversion to propionic acid (Oude Elferink et al., 2001).”

• cites Dolci et al., 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Renaud & Sumarah, 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Oude Elferink et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The phenotypic classification of yeast species is often difficult due to switching between the teleomorph and anamorphic states.

“It should be noted that the phenotypic classification of yeast species is often difficult due to switching between the teleomorph and anamorphic states (Kurtzman & Robnett, 2003).”

• cites Kurtzman & Robnett, 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hu et al. (2018) showed that the abundance of Sporolactobacillus increased sharply after 72 h of exposure to air in whole-plant corn silage, but fungal diversity was not tested in their study.

“When testing whole‐plant corn silage, Hu et al. (2018) showed that the abundance of Sporolactobacillus increased sharply after 72 h of exposure to air, but fungal diversity was not tested in their study.”

• cites Hu et al. (2018)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Clonostachys-related OTU is an epiphytic mycoparasitic fungus that can be used for biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum and has the enzymatic potential to degrade zearalenone.

“Interestingly, in this family, the Clonostachys related‐OTU is an epiphytic mycoparasitic fungus that can be used for biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum (Gimeno et al., 2019), and also has the enzymatic potential to degrade zearalenone (Ogunade et al., 2018).”

• cites Gimeno et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ogunade et al., 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Overall, data upon opening indicated that both silages were well stored and presented a typical core microbiome.

“Overall, data upon opening indicated that both silages were well stored and presented a typical core microbiome.”

May combine two claims.

All the microorganisms detected-bacterial and fungal-can use lactic acid, as supported by the decrease in lactic acid concentrations along with an increase in pH.

“In all cases, all the microorganisms we detected—bacterial and fungal—can use lactic acid, as supported by the decrease in lactic acid concentrations along with an increase in pH.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Merry and Davies described the first peak corresponding to an increase in yeast and AAB, and the second peak corresponding to the growth of molds.

“These authors described the first peak corresponding to an increase in yeast and AAB, and the second peak corresponding to the growth of molds.”

• cites Merry and Davies (1999)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The presence of Leuconostocaceae at this late stage of ensiling is rare in corn silage, considering that the pH was below 4.0, to which species in this family are sensitive.

“The presence of Leuconostocaceae at this late stage of ensiling is rare in corn silage, considering that upon the opening of the bag silos, pH was below 4.0, a pH to which species belonging to this family are sensitive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This level of abundance of Weissella sp. has sometimes been reported but in non-inoculated silage.

“This level of abundance of Weissella sp. has sometimes been reported but in non‐inoculated silage (Keshri et al., 2018).”

• cites Keshri et al., 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Considering the lower average temperatures during incubation of the bag silos, microbial succession would be expected to be slower than in mini-silos stored at room temperature.

“Considering the lower average temperatures encountered during the incubation of the bag silos, we would expect microbial succession to be slower than in mini‐silos stored at room temperature (Zhou et al., 2019).”

• cites Zhou et al., 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Differences in microbiota can be summarized as a higher diversity of OTUs for both the bacterial and fungal microbiota, a more dynamic population of LAB, and a non-lactate consuming yeast population.

“In addition to these observations on the fermentation parameters, differences in microbiota can be summarized as a higher diversity of OTUs for both the bacterial and fungal microbiota, a more dynamic population of LAB, and a non‐lactate consuming yeast population (Figures 2, 3, 4, 5).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Strategies to limit mycotoxin production in silage include the use of microbial inoculants to insure good ensiling conditions and to improve aerobic stability.

“These strategies included the use of microbial inoculants to insure good ensiling conditions and to improve aerobic stability.”

• cites Ogunade et al., 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Different strategies to limit the production of mycotoxins in silage during the field, pre-harvest, harvest, and ensiling phases exist and were recently reviewed.

“Different strategies to limit the production of mycotoxins in silage during the field, pre‐harvest, harvest, and ensiling phases exist and were recently reviewed (Ogunade et al., 2018).”

• cites Ogunade et al., 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dunière et al. (2017) observed that Bacillales and Lactobacillales were part of the core microbiome after 14 days of exposure to air in small grain silage.

“In an assay performed on small grain silage, Dunière et al. (2017) observed that Bacillales and Lactobacillales were part of the core microbiome after 14 days of exposure to air.”

• cites Dunière et al. (2017)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

High abundances of Acetobacter and Lactobacillus have been reported in whole-plant maize silage exposed to oxygen for seven days.

“Similarly, high abundances of Acetobacter and Lactobacillus have been reported in whole‐plant maize silage exposed to oxygen for seven days (Li & Nishino, 2013).”

• cites Li & Nishino, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Dunière et al., Saccharomycetales constituted 70% of the fungal population, and most OTUs were assigned to Kazachstania and Pichia.

“Also, Saccharomycetales constituted 70% of the fungal population, and most OTUs were assigned to Kazhachstania and Pichia.”

• cites Dunière et al. (2017)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Li & Nishino noticed that the presence of Acetobacter was specific to corn silage and that the decrease in Acetobacter was concomitant with an increase in the abundance of Pediococcus.

“The same authors noticed that the presence of Acetobacter was specific to corn silage and that the decrease in Acetobacter was concomitant with an increase in the abundance of Pediococcus.”

• cites Li & Nishino, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The specific genera of yeast could be involved, but changes in the bacterial population could also act as a precursor of shifts in the yeast population and numbers.

“The specific genera of yeast could be involved, but changes in the bacterial population could also act as a precursor of shifts in the yeast population and numbers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dolci et al. (2011) demonstrated that Acetobacter was present after five days of exposure in corn silage under polyethylene treatment, and Kazachstania (day 7) was observed before Pichia (day 9).

“Indeed, Dolci et al. (2011) demonstrated that Acetobacter was present after five days of exposure in corn silage under polyethylene treatment, and Kazachstania (day 7) was observed before Pichia (day 9).”

• cites Dolci et al. (2011)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

It appears that the use of microbial inoculants can reduce concentrations of mycotoxins or prevent the growth of toxigenic fungi.

“Even if the conclusions differ from one study to another one, it appears that the use of microbial inoculants can reduce concentrations of mycotoxins or prevent the growth of toxigenic fungi (Kung et al., 2003).”

• cites Kung et al., 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Roquefortine C is produced by Penicillium and is considered a mostly "post-harvest" mycotoxin.

“roquefortine C is produced by Penicillium and is considered a mostly “post‐harvest” mycotoxin (Sumarah et al., 2005).”

• cites Sumarah et al., 2005Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The presence of oxygen could have provided an ideal environment for the degradation of the toxins since several of the enzymes involved require oxidative conditions.

“The presence of oxygen could have provided an ideal environment for the degradation of the toxins since several of the enzymes involved require oxidative conditions (Burgess et al., 2016).”

• cites Burgess et al., 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.