Dynamic succession of microbiota during ensiling of whole plant corn following inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus hilgardii alone or in combination.

May combine two claims.

The PCA x-axis accounted for 67.6% of the observed differences and showed the shift in population between the three main periods, days 1 and 2, days 4 to 16, and days 32 to 64.

“The x-axis accounted for 67.6% of the observed differences and showed the shift in population between the three main periods, days 1 and 2, days 4 to 16, and days 32 to 64.”

May combine two claims.

Lactococcus represented a higher proportion in LB samples on day 4 (14.4 ± 1.3%, p < 0.001) and still a substantial proportion at day 8 (6.1 ± 1.9%, p = 0.009).

“Lactococcus represented a higher proportion of the population in LB samples on day 4 (14.4 ± 1.3%, p < 0.001), and still represented a substantial proportion of the diversity in LB samples at day 8 (6.1 ± 1.9%, p = 0.009).”

The quote only partly states this claim.

In Control silages, Lactobacillales related OTUs represented only 74.8 ± 2.4% by day 64 (p < 0.001 between treatments).

“The increase was not observed in the Control silages, in which Lactobacillales related OTUs represented only 74.8 ± 2.4% (p < 0.001 between treatments).”

May combine two claims.

Co-inoculation led to a specific yeast OTUs diversity profile, with Hannaella as the main OTU.

“which also led to a specific yeast OTUs diversity profile, with Hannaella as the main OTU.”

May combine two claims.

During fermentation, bacterial succession could be grouped into three phases: first few days with Leuconostocaceae dominant; day 4 to 16 with Lactobacillaceae; from day 32 with heterofermentative Lactobacillus OTUs.

“During the fermentation period, bacterial succession could be grouped in three phases (Figure 1). The first phase covered the first few days of fermentation with Leuconostocaceae as the dominant OTU. The second phase, from day 4 to 16, was defined by OTUs related to Lactobacillaceae. The third phase, from day 32, was characterized by the succession of heterofermentative Lactobacillus OTUs.”

May combine two claims.

Within Firmicutes, the families Leuconostocaceae and Streptococcaceae accounted for respectively 44-52% and 7-11% of the total population of the different silages.

“Within Firmicutes, the families Leuconostocaceae and Streptococcaceae accounted for respectively 44–52% and 7–11% of the total population of the different silages.”

May combine two claims.

At days 4, 8, and 16, Lactobacillus still represented a small fraction of the community, but unassigned OTUs affiliated to Lactobacillales or Lactobacillaceae were more abundant.

“Lactobacillus still represented a small fraction of the community, but unassigned OTUs affiliated to Lactobacillales or Lactobacillaceae were more abundant.”

May combine two claims.

In Control samples, Lactococcus slowly disappeared during days 4-16, and by day 8 represented only a minor fraction of the community.

“In the Control samples, Lactococcus slowly disappeared during this period, and by day 8, they represented only a minor fraction of the community.”

May combine two claims.

In that period, Firmicutes became dominant with 56-66% of the sequences, followed by Proteobacteria (31-44%, with Enterobacteriaceae 30-41%).

“In that period, Firmicutes became dominant with 56–66% of the sequences, followed by Proteobacteria (31–44%, with Enterobacteriaceae with 30–41% of the sequences).”

May combine two claims.

Leuconostoc was still present in the Control at the last opening, with 8.6 ± 1.2% relative abundance, along with unassigned Leuconostocaceae (12.9 ± 1.6% versus a mean of 1.0% in the treated samples, p < 0.001).

“Leuconostoc was still present in the Control at the last opening, with 8.6 ± 1.2% of the relative abundance, along with unassigned Leuconostocaceae (12.9 ± 1.6% versus a mean of 1.0% in the treated samples, p < 0.001).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Additional microbial community profiles from fresh corn samples taken one month prior to ensiling were consistent with the results for fresh forage.

“Additional microbial community profiles from fresh corn samples taken one month prior to ensiling were consistent with our results for fresh forage (see Figure S1).”

May combine two claims.

At day 16, the proportion of Citrobacter was 9.9% to 14.8% (p = 0.077 between treatments), often higher than earlier in the ensiling process.

“the proportion of Citrobacter was often higher (day 16: 9.9% to 14.8%, p = 0.077 between treatments) than earlier in the ensiling process.”

May combine two claims.

PERMANOVA analysis showed that treatments, opening periods, and the interaction treatments:openings were significant at p < 0.001 for the 16S amplicons.

“Results from a PERMANOVA analysis show that the treatments, opening periods, and the interaction treatments:openings were significant, at p < 0.001, for the 16S amplicons.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Streptococcaceae OTUs were related to the genus Lactococcus.

“Streptococcaceae OTUs were related to the genus Lactococcus.”

May combine two claims.

Bacterial richness dropped after ensiling, then increased during the transition from Leuconostocaceae to Lactobacillaceae, and then dropped again toward the transition to heterofermentative LAB strains.

“we observed that bacterial richness dropped after ensiling, then increased during the transition from Leuconostocaceae to the Lactobacillaceae, and then dropped again toward the transition to the heterofermentative LAB strains (Figure S3).”

May combine two claims.

After two days, Lactobacillus abundance was 5.2 ± 1.1% in LH and 7.5 ± 1.3% in LB-LH (p < 0.001 between the four treatments).

“with abundance of 5.2 ± 1.1% and 7.5 ± 1.3%, respectively (p < 0.001 between the four treatments).”

May combine two claims.

At day 16, OTUs linked to the genus Brenneria were found in all inoculated silage samples, with LB and LB-LH having the highest proportion (7.3 ± 1.2% to 9.0 ± 1.2%), and LH and Control the lowest (~5%) (p = 0.012).

“at day 16, OTUs linked to the genus Brenneria (Enterobacteriaceae) were found in all inoculated silage samples, with LB and LB–LH having the highest proportion (7.3 ± 1.2% to 9.0 ± 1.2%, respectively), and LH and the Control having the lowest (~5%) (p = 0.012).”

May combine two claims.

Epicoccum completely disappeared in the first day of ensiling, while Neosetophoma and Peyronellaea became the dominant genera after 1 and 2 days, respectively.

“The genus Epicoccum completely disappeared in the first day of ensiling, while Neosetophoma (1 day: ranging from 15.9 to 23.7%; 2 days: ranging from 15.1 to 17.8%) and Peyronellaea (1 day: 3.4 to 10.5%; 2 days: 12.7 to 22.1%) became the dominant genera after 1 and 2 days, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

PERMANOVA showed that treatments, opening periods, and the interaction treatments:openings were significant (p < 0.001) for the ITS amplicons.

“Results from a PERMANOVA analysis show that the treatments, opening periods, and the interaction treatments:openings were significant (p < 0.001) for the ITS amplicons.”

May combine two claims.

The LH-LD-LF related OTU was also observed in LB-LH or LH at day 32, and at a lower intensity at day 64.

“The LH-LD-LF related OTU was also observed in LB–LH or LH at day 32, and at a lower intensity at day 64.”

May combine two claims.

Two main phases were observed in fungal succession, and an increase in the yeast population, with final high abundance of Candida, Dipodascus, or Hannaella, were the main changes.

“Two main phases were observed, and an increase in the yeast population, with the final high abundance of Candida, Dipodascus, or Hannaella, were the main changes in this succession.”

May combine two claims.

The OTU related to Lb. brevis was generally absent from the LB-LH and LH treatments, while the OTU related to Lb. helveticus was absent from LB but present in LH.

“The OTU related to Lb. brevis (293 bp, % identify 99.63) was generally absent from the LB–LH and LH treatments, while OTU related to Lb. helveticus was absent from LB but present in LH.”

May combine two claims.

Discriminant analysis showed that microbial succession followed similar trends in LB-LH and LH, but was more distinct between LB and Control.

“The results of the analysis showed that microbial succession followed similar trends in LB–LH and LH, but was more distinct between LB and Control.”

May combine two claims.

The Dipodascus-associated OTU was almost absent from LB-LH and Control at day 64 (0.10 ± 0.01% and 0.08 ± 0.01% relative abundance), while at day 2 it was present in all four treatments (10.0 ± 2.2% to 13.8 ± 2.8%).

“Interestingly, the OTU associated with Dipodascus was almost absent from LB–LH and Control samples at day 64 (0.10 ± 0.01% and 0.08 ± 0.01% of the relative abundance), while at day 2, it was present in all four treatments (10.0 ± 2.2% to 13.8 ± 2.8%).”

May combine two claims.

Several OTUs related to Lactobacillales were more abundant in the Control samples, as well as OTUs related to Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales.

“Several OTUs related to Lactobacillales were more abundant in the Control samples, as well as OTUs related to Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales.”

May combine two claims.

Kazachstania was the dominant yeast genus after four and eight days of fermentation, but subsequently decreased in abundance in all but the Control samples.

“Kazachstania was the dominant yeast genus after four (7.0 to 16.6%) and eight (9.4 to 20.7%) days of fermentation, but subsequently decreased in abundance in all but the Control samples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It was not possible to link the absence of Dipodascus to the enrichment of another fungal OTU.

“It was not possible to link the absence of Dipodascus to the enrichment of another fungal OTU.”

May combine two claims.

Three OTUs related to LH-LD-LF were observed in the Control vs LB comparison, one of which may be related to Lb. diolivorans.

“Three OTUs related to LH-LD-LF were also observed, one of which may be related to Lb. diolivorans.”

May combine two claims.

The second fungal succession phase extended from day 4 to day 32 and corresponded to an increase in yeast-related OTUs.

“The second fungal succession phase extended from day 4 to day 32 and corresponded to an increase in yeast related OTUs.”

May combine two claims.

The PCoA x-axis explained 40.4% of the difference and separated samples by fermentation time into three groups: fresh, day 1-2, and days 4-64.

“The x-axis explained 40.4% of the difference and allowed for a separation of the samples in relation with fermentation time into three groups, the first containing fresh samples, the second containing day 1 and day 2 groups, and the third containing all later ensiling time points (days 4 to 64).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Taxonomic identification of one key OTU pointed to several species.

“Taxonomic identification of one key OTU pointed to several species.”

May combine two claims.

Although Control silages reached a pH comparable to treated samples, they had a lower acetic acid concentration at 64 days.

“Although the Control silages reached a pH comparable to that of the treated samples, they had a lower concentration of acetic acid at 64 days of fermentation.”

May combine two claims.

The significant drop in lactic acid was not observed in LH samples, even though Lb. hilgardii is an obligate heterofermentative LAB.

“The significant drop in lactic acid was not observed in LH samples, even though Lb. hilgardii is an obligate heterofermentative LAB [60].”

• cites [60] Holzapfel, W.H., and Wood, B.J.B. (2014). The genus Lactobacillus. Lactic acid bacteria: Biodiversity and taxonomy, John Wiley & Sons. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

After 16 days, lactic acid remained at slightly more than 40 g/kg DM in Control samples but dropped in treated silages.

“Subsequently, while the concentration remained at slightly more than 40 g lactic acid·kg−1 DM in the Control samples, it dropped in the treated silages.”

May combine two claims.

Following linear modeling of pH interactions between time and treatments, p values were all over 0.5, so the four pH curves showed a similar profile.

“Following linear modeling of the pH interactions between time and treatments, the p values were all over 0.5, so the four pH curves showed a similar profile (Table 1).”

May combine two claims.

Acetic acid differences were already observed after day 2 and were significant at day 8 (p < 0.001, SEM = 0.77), with 10.9 ± 1.3 g/kg DM for Control and 13.3, 13.8, and 19.8 g/kg DM for LB-LH, LB, and LH, respectively.

“Differences were already observed after the second day of fermentation, and significant differences were observed at day 8 (p < 0.001, SEM = 0.77, with 10.9 ± 1.3 g·kg−1 DM for Control and 13.3, 13.8, and 19.8 g·kg−1 DM acetic for LB–LH, LB, and LH, respectively).”

May combine two claims.

After 64 days, observed fungal species in LB and LH were greater than in the Control (p = 0.022), with 70.0 ± 10.1, 94.3 ± 9.3, 92.3 ± 5.7, and 86.6 ± 6.7 observed species in Control, LB, LH, and LB-LH, respectively.

“After 64 days of fermentation, the observed fungal species in LB and LH were greater than in the Control (p = 0.022), with 70.0 ± 10.1, 94.3 ± 9.3, 92.3 ± 5.7, and 86.6 ± 6.7 observed species in the Control, LB, LH, and LB–LH treated silages).”

May combine two claims.

The LB-LH treatment produced an intermediate or delayed response.

“The LB–LH treatment produced an intermediate or delayed response.”

May combine two claims.

Lactate accumulation was strongly similar between LB-LH and LB in several of the seven openings, mainly differing at day 64 (p < 0.001 between treatments).

“This slight difference characterized the strong similarity in lactate accumulation between LB–LH and LB in several of the seven openings, which mainly differed at day 64 (Figure 6, p < 0.001 between treatments).”

May combine two claims.

Acetic acid concentration differed between the three treatments and Control (p < 0.001) during incubation, but was within expected values for corn silage.

“The concentration of acetic acid differed between the three treatments and the Control samples (p < 0.001) (Table 1, Figure 6C) during the incubation period, but was within the expected values for corn silage [62].”

• cites [62] Kung, 2018, Silage Review: Interpretation of Chemical, Microbial, and Organoleptic Components of Silages, J. Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In Control, rapid lactic acid accumulation increased the LA/(AA + EtOH) ratio up to 2.67 after 32 days, significantly different (p < 0.001) from inoculated samples (1.05 to 1.58), but in line with published results for homofermentative populations.

“In the Control samples, as mentioned earlier, rapid accumulation of lactic acid was observed, triggering an increase in the LA/(AA + EtOH) ratio, up to 2.67 after 32 days, which differed significantly (p < 0.001) from the ratios calculated for the inoculated samples, between 1.05 to 1.58, but were in line with published results [65] for homofermentative populations at that period [66] (Table 1).”

• cites [65] Filya, 2010, The effects of lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation, aerobic stability and nutritive value of maize silage, Grass Forage Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [66] Schmidt, 2010, The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri with or without a homolactic bacterium on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silages made at different locations, J. Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Tremellales were more abundant in LB-LH treated silage than in other silages, with Hannaella as the dominant genus in this family, at 41.1 ± 2.1% of total abundance (p = 0.002 versus other treatments).

“Tremellales were also more abundant in LB–LH treated silage than in the other silages (OTUs of Hannaella were the dominant genus in this family), with 41.1 ± 2.1% of the total abundance (p = 0.002 versus other treatments).”

May combine two claims.

As pH reached its lowest value, a mean of 3.77 ± 0.01 (p < 0.001 between treatments) after 8 days, earlier colonizing species were replaced by Lactobacillaceae.

“As the pH reached its lowest value, i.e., a mean of 3.77 ± 0.01 (p < 0.001 between treatments) after 8 days of fermentation, the earlier colonizing species were replaced by Lactobacillaceae.”

May combine two claims.

The initial pH drop reached a mean of 5.01 ± 0.05 (p = 0.008) after 1 day and 4.24 ± 0.01 (p = 0.070 between treatments) after 2 days.

“The initial drop in pH, down to a mean of 5.01 ± 0.05 (p = 0.008) and 4.24 ± 0.01 (p = 0.070 between treatments) after 1 and 2 days, respectively”

May combine two claims.

Kazachstania sequences were abundant after 4 and 8 days of fermentation, with the highest relative abundance of 20.7 ± 3.4% in the Control at day 8.

“Sequences affiliated with the yeast genus Kazachstania were abundant in the fungal community after 4 and 8 days of fermentation, with highest relative abundance of 20.7 ± 3.4% for the Control at day 8.”

May combine two claims.

Alpha diversity in Control increased from a low of 47.7 ± 3.5 observed species at day 16, while in inoculation treatments it decreased after that period.

“Our results confirm this hypothesis, since alpha diversity in the Control samples increased from a low of 47.7 ± 3.5 observed species at day 16, while, in the inoculation treatments, it decreased after that period.”

May combine two claims.

The Kazachstania population subsequently decreased in all treatments until by day 32 it represented 8.2 ± 2.4% in the Control and 3.2 ± 1.8% in LB-LH (p = 0.038).

“This population subsequently decreased in all treatments until, by day 32, it represented only a low ratio of the total population, 8.2 ± 2.4% in the Control and 3.2 ± 1.8% of the OTUs in LB–LH (p = 0.038).”

May combine two claims.

After 64 days, 1,2-propanediol continued to increase in LH and LB-LH treated silages, whereas it started to decrease in LB, leading to a significant difference between treatments (p < 0.001).

“After 64 days of fermentation, the concentration of 1,2-propanediol continued to increase in LH and LB–LH treated silages, whereas it started to decrease in LB, leading to a significant (p < 0.001) difference between treatments at this time.”

May combine two claims.

The LA/(AA + EtOH) ratio for LB-LH was similar to LB at all time points, although lactic and acetic acid concentrations were always higher in LB-LH at the later opening.

“Interestingly, the LA/AA + EtOH ratio for LB–LH was similar to LB at all time points, although the concentrations of both lactic and acetic acid were always higher in LB–LH at the later opening.”

May combine two claims.

Control was dominated by Saccharomycetales (68.4 ± 1.7%), LB-LH had the lowest abundance of that order (22.0 ± 5.1%), and LB and LH had 49.8 ± 1.5% and 47.4 ± 3.0%, respectively (p < 0.001 between treatments).

“While the Control was dominated by Saccharomycetales (68.4 ± 1.7% relative abundance), LB–LH treated silage had the lowest abundance of OTUs related to that order (22.0 ± 5.1%), and 49.8 ± 1.5% and 47.4 ± 3.0% of relative diversity were observed in LB and LH treated silage samples, respectively (p < 0.001 between treatments).”

May combine two claims.

After 64 days, acetic acid in LB was 40.4 ± 4.1 g/kg DM, similar to LB-LH and LH at 40.4 ± 4.6 and 36.0 ± 3.1 g/kg DM, respectively (p < 0.001, SEM = 2.28).

“After 64 days of incubation, the concentration of acetic acid in LB was 40.4 ± 4.1 g·kg−1 DM, similar to that in the LB–LH and LH treatments, with 40.4 ± 4.6 and 36.0 ± 3.1 g·kg−1 DM, respectively (p < 0.001, SEM = 2.28).”

May combine two claims.

Production of 1-propanol and propionate was mostly influenced by Lb. buchneri, while Lb. hilgardii treatments had only a minor influence on this metabolism.

“The production of 1-propanol (Figure 7C) and propionate (Figure 7D) were mostly influenced by the presence of Lb. buchneri, and treatments with Lb. hilgardii had only a minor influence on this metabolism.”

May combine two claims.

Control samples had a higher abundance of unidentified Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillales, which were not necessarily replaced by OTUs affiliated to Lactobacillus.

“According to the diversity data, Control samples had a higher abundance of unidentified Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillales (Figure 1), which were not necessarily replaced by OTUs affiliated to Lactobacillus.”

May combine two claims.

In separate LB and LH inoculated silages, Dipodascus occupied this niche, and Candida dominated Control samples.

“In the separate LB and LH inoculated silages, Diplodascus occupied this niche, and Candida dominated the Control samples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Acetic acid in Control after 64 days was 17.5 ± 1.6 g/kg DM, in the range of published reports.

“The concentration of acetic acid in the Control samples after 64 days of fermentation was 17.5 ± 1.6 g·kg−1 DM, i.e., in the range of published reports [5].”

• cites [5] Oliveira, 2017, Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows, J Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Amplicon metasequencing over fermentation revealed three distinct community profiles from 16S amplicons and two from ITS amplicons.

“Using amplicon metasequencing analysis of the microbial communities over the course of fermentation revealed three distinct community profiles from the 16S amplicons, and two from the ITS amplicons.”

May combine two claims.

LB treated silage harbored a higher diversity of LAB, mainly obligate heterofermentative species, including Lb. brevis- and Lb. ingluviei-related OTUs.

“As shown by the contrast analysis, LB treated silage harbored a higher diversity of LAB, mainly obligate heterofermentative species, including Lb. brevis- and Lb. ingluviei-related OTUs.”

May combine two claims.

The mixed-effect model indicated a significant difference in the lactic acid curve in LB compared to Control, while the difference between LB-LH and Control was not significant.

“The results of the mixed-effect model (time × treatment) indicated a significant difference in the lactic acid curve in LB compared to the Control, while the difference between LB–LH and the Control was not significant (Table 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

1,2-propanediol is synthesized by certain species, e.g., Lb. buchneri, and improves aerobic stability.

“Other molecules, including 1,2-propanediol are synthesized by certain species, the obligate heterofermentative Lactobacillus buchneri for example, and they improve aerobic stability [9].”

• cites [9] Muck, 2018, Silage Review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives, J. Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

One sample from the 16S dataset (LB-LH, day 16) and one sample from the ITS dataset (control day 64) failed to give enough reads and were excluded from analyses.

“One sample from the 16S dataset (LB–LH, day 16 experimental condition) and one sample from the ITS dataset (control day 64 experimental condition) failed to give enough reads for downstream analyses and were therefore excluded from our analyses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Brusetti et al. observed a population shift from Pediococcus and Weissella on the first days of fermentation to Enterobacter as the dominant species after 30 days in corn silage.

“After 1, 2, 6, 13, 20, and 30 days of fermentation, they observed a population shift from Pediococcus and Weissella on the first days of fermentation to Enterobacter as the dominant species after 30 days.”

• cites [8] Brusetti, 2006, Usefulness of length heterogeneity-PCR for monitoring lactic acid bacteria succession during maize ensiling, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In corn, LAB succession was mainly dominated by Lb. plantarum, followed with Ped. pentosaceus.

“In corn, LAB succession was mainly dominated by Lb. plantarum, followed with Ped. pentosaceus [6].”

• cites [6] Lin, 1992, Epiphytic lactic acid bacteria succession during the pre-ensiling and ensiling periods of alfalfa and corn, J. Appl. Bacteriol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Eikmeyer et al. observed that without LAB inoculation, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Weissella dominated grass silage; inoculation with Lb. buchneri increased the Lactobacillus genus after 58 days.

“Without LAB inoculation, three genera, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Weissella, dominated the silage. Inoculation with Lb. buchneri increased the size of the Lactobacillus genus in the treated samples after 58 days of storage.”

• cites [10] Eikmeyer, 2013, Metagenome analyses reveal the influence of the inoculant Lactobacillus buchneri CD034 on the microbial community involved in grass ensiling, J. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Inoculation of silage increases N and protein availability.

“N and protein availability [2]”

• cites [2] Basso, 2014, Effects of feeding corn silage inoculated with microbial additives on the ruminal fermentation, microbial protein yield, and growth performance of lambs, J Anim Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lin et al. characterized more than 3400 bacterial isolates in alfalfa and corn crops and corresponding silage; 306 were classified as homofermentative LAB.

“Lin et al. [6] characterized more than 3400 bacterial isolates in a study using alfalfa and corn crops and the corresponding silage. Of those colonies, 306 were classified as homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB).”

• cites [6] Lin, 1992, Epiphytic lactic acid bacteria succession during the pre-ensiling and ensiling periods of alfalfa and corn, J. Appl. Bacteriol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Differentially abundant OTUs were assessed with edgeR using its GLM approach, with logFC ≥ 1.5 and FDR < 0.05 considered differentially abundant.

“OTUs having a logFC (log fold-change) ratio equal or higher than 1.5 and FDR (false discovery rate) <0.05 were considered as differentially abundant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Inoculation of silage reduces methane emissions.

“reducing methane emissions [3]”

• cites [3] Ellis, 2016, Effects of lactic acid bacteria silage inoculation on methane emission and productivity of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle, J Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some Lb. hilgardii strains increase fermentation and aerobic stability of sugar cane and improve feed intake and milk yield of dairy cows.

“Some strains were not only effective in increasing the fermentation and aerobic stability of sugar cane, but also in improving the feed intake and milk yield of dairy cows [13,14].”

• cites [13] Santos, 2017, Effect of the inoculation of sugarcane silage with Lactobacillus hilgardii and Lactobacillus buchneri on feeding behavior and milk yield of dairy cows, J. Anim Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [14] Reis, 2018, Wild Lactobacillus hilgardii (CCMA 0170) strain modifies the fermentation profile and aerobic stability of corn silage, J. Appl. Anim. Res. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Inoculation with LAB suggests the establishment of inoculated strains in the silage, or the promotion of other Lactobacillus species due to inoculation.

“suggests the establishment of inoculated strains in the silage, or the promotion of other Lactobacillus species due to inoculation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lactic acid bacteria used as silage additives improve several fermentation parameters, including aerobic stability.

“Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used as silage additives have been shown to improve several fermentation parameters, including aerobic stability.”

• cites [5] Oliveira, 2017, Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows, J Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A recent meta-analysis confirmed benefits of homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative LAB inoculants and proposed limitations and benefits.

“A recent meta-analysis of the impacts of homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants [5] confirmed these results and proposed some limitations and benefits to be gained by inoculation.”

• cites [5] Oliveira, 2017, Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows, J Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Inoculation of silage increases adsorption of certain mycotoxins.

“and adsorption of certain mycotoxins [4]”

• cites [4] Ma, 2017, The capacity of silage inoculant bacteria to bind aflatoxin B1 in vitro and in artificially contaminated corn silage, J Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mini-silos were incubated using a completely randomized design (4 inoculation treatments × 8 opening periods).

“The mini-silos were incubated using a completely randomized design (4 inoculation treatments × 8 opening periods).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Inoculation of silage increases animal performance.

“including increasing animal performance [1]”

• cites [1] Weinberg, 1996, New trends and opportunities in the development and use of inoculants for silage, FEMS Microbiol Rev. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Strains belonging to Streptococcus, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc were identified in silage.

“Strains belonging to the genus Streptococcus, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc were also identified in silage [7].”

• cites [7] Buxton, D.R., Muck, R.E., and Harrison, J.H. (2003). Microbiology of ensiling. Silage science and technology, American Society of Agronomy. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

One of the OTUs reduced by LH treatment was affiliated as either LH-LD-LF and is hypothesized to be Lb. hilgardii with this treatment.

“One of these OTUs was affiliated as either LH-LD-LF and we hypothesize that it was Lb. hilgardii with this treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Stenotrophomonas are encountered in the plant rhizosphere and endosphere and are common soil microorganisms.

“Stenotrophomonas are encountered in the plant rhizosphere and endosphere and Stenotrophomonas is a common soil microorganism [44].”

• cites [44] Hauben, 1999, Genomic diversity of the genus Stenotrophomonas, Int J. Syst. Bacteriol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The absence of the Dipodascus OTU in LB-LH after 64 days is hard to explain because OTUs of this genus are present when LB or LH are used separately.

“The absence of Dipodascus OTU in the LB–LH treatment after 64 days of fermentation is hard to explain, since OTUs of this genus are present when LB or LH are used separately.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Santos et al. [48] reported that Candida, Saccharomyces, Pichia, and Kazachstania were the dominant yeast genera in corn and high moisture corn silages.

“Santos et al. [48] studied the diversity of yeast populations in corn and high moisture corn silages. They reported that isolates obtained on malt agar plates showed that Candida, Saccharomyces, Pichia, and Kazachstania were the dominant genera.”

• cites [48] Santos, 2017, Identification of the major yeasts isolated from high moisture corn and corn silages in the United States using genetic and biochemical methods, J. Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Direct inoculation of wilted rice straw with a Lb. helveticus strain had no effect on the ensiling process, and the strain only survived for five days post-inoculation.

“direct inoculation of wilted rice straw with a Lb. helveticus strain had no effect on the ensiling process, and the strain only survived for five days post-inoculation [42].”

• cites [42] Giraffa, 2010, Importance of lactobacilli in food and feed biotechnology, Res. Microbiol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Epicoccum is a ubiquitous saprophytic mould often associated with plant senescence and the early phases of composting.

“Epicoccum is a ubiquitous saprophytic mould often associated with plant senescence and the early phases of composting [45].”

• cites [45] Zhou, 1991, Colonization of bean flowers by Epicoccum purpurascens, Phytopathology. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mansfield and Kuldau [50] reported that Geotrichum candidum was the dominant yeast in corn silage from Pennsylvania over a two-year period.

“Mansfield and Kuldau [50] reported that Geotrichum candidum was the dominant yeast in corn silage from Pennsylvania over a two-year period.”

• cites [50] Mansfield, 2007, Microbiological and molecular determination of mycobiota in fresh and ensiled maize silage, Mycologia sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The observed variation between samples was related to inoculation treatment and time of incubation.

“The observed variation between samples was related to the inoculation treatment as well as the time of incubation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dipodascus and Geotrichum belong to the family Dipodascaceae, taxonomic revisions are underway, and Geotrichum may be the anamorphic state of Dipodascus and Galactomyces.

“Both genera belong to the family Dipodascaceae and taxonomic revisions are underway [51], as Geotrichum may be the anamorphic state of species of the genera Dipodascus and Galactomyces [52].”

• cites [51] Alper, 2011, Ribosomal DNA polymorphisms in the yeast Geotrichum candidum, Fungal Biology. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [52] Sulo, 2009, Geotrichum bryndzae sp. nov., a novel asexual arthroconidial yeast species related to the genus Galactomyces, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

B. pumilus is often observed during aerobic deterioration.

“B. pumilus is often observed during aerobic deterioration [40].”

• cites [40] Li, 2011, Bacterial and fungal communities of wilted Italian ryegrass silage with and without Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Lactobacillus buchneri, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Neosetophoma is an Ascomycete belonging to the Phoma group which may have saprophytic functions.

“Neosetophoma is an Ascomycete belonging to the Phoma group which may have saprophytic functions [46].”

• cites [46] Woudenberg, 2010, Systematic reappraisal of species in Phoma section Paraphoma, Pyrenochaeta and Pleurophoma, Mycologia sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most Sarocladium species are important plant pathogens.

“Most Sarocladium species are important plant pathogens [47].”

• cites [47] Giraldo, 2015, Phylogeny of Sarocladium (Hypocreales), Persoonia. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A similar study [49] identified Issatchenkia, Geotrichum, and Pichia as the dominant genera in corn silage.

“A similar study was performed on corn silage [49], which identified Issatchenkia, Geotrichum, and Pichia as the dominant genera.”

• cites [49] Middelhoven, 1988, Development of the yeast flora of whole-crop maize during ensiling and during subsequent aerobiosis, J. Sci. Food Agric. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Keshri et al. observed similar phases of colonization and bacterial richness evolution in corn silage.

“Keshri et al. [39] observed similar phases of colonization and of bacterial richness evolution.”

• cites [39] Keshri, 2018, Microbiome dynamics during ensiling of corn with and without Lactobacillus plantarum inoculant, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Santos et al. [13] observed significant discrepancies in populations between samples due to geographic or environmental differences.

“Santos et al. [13] observed significant discrepancies in populations between samples due to geographic or environmental differences.”

• cites [13] Santos, 2017, Effect of the inoculation of sugarcane silage with Lactobacillus hilgardii and Lactobacillus buchneri on feeding behavior and milk yield of dairy cows, J. Anim Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A study of LAB diversity in tomato pomace silage reported that 4% of the isolates belonged to Lb. helveticus.

“a study of lactic acid bacteria diversity in tomato pomace silage reported that 4% of the isolates belonged to Lb. helveticus [41]”

• cites [41] Wu, 2014, Naturally occuring lactic acid bacteria isolated from tomato pomace silage, Asian Australas. J. of Anim. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Inoculation favors a faster succession to a potentially more stable silage, with fewer active species.

“This observation means that inoculation favors a faster succession to a potentially more stable silage, with fewer active species.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Our results after 1 day of incubation are in line with the diversity reported at time 0 by Gharechahi et al. and to data after 1 and 2 days from Keshri et al.

“Our results after 1 day of incubation are in line with the diversity reported at time 0 by Gharechahi et al. [35] and to data after 1 and 2 days from Keshri et al. [39].”

• cites [35] Gharechahi, 2017, The dynamics of the bacterial communities developed in maize silage, Microb. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [39] Keshri, 2018, Microbiome dynamics during ensiling of corn with and without Lactobacillus plantarum inoculant, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Our results for fresh forage do not corroborate those of Gharechahi et al. in maize silage, but are more in line with the diversity observed in fresh small grains or oats, as well as with data published by McGarvey et al. on alfalfa.

“Our results for fresh forage do not corroborate those of Gharechahi et al. in maize silage [35], but are more in line with the diversity observed in fresh small grains [33] or oats [15], as well as with data published by McGarvey et al. [36] on alfalfa.”

• cites [35] Gharechahi, 2017, The dynamics of the bacterial communities developed in maize silage, Microb. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [33] Dunière, L., Xu, S., Long, J., Elekwachi, C., Wang, Y., Turkington, K., Forster, R., and McAllister, T.A. (2017). Bacterial and fungal core microbiomes associated with small grain silages during ensiling and aerobic spoilage. BMC Microbiology., 17. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [15] Romero, 2017, Laboratory silo type and inoculation effects on nutritional composition, fermentation, and bacterial and fungal communities of oat silage, J. Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In a recent metasequencing study, Lb. brevis was identified during the early ensiling phase (10-30 days) in the un-inoculated control and Lb. brevis or Lb. parafarraginis treated forage.

“In a recent metasequencing study in which corn stover was inoculated with different Lactobacillus strains, Lb. brevis was identified during the early ensiling phase, i.e., between 10 and 30 days of fermentation, in the un-inoculated control and Lb. brevis or Lb. parafarraginis treated as forage only [43].”

• cites [43] Xu, 2017, Effects of inoculants Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus parafarraginis on the fermentation characteristics and microbial communities of corn stover silage, Sci. Rep. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Keshri et al. compared a non-inoculated control to silage inoculated with a L. plantarum strain, but had the same interactions between Leuconostocaceae and Lactobacillaceae in relation with time of fermentation.

“They compared a non-inoculated control to silage, inoculated with a L. plantarum strain, but had the same interactions between Leuconostocaceae and Lactobacillaceae in relation with time of fermentation.”

• cites [39] Keshri, 2018, Microbiome dynamics during ensiling of corn with and without Lactobacillus plantarum inoculant, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Propionic acid synthesis follows a specific pathway putatively involving Lactobacillus diolivorans or Lactobacillus reuteri.

“The synthesis of propionic acid follows a specific pathway, putatively involving other members of the lactic acid bacterial population, i.e., Lactobacillus diolivorans [68] or Lactobacillus reuteri [69].”

• cites [68] Krooneman, 2002, Lactobacillus diolivorans sp. nov., a 1,2-propanediol-degrading bacterium isolated from aerobically stable maize silage, Int J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [69] Amin, 2013, 1,2 propanediol utilization by Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016, role in bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3 propanediol, 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and 3-hydroxypropionic acid, J. Gen. Engin. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A complex of 22 enzymes is linked to degradation of 1,2-propanediol to non-equimolar levels of 1-propanol or propionic acid, with propionaldehyde as an intermediate.

“A complex of 22 enzymes has been shown to be linked to the degradation of 1,2-propanediol to non-equimolar levels of 1-propanol (reduced) or propionic acid (oxidized), with propionaldehyde as an intermediate in the reaction [70,71].”

• cites [70] Sriramulu, 2008, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016 produces cobalamin-dependent diol dehydratase in metabososomes and metabolizes 1,2-propanediol by disproportionation, J. Bacteriol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [71] Cheng, 2011, Genetic analysis of the protein shell of the microcompartments involved in coenzyme B12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation by Salmonella, J. Bacteriol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A change in LAB populations was previously reported and explained by the lower resistance to acid of the primary colonizing species.

“A change in LAB populations was previously reported and explained by the lower resistance to acid of the primary colonizing species [59].”

• cites [59] Serror, 2002, Stress responses in lactic acid bacteria, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The pH would be too low to cause high bacterial and fungal mortality, but as acetic acid concentration progressively increased in Control, it could induce later changes in the microbial population.

“This pH would be too low to cause high bacterial and fungal mortality, but as its concentration progressively increased during the course of fermentation in the Control, acetic acid could induce later changes in the microbial population.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Lb. buchneri 40788 improves aerobic stability by reducing yeast counts.

“several authors demonstrated that Lb. buchneri 40788 improves aerobic stability by reducing yeast counts [58].”

• cites [58] Kung, 2003, The effect of treating alfalfa with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for lactating dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Microbiome analysis of sweet sorghum revealed Hannaella early in fermentation and linked it to high total sugar content.

“Microbiome analysis of sweet sorghum revealed Hannaella early in the fermentation process and was linked to high total sugar content [56].”

• cites [56] Gallagher, 2018, Dynamic bacterial and fungal microbiomes during sweet sorghum ensiling impact bioethanol production, Biores. Technol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hu et al. [63] observed higher acetate concentrations with co-inoculation of Lb. plantarum and Lb. buchneri than with Lb. buchneri alone, but the concentration depended on dry matter content and no statistical interactions were observed.

“In a study of co-inoculation with Lb. plantarum and Lb. buchneri, Hu et al. [63] observed higher concentrations of acetate using both strains compared to Lb. buchneri alone, but the concentration depended on the dry matter content, and overall, no statistical interactions were observed.”

• cites [63] Hu, 2009, The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 or Lactobacillus plantarum MTD-1 on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silages ensiled at two dry matter contents, J. Dairy Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

LB-LH had the lowest bacterial alpha diversity, which influenced both bacterial and fungal communities to improve forage preservation and potentially animal performance.

“LB–LH also had the lowest alpha diversity level of bacteria, which influenced both bacterial and fungal communities to improve forage preservation and potentially animal performance.”

May combine two claims.

The presence of the Dipodascus OTU was associated with the highest fungal diversity (LB and LH), while Candida OTUs were associated with lower fungal alpha diversity (Control).

“The presence of the Dipodascus OTU was associated with the highest fungal diversity (LB and LH), while Candida OTUs were associated with lower fungal alpha diversity (Control).”

May combine two claims.

Acetic acid could enter microbial cells, dissociate, decrease intracellular pH, cause energy expenditure to maintain physiological pH, and eventually kill cells unable to adapt.

“Acetic acid could then easily enter microbial cells, dissociate, and decrease the intracellular pH associated with notable energy expenditure to maintain physiological pH values, eventually killing cells unable to adapt.”

• cites [67] Russell, 1997, The effects of fermentation acids on bacterial growth, Adv. Microb. Physiol. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Because logCPM values for most OTUs analyzed were high, the differences reported between treatments are considered meaningful.

“As logCPM values for most OTUs analyzed here were high, we consider that the differences reported between treatments are meaningful.”

May combine two claims.

Although LH led to higher lactic acid accumulation, early changes in fermentation pattern confirm a slight difference in microbial community structure compared to LB and LB-LH.

“Although LH led to a higher accumulation of lactic acid, changes in the fermentation pattern that occurred early in the process confirm the slight difference in the microbial community structure compared to LB and the LB–LH.”