Urinary Excretion of Ecdysterone and Its Metabolites Following Spinach Consumption
Open accessAbstract
Scope: The phytosteroid ecdysterone is present in spinach. In this study, the urinary elimination of ecdysterone and its metabolites in humans is investigated following spinach consumption of two different culinary preparations. Methods and results: Eight participants (four males, four females) ingested 950 (27.1) g sautéed spinach (average [±standard deviation (SD)]) and 912 (70.6) g spinach smoothie as second intervention after washout. Post‐administration urines are analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). After intake of both preparations, ecdysterone and two metabolites, 14‐deoxy‐ecdysterone, and 14‐deoxy‐poststerone, are excreted in urine. The maximum concentration of ecdysterone is ranging from 0.09 to 0.41 µg mL−1 after sautéed spinach and 0.08–0.74 µg mL−1 after smoothie ingestion. The total excreted amount (mean% [±SD]) in the urine as a parent drug plus the metabolites is only 1.4 (1.0) for both sautéed spinach and smoothie. The apparent sex related differences in 14‐deoxy‐poststerone excretion will need further investigations. Conclusion: Only a small proportion of ecdysterone from spinach is excreted into urine. No significant differences are found in concentration and recovered amount (%) of ecdysterone, 14‐deoxy‐ecdysterone, and 14‐deoxy‐poststerone in urine between sautéed spinach and smoothie ingestion. A discrimination between ecdysterone from food or preparations will be challenging based on urinary concentrations only, at least for later post‐administration samples.
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Administration of 50 mg pure 20-hydroxyecdysone resulted in approximately 50% recovery in urine.
“administration of 50 mg of pure 20E resulted in approximately 50% recovery in urine”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
Section 3.2 mentions administration of 50 mg of pure ecdysterone, but gives a urinary concentration rather than a recovery percentage. Section 3.3 reports 21.1% (SD 13.3%) urinary recovery for pure ecdysterone plus its metabolites, not approximately 50%. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOnly 1-3% of 20-hydroxyecdysone and its metabolites are absorbed after consumption of large amounts of spinach and quinoa.
“only 1–3% of 20E and its metabolites are absorbed.”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
Section 3.3 (page not provided) reports that a mean of 1.4% of ingested ecdysterone was recovered in urine as ecdysterone and its metabolites after spinach consumption, and suggests absorption from spinach is poor. Urinary recovery is not a direct measurement of the percentage absorbed, and the study did not test quinoa. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAfter ingestion of regular meals containing spinach, ecdysterone concentrations up to 700 ng/mL were detected in urine.
“In two recent studies, it was demonstrated that after the ingestion of regular meals containing, for example, spinach, considerable concentrations (up to 700 ng/mL) of ECDY were detected in urine.12,13”
From Investigations into the human metabolism of ecdysterone. (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
Section 3.2 (p. 4) reports urinary ecdysterone concentrations up to 0.74 µg/mL (740 ng/mL) after a spinach smoothie, broadly supporting the stated concentration. But the Dosage Regimen describes portions averaging 912–950 g of spinach; the study does not establish that ordinary meals containing spinach produce those concentrations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUrinary concentrations of ECDY found after ingestion of spinach and other ECDY-containing foods reached a maximum of 0.7 μg/mL and reflected significant interindividual variation.
“For comparison, the urinary concentrations of ECDY found after the ingestion of spinach and other ECDY-containing foods also reached a maximum of 0.7 μg/mL and reflected significant interindividual variation in the reported urinary concentrations, too.12,13”
From Investigations into the human metabolism of ecdysterone. (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
Section 3.2 (p. 4) reports peak urinary ecdysterone concentrations of 0.09–0.41 µg/mL after sautéed spinach and 0.08–0.74 µg/mL after a spinach smoothie, consistent with an approximately 0.7 µg/mL maximum and variation among participants. The paper studies spinach preparations, not other ECDY-containing foods, so it does not support that part of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUrinary concentrations of ECDY after ingestion of spinach or tea demonstrate significant overlap with those after administration.
“Comparing this to the urinary concentrations found for ECDY after the ingestion of spinach or tea demonstrates a significant overlap.12,13”
From Investigations into the human metabolism of ecdysterone. (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
Section 3.2 reports urinary ECDY concentrations after spinach that overlap the reported range during multiple-dose ECDY supplement administration. The paper studies sautéed spinach and spinach smoothies, not tea; it also reports much higher peak concentrations after a single 50 mg dose of pure ECDY. Thus it supports overlap for spinach and multiple-dose administration, but not the full unqualified claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Studies on humans given supplements containing ecdysterone have, over time, demonstrated increases in physical strength and muscular mass.
“Studies on humans that have been given supplements containing ecdysterone have, over time, demonstrated increases in physical strength and muscular mass [34,163].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [163]
The ingestion of spinach resulted in the detection of ecdysterone and its metabolites in urine.
“The ingestion of spinach resulted in the detection of ecdysterone and its metabolites in urine.[52]”
From Quinoa as phytopharmaceutical? Urinary elimination of ecdysterone after consumption of quinoa alone and in combination with spinach (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
In our previous study, the intake of 18-19 mg of ecdysterone from spinach as sautéed or as smoothies resulted in the detection of ecdysterone in the urine with a maximum concentration range from 0.08 to 0.74 μg/mL.
“In our previous study, the intake of 18-19 mg of ecdysterone from spinach as sautéed or as smoothies resulted in the detection of ecdysterone in the urine with a maximum concentration range from 0.08 to 0.74 µg/mL.[52]”
From Quinoa as phytopharmaceutical? Urinary elimination of ecdysterone after consumption of quinoa alone and in combination with spinach (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
The total amount recovered in the urine of the parent drug and metabolites is only 1.4 (1.0)% for both sautéed spinach and smoothie.
“The total amount recovered in the urine of the parent drug and metabolites is only 1.4 (1.0)% for both sauteed spinach and smoothie.[52]”
From Quinoa as phytopharmaceutical? Urinary elimination of ecdysterone after consumption of quinoa alone and in combination with spinach (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
Studies on the bioavailability and excretion of ecdysterone from sautéed spinach and smoothie demonstrated that the maximum concentration of ecdysterone ranged from 0.09 to 0.41 μg/mL after consumption of sautéed spinach and 0.08-0.74 μg/mL after consumption of smoothie.
“Studies on the bioavailability and excretion of ecdysterone from sautéed spinach and smoothie demonstrated that the maximum concentration of ecdysterone ranged from 0.09 to 0.41 μg/mL after consumption of sautéed spinach and 0.08-0.74μg/mL after consumption of smoothie.”
From Quinoa as phytopharmaceutical? Urinary elimination of ecdysterone after consumption of quinoa alone and in combination with spinach (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
The same participants also excreted this metabolite in the spinach study.
“All three participants were females, and the same participants also excreted this metabolite in the spinach study.[52]”
From Quinoa as phytopharmaceutical? Urinary elimination of ecdysterone after consumption of quinoa alone and in combination with spinach (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
After sautéed spinach and smoothie intake, the mean total excreted amount in urine was 1.4 (1.0)%.
“As a comparison, the mean (SD) total excreted amount in urine (as unchanged and metabolites) after oral intake of pure ecdysterone was 21.1 (13.3)%, [17] and after sautéed spinach and smoothie intake was 1.4 (1.0)%.[52]”
From Quinoa as phytopharmaceutical? Urinary elimination of ecdysterone after consumption of quinoa alone and in combination with spinach (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
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Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition
Todorova, V., Ivanova, S., Chakarov, D., Kraev, K., & Ivanov, K. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091382 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…are advised to take up to 1000 mg of ecdysterone daily; however, even high daily consumption of spinach (1 kg) rarely surpasses 100 mg. Studies on humans that have been given supplements containing ecdysterone have, over time, demonstrated increases in physical strength and muscular mass [34,163].”
BackgroundInvestigations into the human metabolism of ecdysterone.
Piper, T., & Thevis, M. (2023) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.3582 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Self-citationDissemond, J., Havers, T., Held, S., Geisler, S., Kostov, T., Diel, P., Türschmann, S., Parr, M. K., & Isenmann, E. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2540408 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“%) was absorbed, rendering significant biological activity unlikely [39,41].”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Yuliandra, T., Touvleliou, K., de la Torre, X., Botrè, F., Loke, S., Isenmann, E., Valder, S., Diel, P., & Parr, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI Largo Giulio Onesti 1 Rome 00197 Italy
- Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana (IT)
- German Sport University Cologne (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Parr, Maria Kristina
- Venue
- Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-05-24
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- e2200518-e2200518
- ISSN
- 1613-4125 (ISSN-L)
- 1613-4133
- OpenAlex
- W4376105160
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 1.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Nutrition & Food Research (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver
- Funders
- World Anti-Doping Agency (20C07MP)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant Toxicity and Pharmacological Properties
- Keywords
- 20-hydroxyecdysone, spinach, urinary excretion, phytosteroids, cooking, sex differences, dietary biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, Liquid, Ecdysterone, Female, Humans, Male, Spinacia oleracea, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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