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Leptin Regulation of Neuroendocrine Systems
Open accessAbstract
The discovery of leptin has enhanced understanding of the interrelationship between adipose energy stores and neuronal circuits in the brain involved in energy balance and regulation of the neuroendocrine axis. Leptin levels are dependent on the status of fat stores as well as changes in energy balance as a result of fasting and overfeeding. Although leptin was initially thought to serve mainly as an anti-satiety hormone, recent studies have shown that it mediates the adaptation to fasting. Furthermore, leptin has been implicated in the regulation of the reproductive, thyroid, growth hormone, and adrenal axes, independent of its role in energy balance. Although it is widely known that leptin acts on hypothalamic neuronal targets to regulate energy balance and neuroendocrine function, the specific neuronal populations mediating leptin action on feeding behavior and autonomic and neuroendocrine function are not well understood. In this review, we have discussed how leptin engages arcuate hypothalamic neurons expressing putative orexigenic peptides, e.g., neuropeptide Y and agouti-regulated peptide, and anorexigenic peptides, e.g., pro-opiomelanocortin (precursor of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. We show that leptin's effects on energy balance and the neuroendocrine axis are mediated by projections to other hypothalamic nuclei, e.g., paraventricular, lateral, and perifornical areas, as well as other sites in the brainstem, spinal cord, and cortical and subcortical regions.
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“Sleep modulates the 24 h pattern of secretion of two key hormones involved in energy balance regulation, i.e., leptin and ghrelin [1, 193].”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Leptin inhibits hunger and food intake, increases EE, and promotes fat utilization [1, 193].”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, is a satiety factor secreted in proportion to the amount of body energy stores, and was one of the first factors linking metabolism with the reproductive axis.93”
From Pubertal development and regulation (2016) · cites this paper as [93]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ahima, R. S., Saper, C. B., Flier, J. S., & Elmquist, J. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-07
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 263-307
- ISSN
- 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2039347019
- Cited by
- 767
- References
- 310
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 16.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-48506, DK53301, R01DK048506)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 33987, R01NS033987)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- leptin, neuroendocrine regulation, energy balance, hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, proopiomelanocortin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, feeding behavior, fasting adaptation, reproductive axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, growth hormone axis, adrenal axis, hypothalamic projections
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Brain, Energy Metabolism, Homeostasis, Humans, Neurosecretory Systems, Leptin
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