The Need to Feed
Open accessAbstract
Feeding provides substrate for energy metabolism, which is vital to the survival of every living animal and therefore is subject to intense regulation by brain homeostatic and hedonic systems. Over the last decade, our understanding of the circuits and molecules involved in this process has changed dramatically, in large part due to the availability of animal models with genetic lesions. In this review, we examine the role played in homeostatic regulation of feeding by systemic mediators such as leptin and ghrelin, which act on brain systems utilizing neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, melanocortins, orexins, and melanin concentrating hormone, among other mediators. We also examine the mechanisms for taste and reward systems that provide food with its intrinsically reinforcing properties and explore the links between the homeostatic and hedonic systems that ensure intake of adequate nutrition.
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Overall food intake is controlled by complex psychobiological processes that are homeostatic, hedonic, and circadian.
“The driving forces that control overall food intake, and hence overconsumption, are complex and involve psychobiological processes that maintain body energy stores and nutrition (homeostatic), that motivate eating high energy dense foods (hedonic), and that ensure appropriate timing of ingestion (circadian system) [2].”
From Homeostatic and Circadian Control of Food Intake: Clinical Strategies to Prevent Overconsumption (2013) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Saper, C. B., Chou, T. C., & Elmquist, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Saper, Clifford B.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 199-211
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2009189044
- Cited by
- 1,120
- References
- 201
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 5.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- food intake regulation, hedonic feeding, leptin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, melanocortin system, orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, taste, food reward, energy metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Feeding Behavior, Homeostasis, Humans, Philosophy, Reward
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