Autistic disorder and viral infections
Abstract
Autistic disorder (autism) is a behaviorally defined developmental disorder with a wide range of behaviors. Although the etiology of autism is unknown, data suggest that autism results from multiple etiologies with both genetic and environmental contributions, which may explain the spectrum of behaviors seen in this disorder. One proposed etiology for autism is viral infection very early in development. The mechanism, by which viral infection may lead to autism, be it through direct infection of the central nervous system (CNS), through infection elsewhere in the body acting as a trigger for disease in the CNS, through alteration of the immune response of the mother or offspring, or through a combination of these, is not yet known. Animal models in which early viral infection results in behavioral changes later in life include the influenza virus model in pregnant mice and the Borna disease virus model in newborn Lewis rats. Many studies over the years have presented evidence both for and against the association of autism with various viral infections. The best association to date has been made between congenital rubella and autism; however, members of the herpes virus family may also have a role in autism. Recently, controversy has arisen as to the involvement of measles virus and/or the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine in the development of autism. Biological assays lend support to the association between measles virus or MMR and autism whereas epidemiologic studies show no association between MMR and autism. Further research is needed to clarify both the mechanisms whereby viral infection early in development may lead to autism and the possible involvement of the MMR vaccine in the development of autism.
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Congenital measles, mumps, cytomegalovirus, polyomaviruses, and influenza have been implicated in ASD incidence.
“Varying reports have also implicated measles and mumps (Deykin and MacMahon, 1979), cytomegalovirus (Libbey et al, 2005), polyomaviruses (Lintas et al, 2010), and influenza”
From The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Libbey et al, 2005
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Animal Models of Autism: An Epigenetic and Environmental Viewpoint
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- Authors
- Libbey, J., Sweeten, T., McMahon, W., & Fujinami, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fujinami, Robert
- Venue
- Journal of NeuroVirology
- Published
- 2005-02-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 1355-0284 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2119855769
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of NeuroVirology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U19 HD/DC25476)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autistic disorder, viral infection, autism etiology, congenital rubella syndrome, measles virus, MMR vaccine, herpesvirus, influenza virus, Borna disease virus, maternal immune response, animal models of autism, central nervous system infection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autistic Disorder, Humans, Virus Diseases, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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