Anxiety and perceptual-motor performance: toward an integrated model of concepts, mechanisms, and processes

Nieuwenhuys, Arne; Oudejans, Raôul R. D.

doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0384-x

Cited by 265Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesSport Psychology and PerformanceNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Anxiety and perceptual-motor performance: toward an integrated model of concepts, mechanisms, and processes

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Nieuwenhuys, Arne, Oudejans, Raôul R. D.·2012·Psychological Research

DOI 10.1007/s00426-011-0384-xPMC PMC3470682

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Abstract

Under anxiety, people sometimes perform poorly. This concerns cognitive performance (e.g., taking an important exam) as well as perceptual-motor performance (e.g., picking up a cup from a table). There is still much debate about how anxiety affects perceptual-motor performance. In the current paper we review the experimental literature on anxiety and perceptual-motor performance, thereby focusing on how anxiety affects the perception, selection, and realization of action possibilities. Based on this review we discuss the merits of two opposing theoretical explanations and build on existing frameworks of anxiety and cognitive performance to develop an integrated model that explains the various ways in which anxiety may specifically affect perceptual-motor performance. This model distinguishes between positive and negative effects of anxiety and, moving beyond previous approaches, recognizes three operational levels (i.e., attentional, interpretational, and behavioral) at which anxiety may affect different aspects of goal-directed action. Finally, predictions are formulated and directions for future research suggested.

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Aiming at a far target under different viewing conditions: Visual control in basketball jump shooting
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“…as being higher than individuals who are not afraid of heights (e.g., Teachman et al., 2008), and police officers who are afraid to get shot are more prone to recognize a suspect’s weapon, even when there is none (e.g., Correll et al., 2002; Nieuwenhuys, Savelsbergh, et al., 2011; Payne, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Testing the Predictions of the Cusp Catastrophe Model of Anxiety and Performance
Hardy, L. (1996) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.10.2.140 · Cited by 127 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similarly, on a behavioral level, many studies have looked at the relationship between anxiety and perceptual-motor performance (e.g., taking a decisive penalty during a world-championship final; see Hardy, 1996; Spence & Spence, 1966; Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).”
Background
From processing efficiency to attentional control: a mechanistic account of the anxiety–performance relationship
Wilson, M. (2008) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/17509840802400787 · Cited by 126 · cited 11× · see citing works
“Based on this overview, we will now return to the two competing models of anxiety and perceptual-motor performance: distraction models (e.g., Wilson, 2008) and execution focus models (e.g., Beilock & Carr, 2001; Masters, 1992)—shortly reiterate their distinctive hypotheses, and discuss the extent…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Fearful faces selectively increase corticospinal motor tract excitability: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.
Schutter, D., Hofman, D., & van Honk, J. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00635.x · Cited by 120 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While there are many different kinds of emotions, the present paper focuses on state anxiety, which, according to Schwenkmezger and Steffgen (1989), ‘‘can be regarded as a broad concept for a number of very complex emotional and motivational states and processes that occur as a result of threat.”
Background
On the regulation of cognitive control: Action orientation moderates the impact of high demands in Stroop interference tasks.
Jostmann, N. B., & Koole, S. L. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.593 · Cited by 116 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, individuals who tend to be action oriented are more likely to reinforce goal-directed attention, whereas individuals that are state oriented are more likely to concentrate on their feelings of anxiety (e.g., Jostmann & Koole, 2007).”
Background
Learning to visually perceive the relative mass of colliding balls in globally and locally constrained task ecologies.
Jacobs, D. M., Runeson, S., & Michaels, C. F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.27.5.1019 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Role of Feedback Information for Calibration and Attunement in Perceiving Length by Dynamic Touch.
Withagen, R., & Michaels, C. F. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.6.1379 · Cited by 104 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, one has to attend to the proper information in order to successfully calibrate and adjust movements in relation to a target (e.g., in catching a fly-ball; Jacobs, Runeson, & Michaels, 2001; Oudejans, Michaels, Bakker, & Davids, 1999; Withagen & Michaels, 2005).”
Background
Experienced Golfers’ Perspectives on Choking Under Pressure
Gucciardi, D. F., Longbottom, J.-L., Jackson, B., & Dimmock, J. A. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.1.61 · Cited by 100 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Instead, ‘‘worries’’ represented over 25% of the data, suggesting that at least with respect to the attentional focus of athletes, circumstances of pressure and anxiety more often lead to distraction than explicit attention to movement execution (see Gucciardi et al., 2010, for similar results).”
Result
Assessing cognitive interference in sport: Development of the thought occurrence questionnaire for sport
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2000) · Anxiety, Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800008248334 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…that rather than explicitly focusing on movement execution, all kinds of distracting thoughts and worries occur naturally when people perform under pressure (e.g., Gucciardi, Longbottom, Jackson & Dimmock, 2010; Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000, 2001; Oudejans et al., 2011; Wilson & Smith, 2007).”
Background
When and how are spatial perceptions scaled?
Witt, J. K., Proffítt, D. R., & Epstein, W. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0019947 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Shedding some light on catching in the dark: Perceptual mechanisms for catching fly balls.
Oudejans, R. R. D., Michaels, C. F., Bakker, F. C., & Davids, K. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.2.531 · Cited by 72 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Sometimes, emotions can be so strong that they seem to alter the way in which we perceive and act upon the world around us (cf., Oudejans & Nieuwenhuys, 2009; Proffitt, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Beyond the playing field: sport psychology meets embodied cognition
Beilock, S. L. (2008) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/17509840701836875 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The role of feedback
Eckman, F. R. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203808184-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Learning to visually perceive the relative mass of colliding balls in globally and locally constrained task ecologies.
Jacobs, D. M., Runeson, S., & Michaels, C. F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.5.1019 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Anxiety-mediated gait adaptations reduce errors of obstacle negotiation among younger and older adults: Implications for fall risk
Brown, L. A., Doan, J. B., McKenzie, N. C., & Cooper, S. A. (2006) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.09.013 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Analysis of the Arousal/Motor Performance Relationship in Children Using Movement Kinematics
Beuter, A. C., & Duda, J. L. (1985) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.7.3.229 · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These changes in muscle activity promoted changes in movement execution, in the sense that movements became slower, less fluent, and were more rigid under anxiety, leading to consequent decreases in performance (see also Beuter & Duda, 1985; Yoshie, Kudo, Murakoshi, & Ohtsuki, 2009).”
Background
Bias in Predictive Inferences During Reading
Calvo, M. G., & Castillo, M. D. (2001) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1207/s15326950dp3201_03 · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, when individuals listen to a voice recording and are asked whether they heard the word ‘die’ or ‘dye’, anxious individuals more often report that they heard the word ‘die’ (e.g., Calvo & Castillo, 2001).”
Background
Normalities and abnormalities in human movement
Kirkcaldy, B. D. (1989) · KARGER eBooks · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Athletes' perceptions of how cognitive interference during competition influences concentration and effort
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Biddle, S. (2001) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800108248364 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…that rather than explicitly focusing on movement execution, all kinds of distracting thoughts and worries occur naturally when people perform under pressure (e.g., Gucciardi, Longbottom, Jackson & Dimmock, 2010; Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000, 2001; Oudejans et al., 2011; Wilson & Smith, 2007).”
Background
Perceiving and moving in sports and other high-pressure contexts
Oudejans, R. R. D., & Nieuwenhuys, A. (2009) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)01304-1 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Alternatively, Nieuwenhuys and Oudejans (2011) showed that merely getting used to the pressure and anxiety that accompanies performance, may exert a similar positive effect on visual attentional processes (see also Oudejans, 2008; Oudejans & Pijpers, 2009, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Ironic effects and final target fixation in a penalty shooting task
Binsch, O., Oudejans, R. R. D., Bakker, F. C., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2010) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2009.12.002 · Cited by 42 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In addition, in other contexts (e.g., taking a penalty kick in soccer) it has been shown that threat-related stimuli (e.g., the goalkeeper) can serve as attractors, and cause movements to deviate in their direction (e.g., Wilson, Wood et al., 2009; Binsch et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Meta experiences and coping effectiveness in sport
Nieuwenhuys, A., Vos, L., Pijpstra, S., & Bakker, F. C. (2010) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.07.008 · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Alternatively, Nieuwenhuys and Oudejans (2011) showed that merely getting used to the pressure and anxiety that accompanies performance, may exert a similar positive effect on visual attentional processes (see also Oudejans, 2008; Oudejans & Pijpers, 2009, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Performance-related experiences and coping during races: A case of an elite sailor
Nieuwenhuys, A., Hanin, Y. L., & Bakker, F. C. (2007) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.12.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
How farsighted are behavioral tendencies of approach and avoidance? The effect of stimulus valence on immediate vs. ultimate distance change
Reichardt, R., Houwer, J. D., & Deutsch, R. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.021 · Cited by 37 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Also, several studies have shown that people are more likely to make response errors when performing on emotion-incongruent trials (e.g., moving toward a positive stimulus when the instruction is to move away from this type of stimulus; Krieglmeyer et al., 2011; Stins et al., 2011).”
Background
Effects of anxiety on running with and without an aiming task
Nibbeling, N., Daanen, H. A. M., Gerritsma, R. M., Hofland, R. M., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.617386 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Performing Under Pressure:
Lochmann, H.-D., & Steger, U. (2002) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/s0263-2373(02)00053-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Anxiety and Motor Performance
Schwenkmezger, P., & Steffgen, G. (2015) · Medicine and sport science/Medicine and sport · doi:10.1159/000416530 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Concepts of ‘Adaptation’ and ‘Attunement’ in Skill Learning
Whiting, H. T. A. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8941-5_14 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A test of the predictions of processing efficiency theory during elite team competition using the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport.
Wilson, M., & Smith, N. C. (2007) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · Cited by 13 · see citing works

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The effectiveness of mindfulness meditation for nurses and nursing students: An integrated literature review
van der Riet, P., Levett-Jones, T. L., & Aquino-Russell, C. E. (2018) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2018.03.018 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
What are the primary concerns of nursing students as they prepare for and contemplate their first clinical placement experience?
Levett-Jones, T. L., Pitt, V., Courtney‐Pratt, H., Harbrow, G., & Rossiter, R. C. (2015) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2015.03.012 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review
Gröpel, P., & Mesagno, C. (2017) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2017.1408134 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between flow states and performance
Harris, D., Allen, K., Vine, S. J., & Wilson, M. (2021) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2021.1929402 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Anxiety and performance: perceptual-motor behavior in high-pressure contexts
Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.019 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citation
Choking under pressure: theoretical models and interventions
Mesagno, C., & Beckmann, J. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.015 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“models [29] have been discussed but are not specific to choking in sport, whereas other integrated models [30] have extended into sport research.”
Stress-Activity Mapping: Physiological Responses During General Duty Police Encounters
Baldwin, S., Bennell, C., Andersen, J. P., Semple, T., & Jenkins, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02216 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“When attending to a threat, less attention is available for cognitive processing and cognitive overload is more likely to occur, which can result in inattentional blindness (Eysenck et al., 2007; Chabris et al., 2011; Nieuwenhuys and Oudejans, 2011a).”
Background
The effects of anxiety and exercise-induced fatigue on shooting accuracy and cognitive performance in infantry soldiers
Nibbeling, N., Oudejans, R. R. D., Ubink, E. M., & Daanen, H. A. M. (2014) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.924572 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citation
Autonomy support enhances performance expectancies, positive affect, and motor learning
Lemos, A., Wulf, G., Lewthwaite, R., & Chiviacowsky, S. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.03.009 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Dealing With Unexpected Events on the Flight Deck: A Conceptual Model of Startle and Surprise
Landman, A., Groen, E. L., van Paassen, M. M., Bronkhorst, A. W., & Mulder, M. (2017) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720817723428 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Systematic vs. Narrative Reviews in Sport and Exercise Psychology: Is Either Approach Superior to the Other?
Furley, P., & Goldschmied, N. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685082 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Musicians’ perceptions and experiences of using simulation training to develop performance skills
Aufegger, L., Perkins, R., Wasley, D., & Williamon, A. (2016) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735616666940 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
An Integrative Framework of Stress, Attention, and Visuomotor Performance
Vine, S. J., Moore, L. J., & Wilson, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01671 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The fourth dimension: A motoric perspective on the anxiety–performance relationship
Carson, H. J., & Collins, D. J. (2015) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2015.1072231 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Evaluating stress as a challenge is associated with superior attentional control and motor skill performance: Testing the predictions of the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat.
Vine, S. J., Freeman, P. B., Moore, L. J., Chandra-Ramanan, R., & Wilson, M. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/a0034106 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Is ego depletion associated with increased distractibility? Results from a basketball free throw task
Englert, C., Bertrams, A., Furley, P., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2014) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.12.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mental Fatigue and Basketball Performance: A Systematic Review
Cao, S., Soh, K. G., Roslan, S. B., Sun, H., Soh, K. G., & Qian, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.819081 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Association Between Anxiety and Falls: A Meta-Analysis
Hallford, D. J., Nicholson, G. C., Sanders, K. M., & McCabe, M. P. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv160 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Quiet Eye and Choking
Vine, S. J., Lee, D. H., Moore, L. J., & Wilson, M. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31829406c7 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Enhancing Operational Police Training in High Stress Situations with Virtual Reality: Experiences, Tools and Guidelines
Zechner, O., Kleygrewe, L., Jaspaert, E., Schrom-Feiertag, H., Hutter, V., & Tscheligi, M. (2023) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti7020014 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Effects of Coping-Related Traits and Psychophysiological Stress Responses on Police Recruits’ Shooting Behavior in Reality-Based Scenarios
Voigt, L., Frenkel, M. O., Zinner, C., Rummel, J., Nieuwenhuys, A., Kasperk, C. H., Brune, M., Engel, F. A., & Plessner, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01523 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citation
Persistence of threat-induced errors in police officers' shooting decisions
Nieuwenhuys, A., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2015) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2014.12.006 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of Threat on Police Officers' Shooting Behavior: Anxiety, Action Specificity, and Affective Influences on Perception
Nieuwenhuys, A., Cañal‐Bruland, R., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2012) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2838 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gait, balance, mobility and muscle strength in people with anxiety compared to healthy individuals
Feldman, R., Schreiber, S., Pick, C. G., & Been, E. (2019) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2019.102513 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Reasonable Officer: Examining the Relationships Among Stress, Training, and Performance in a Highly Realistic Lethal Force Scenario
Baldwin, S., Bennell, C., Blaskovits, B., Brown, A. S., Jenkins, B., Lawrence, C., McGale, H., Semple, T., & Andersen, J. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.759132 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Integrating attentional control theory and the strength model of self-control
Englert, C., & Bertrams, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00824 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Eysenck et al. (2007) have argued that anxious individuals are generally able to counteract the automatic tendency to process information in a bottom-up manner by investing additional effort (see also Nieuwenhuys and Oudejans, 2012).”
Background
The effects of anxiety and situation-specific context on perceptual–motor skill: a multi-level investigation
Runswick, O. R., Roca, A., WILLIAMS, A. M., Bezodis, N. E., & North, J. S. (2017) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-017-0856-8 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Common and disorder-specific cortical thickness alterations in internalizing, externalizing and thought disorders during early adolescence: an Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study
Yu, G., Liu, Z., Wu, X., Becker, B., Zhang, K., Fan, H., Peng, S., Kuang, N., Kang, J., Dong, G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.220202 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Decision-related action orientation predicts police officers' shooting performance under pressure
Landman, A., Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2015) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1070834 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Impact of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms on Scholar Performance in High School and University Students
Bernal‐Morales, B., Rodríguez‐Landa, J. F., & Pulido-Criollo, F. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/60711 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Evaluating the effects of stress and fatigue on police officer response and recall: A challenge for research, training, practice and policy.
Hope, L. (2016) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.07.008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Consciousness and working memory: Current trends and research perspectives
Velichkovsky, B. B. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.07.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Police arrest and self-defence skills: performance under anxiety of officers with and without additional experience in martial arts
Renden, P. G., Landman, A., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2015) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1013578 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
The mere presence of a goalkeeper affects the accuracy of penalty kicks
Navarro, M., van der Kamp, J., Ranvaud, R., & Savelsbergh, G. J. P. (2013) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.762602 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Advancing police use of force research and practice: urgent issues and prospects
Bennell, C., Alpert, G. P., Andersen, J. P., Arpaia, J., Huhta, J., Kahn, K. B., Khanizadeh, A., McCarthy, M., McLean, K. D., Mitchell, R. J., et al. (2021) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12191 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Acrophobia impairs visual exploration and balance during standing and walking
Brandt, T., Kugler, G., Schniepp, R., Wuehr, M., & Huppert, D. (2015) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12692 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Effects of anxiety on the execution of police arrest and self-defense skills
Renden, P. G., Landman, A., Geerts, S. F., Jansen, S. E. M., Faber, G. S., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2013) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.810213 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation
The impact of personality traits and professional experience on police officers’ shooting performance under pressure
Landman, A., Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2015) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1107625 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effects of a brief mindfulness intervention on basketball free-throw shooting performance under pressure
Wolch, N. J., Arthur-Cameselle, J. N., Keeler, L. A., & Suprak, D. N. (2021) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2020.1720044 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Exploring the Delivery of Officer Safety Training: A Case Study
Cushion, C. J. (2018) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/pax095 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
From fear of falling to choking under pressure: A predictive processing perspective of disrupted motor control under anxiety
Harris, D., Wilkinson, S., & Ellmers, T. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105115 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Evidence for Enhanced Interoceptive Accuracy in Professional Musicians
Schirmer-Mokwa, K. L., Fard, P. R., Zamorano, A. M., Finkel, S., Birbaumer, N., & Kleber, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00349 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Choking under pressure: Illuminating the role of distraction and self-focus
Roberts, L. J., Jackson, M. S., & Grundy, I. H. (2017) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2017.1374432 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A systematic review of the anxiety-attention relationship in far-aiming skills
Payne, K., Wilson, M., & Vine, S. J. (2018) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2018.1499796 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Comparison of Emotional Freedom Technique and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Reduce Adolescent Anxiety: A Pilot Study
Gaesser, A. H., & Karan, O. C. (2016) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2015.0316 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Fear of heights and visual height intolerance
Brandt, T., & Huppert, D. (2013) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000057 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effects of reflex-based self-defence training on police performance in simulated high-pressure arrest situations
Renden, P. G., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2016) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2016.1205222 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
Does a brief mindfulness intervention counteract the detrimental effects of ego depletion in basketball free throw under pressure?
Shaabani, F., Naderi, A., Borella, E., & Calmeiro, L. (2020) · Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000201 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“When success or failure has important consequences for the athlete (e.g., psychological, social, and financial), critical periods within a competition may pose an increased emotional and cognitive burden, which may hamper performance (Nieuwenhuys & Oudejans, 2012).”
The influence of anxiety and attentional focus on visual search during adaptive gait.
Ellmers, T. J., & Young, W. R. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000615 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The impact of physiological load on anticipation skills in badminton: From testing to training
Alder, D. B., Broadbent, D. P., Stead, J., & Poolton, J. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1596051 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The relationship of anxious and depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease with voxel-based neuroanatomical and functional connectivity measures
Zhang, H., Qiu, Y., Luo, Y., Xu, P., Li, Z., Zhu, W., Wu, Q., Tao, W., Guan, Q., & Chen, F. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.364 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Adverse effects of anxiety on attentional control differ as a function of experience: A simulated driving study
Gotardi, G. C., Polastri, P. F., Schor, P., Oudejans, R. R. D., van der Kamp, J., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., Navarro, M., & Rodrigues, S. T. (2018) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2018.08.009 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Potential of Virtual Reality for Police Training Under Stress
Giessing, L. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6820-0.ch006 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Evaluation of Examination Stress and Its Effect on Cognitive Function among First Year Medical Students
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“…task-irrelevant information (e.g., worries and disturbing thoughts; Kenny, 2011; Oudejans et al., 2011), which is in line with recent theories on anxiety and performance (for cognitive performance, see Eysenck et al., 2007; for perceptual-motor performance, see Nieuwenhuys & Oudejans, 2012).”
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“Finally, some work has highlighted a degradation of perceptual-motor performance in anxiety-provoking situations [18].”
Background

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Anxiety and perceptual-motor performance: toward an integrated model of concepts, mechanisms, and processes
Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2016)
Self-citation
Anxiety and performance: perceptual-motor behavior in high-pressure contexts
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The influence of anxiety on action-specific perception
Cañal‐Bruland, R., Pijpers, J. R., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2009) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800903447588 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Perceptual _ motor performance as a function of anxiety_ task difficulty and feedback
Aljapurakar, V. B. (1982) · Shodhganga
The effects of anxiety and situation-specific context on perceptual-motor skill: A multi-level investigation
Runswick, O. R., Roca, A., Williams, A. M., & North, J. S. (2016) · ChiPrints (University of Chichester)

Authors: Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R. R. D.
Affiliations: Amsterdam Movement Sciences (NL)
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Nieuwenhuys, Arne
ORCID: Nieuwenhuys, Arne
Oudejans, Raôul R. D.
Venue: Psychological Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-10-29
Volume: 76
Issue: 6
Pages: 747-759
ISSN: 0033-3026 (ISSN-L)
0340-0727
1430-2772
DOI: 10.1007/s00426-011-0384-x
PMC: PMC3470682
OpenAlex: W2167386533
Cited by: 265
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 6.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: anxiety, perceptual-motor performance, action selection, goal-directed action, cognitive performance
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Attention, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Performance Anxiety

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Anxiety and perceptual-motor performance: toward an integrated model of concepts, mechanisms, and processes

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