Mendel’s laws, Mendelian randomization and causal inference in observational data: substantive and nomenclatural issues

Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression

Stock, J. H., & Yogo, M. (2005) · Identification and Inference for Econometric Models · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614491.006 · Cited by 7,211 · see citing works

‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?*

Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works

Marginal Structural Models and Causal Inference in Epidemiology

Robins, J. M., Hernán, M. Á., & Brumback, B. (2000) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200009000-00011 · Cited by 5,581 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies

Davey Smith, G., & Hemani, G. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu328 · Cited by 4,677 · see citing works

Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians

Davies, N. M., Holmes, M. V., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k601 · Cited by 4,404 · see citing works

Bone Marrow Transplant

Ford, R. C., & Eisenberg, S. (1990) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0029-6465(22)02934-6 · Cited by 2,734 · see citing works

Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men

Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Ascherio, A., Giovannucci, E. L., Colditz, G. A., & Willett, W. C. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199305203282004 · Cited by 2,335 · see citing works

Effect of Selenium and Vitamin E on Risk of Prostate Cancer and Other Cancers

Lippman, S. M., Klein, E. A., Goodman, P. J., Lucia, M. S., Thompson, I. M., Ford, L. G., Parnes, H. L., Minasian, L. M., Gaziano, J. M., Hartline, J. A., et al. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2008.864 · Cited by 2,120 · see citing works

Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Disease in Women

Stampfer, M. J., Hennekens, C. H., Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., & Willett, W. C. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199305203282003 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works

Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease

Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., ROSNER, B. A., Speizer, F. E., & Hennekens, C. H. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199109123251102 · Cited by 2,000 · see citing works

Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations

Burgess, S., Smith, G. D., Davies, N. M., Dudbridge, F., Gill, D., Glymour, M. M., Hartwig, F. P., Holmes, M. V., Minelli, C., Relton, C. L., et al. (2019) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.1 · Cited by 1,816 · see citing works

A Prospective Study of Plasma Homocyst(e)ine and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in US Physicians

Stampfer, M. J. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490070059042 · Cited by 1,705 · see citing works

Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease

Manson, J. E., Cook, N. R., Lee, I.-M. M., Christen, W., Bassuk, S. S., Mora, S., Luttmann‐Gibson, H., Gordon, D., Copeland, T., D’Agostino, D., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1809944 · Cited by 1,646 · see citing works

Evaluating the potential role of pleiotropy in Mendelian randomization studies

Hemani, G., Bowden, J., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy163 · Cited by 1,496 · see citing works

Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors

Rimm, E. B., Williams, P., Fosher, K., Criqui, M., & Stampfer, M. J. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1523 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works

Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations

Burgess, S., Davey Smith, G., Davies, N. M., Dudbridge, F., Gill, D., Glymour, M. M., Hartwig, F. P., Holmes, M. V., Minelli, C., Relton, C. L., et al. (2020) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.2 · Cited by 1,273 · see citing works

Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men.

Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., & Stampfer, M. J. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90542-w · Cited by 1,239 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations

Smith, G. D. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh132 · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works

Problems of reporting genetic associations with complex outcomes

Colhoun, H. M., McKeigue, P., & Smith, G. D. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12715-8 · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works

25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Men A Prospective Study

Giovannucci, E. L. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.11.1174 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works

Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology

Lawlor, D. A., Tilling, K., & Davey Smith, G. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw314 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works

An examination of multivariable Mendelian randomization in the single-sample and two-sample summary data settings

Sanderson, E., Davey Smith, G., Windmeijer, F., & Bowden, J. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy262 · Cited by 1,085 · see citing works

Review of moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease: is the effect due to beer, wine, or spirits?

Rimm, E. B., Klatsky, A., Grobbee, D., & Stampfer, M. J. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7033.731 · Cited by 992 · see citing works

The nature of nurture: Effects of parental genotypes

Kong, A., Thorleifsson, G., Frigge, M. L., Vilhjalmsson, B. J., Young, A. I., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Benonisdottir, S., Oddsson, A., Halldorsson, B. V., Masson, G., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan6877 · Cited by 949 · see citing works

Identification and Inference for Econometric Models: Essays in Honor of Thomas Rothenberg

Lund, R. (2006) · Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association · Cited by 888 · see citing works

Two-sample Mendelian randomization: avoiding the downsides of a powerful, widely applicable but potentially fallible technique.

Hartwig, F. P., Davies, N. M., Hemani, G., & Davey Smith, G. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx028 · Cited by 860 · see citing works

Epidemiology Faces Its Limits: The search for subtle links between diet, lifestyle, or environmental factors and disease is an unending source of fear—but often yields little certainty

Taubes, G. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7618077 · Cited by 841 · see citing works

Collider scope: when selection bias can substantially influence observed associations

Munafò, M. R., Tilling, K., Taylor, A. E., Evans, D. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx206 · Cited by 813 · see citing works

Folate and Vitamin B6 From Diet and Supplements in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women

Rimm, E. B. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.5.359 · Cited by 806 · see citing works

The pleiotropic structure of the genotype–phenotype map: the evolvability of complex organisms

Wagner, G. P., & Zhang, J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2949 · Cited by 718 · see citing works

Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease

MacLean, D. B., & Bostom, A. G. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199203053261012 · Cited by 703 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization in cardiometabolic disease: challenges in evaluating causality

Holmes, M. V., Ala-Korpela, M., & Smith, G. D. (2017) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.78 · Cited by 679 · see citing works

Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data

Holmes, M. V., Dale, C. E., Zuccolo, L., Silverwood, R. J., Guo, Y., Ye, Z., Prieto-Merino, D., Dehghan, A., Trompet, S., Wong, A., et al. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g4164 · Cited by 669 · see citing works

Robust research needs many lines of evidence

Munafò, M. R., & Davey Smith, G. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-018-01023-3 · Cited by 666 · see citing works

Obesity, metabolic factors and risk of different histological types of lung cancer: A Mendelian randomization study

Carreras‐Torres, R., Johansson, M., Haycock, P., Wade, K. H., Relton, C. L., Martin, R. M., Smith, G. D., Albanes, D., Aldrich, M. C., Andrew, A. S., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177875 · Cited by 665 · see citing works

Trends in dietary supplement use among US adults from 1999-2012.

Kantor, E. D., Rehm, C. D., Du, M., White, E., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.14403 · Cited by 644 · see citing works

Folate in Health and Disease

Bailey, L. B. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420071252 · Cited by 636 · see citing works

Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: the design, analysis, and interpretation of Mendelian randomization studies

Haycock, P., Burgess, S., Wade, K. H., Bowden, J., Relton, C. L., & Smith, G. D. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.118216 · Cited by 602 · see citing works

Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors

Warrington, N. M., Beaumont, R. N., Horikoshi, M., Day, F. R., Helgeland, Ø., Laurin, C., Bačelis, J., Peng, S., Hao, K., Feenstra, B., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0403-1 · Cited by 574 · see citing works

Study of Prediagnostic Selenium Level in Toenails and the Risk of Advanced Prostate Cancer

Yoshizawa, K., Willett, W. C., Morris, S. J., Stampfer, M. J., Spiegelman, D. L., Rimm, E. B., & Giovannucci, E. L. (1998) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/90.16.1219 · Cited by 536 · see citing works

Homocysteine lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events

Martí-Carvajal, A. J., Solà, I., Lathyris, D., & Salanti, G. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006612.pub2 · Cited by 520 · see citing works

Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500 000 men and women in China

Millwood, I. Y., Walters, R. G., Mei, X. W., Guo, Y., Yang, L., Bian, Z., Bennett, D. A., Chen, Y., Dong, C., Hu, R., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31772-0 · Cited by 514 · see citing works

Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses

Brumpton, B., Sanderson, E., Heilbron, K., Hartwig, F. P., Harrison, S., Vie, G. Å., Cho, Y., Howe, L. D., Hughes, A., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17117-4 · Cited by 402 · see citing works

Epidemiology, epigenetics and the ‘Gloomy Prospect’: embracing randomness in population health research and practice

Smith, G. D. (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr117 · Cited by 334 · see citing works

Can the impact of childhood adiposity on disease risk be reversed? A Mendelian randomization study.

Richardson, T. G., Sanderson, E., Elsworth, B., Tilling, K., & Davey Smith, G. (2019) · doi:10.1101/19008011 · Cited by 321 · see citing works

Alcohol Intake and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review Implementing a Mendelian Randomization Approach

Chen, L., Davey Smith, G., Harbord, R. M., & Lewis, S. J. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050052 · Cited by 314 · see citing works

Apparent latent structure within the UK Biobank sample has implications for epidemiological analysis

Haworth, S., Mitchell, R., Corbin, L., Wade, K. H., Dudding, T., Budu-Aggrey, A., Carslake, D., Hemani, G., Paternoster, L., Smith, G. D., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08219-1 · Cited by 314 · see citing works

Meta-analysis of MTHFR 677C→ T polymorphism and coronary heart disease: does totality of evidence support causal role for homocysteine and preventive potential of folate?

Lewis, S. J., Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Smith, G. D. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38611.658947.55 · Cited by 307 · see citing works

Genetic Variation in Alcohol Dehydrogenase and the Beneficial Effect of Moderate Alcohol Consumption on Myocardial Infarction

Hines, L. M., Stampfer, M. J., Ma, J., Gaziano, J. M., Ridker, P. M., Hankinson, S. E., Sacks, F. M., Rimm, E. B., & Hunter, D. J. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200102223440802 · Cited by 304 · see citing works

Association of genetic variants related to CETP inhibitors and statins with lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular risk

Ference, B. A., Kastelein, J. J. P., Ginsberg, H. N., Chapman, M. J., Nicholls, S. J., Ray, K. K., Packard, C. J., Laufs, U., Brook, R. D., Oliver-Williams, C., et al. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.11467 · Cited by 304 · see citing works

Rise and fall of modern medicine

Fanu, J. L. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)75559-8 · Cited by 298 · see citing works

Inferring Causal Relationships Between Risk Factors and Outcomes from Genome-Wide Association Study Data

Burgess, S., Foley, C. N., & Zuber, V. (2018) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021731 · Cited by 287 · see citing works

Homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events

Martí-Carvajal, A. J., Solà, I., Lathyris, D., & Dayer, M. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006612.pub5 · Cited by 284 · see citing works

The tale wagged by the DAG: broadening the scope of causal inference and explanation for epidemiology

Krieger, N., & Smith, G. D. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw114 · Cited by 255 · see citing works

Alcohol, ALDH2, and Esophageal Cancer: A Meta-analysis Which Illustrates the Potentials and Limitations of a Mendelian Randomization Approach

Lewis, S. J., & Smith, G. D. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0196 · Cited by 234 · see citing works

Randomized Trials of Vitamin E in the Treatment and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Eidelman, R. S., Hollar, D., Hebert, P. R., Lamas, G. A., & Hennekens, C. H. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.14.1552 · Cited by 231 · see citing works

Toward a Molecular Understanding of Pleiotropy

He, X., & Zhang, J. (2006) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.106.060269 · Cited by 219 · see citing works

Use of vitamin, mineral, nonvitamin, and nonmineral supplements in the United States: the 1987, 1992, and 2000 National Health Interview Survey results

Millen, A. E., Dodd, K. W., & Subar, A. F. (2004) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.03.022 · Cited by 217 · see citing works

Epidemiology—is it time to call it a day?

Smith, G. D., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.1 · Cited by 212 · see citing works

A Prospective Study of Plasma Selenium Levels and Prostate Cancer Risk

Li, H., Stampfer, M. J., Giovannucci, E. L., Morris, J. S., Willett, W. C., Gaziano, J. M., & Ma, J. (2004) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djh125 · Cited by 210 · see citing works

Instrumental Variable Analysis with a Nonlinear Exposure–Outcome Relationship

Burgess, S., Davies, N. M., & Thompson, S. G. (2014) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000161 · Cited by 208 · see citing works

Evaluating the relationship between alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and cardiovascular disease: A multivariable Mendelian randomization study

Rosoff, D. B., Smith, G. D., Mehta, N. N., Clarke, T., & Lohoff, F. W. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003410 · Cited by 208 · see citing works

Homocysteine and Coronary Heart Disease: Meta-analysis of MTHFR Case-Control Studies, Avoiding Publication Bias

Clarke, R., Bennett, D., Parish, S., Verhoef, P., Dötsch‐Klerk, M., Lathrop, M. G., Xu, P., Nordestgaard, B. G., Hólm, H., Hopewell, J. C., et al. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001177 · Cited by 207 · see citing works

Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women

Osganian, S. K., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D. L., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., & Willett, W. C. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00575-8 · Cited by 205 · see citing works

Exploring the association of genetic factors with participation in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

Taylor, A. E., Jones, H. J., Sallis, H., Euesden, J., Stergiakouli, E., Davies, N. M., Zammit, S., Lawlor, D. A., Munafò, M. R., Davey Smith, G., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy060 · Cited by 192 · see citing works

Mendelian Randomization for Strengthening Causal Inference in Observational Studies

Smith, G. D. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610383505 · Cited by 191 · see citing works

Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Solomon, C. G., Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Manson, J. E. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.5.494 · Cited by 191 · see citing works

The triumph of doubt: Dark money and the science of deception

Golembeski, C. (2021) · Journal of Public Affairs Education · doi:10.1080/15236803.2021.1908104 · Cited by 182 · see citing works

Observation and Experiment: An Introduction to Causal Inference

Rosenbaum, P. (2017) · doi:10.4159/9780674982697 · Cited by 170 · see citing works

Genetic predictors of participation in optional components of UK Biobank

Tyrrell, J., Zheng, J., Beaumont, R., Hinton, K., Richardson, T. G., Wood, A. R., Davey Smith, G., Frayling, T. M., & Tilling, K. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21073-y · Cited by 162 · see citing works

How to avoid bias when comparing bone marrow transplantation with chemotherapy.

Gray, R. G., & Wheatley, K. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 158 · see citing works

Within family Mendelian randomization studies

Davies, N. M., Howe, L. J., Brumpton, B., Havdahl, A., Evans, D. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2019) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddz204 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study

Voight, B. F., Peloso, G. M., Orho-Melander, M., Frikke-Schmidt, R., Barbalic, M., Jensen, M. K., Hindy, G., Hólm, H., Ding, E. L., Johnson, T., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60312-2 · Cited by 148 · see citing works

Fibrinogen and coronary heart disease: test of causality by ‘Mendelian randomization’

Keavney, B. D., Danesh, J., Parish, S., Palmer, A., Clark, S., Youngman, L. D., Délepine, M., Lathrop, M. G., Peto, R., & Collins, R. (2006) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl114 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Folate Intake and the Risk of Incident Hypertension Among US Women

Forman, J. P. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.3.320 · Cited by 136 · see citing works

Alcohol Consumption and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease among Men with Hypertension

Beulens, J. W. J., Rimm, E. B., Ascherio, A., Spiegelman, D. L., Hendriks, H., & Mukamal, K. J. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-1-200701020-00004 · Cited by 133 · see citing works

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 and Head and Neck Cancer: A Meta-analysis Implementing a Mendelian Randomization Approach

Boccia, S., Hashibe, M., Gallì, P., Feo, E. D., Asakage, T., Hashimoto, T., Hiraki, A., Katoh, T., Nomura, T., Yokoyama, A., et al. (2009) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0462 · Cited by 132 · see citing works

Using Mendelian randomization to determine causal effects of maternal pregnancy (intrauterine) exposures on offspring outcomes: Sources of bias and methods for assessing them

Lawlor, D. A., Richmond, R. C., Warrington, N. M., McMahon, G., Smith, G. D., Bowden, J., & Evans, D. M. (2017) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10567.1 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

Strengthening causal inference in cardiovascular epidemiology through Mendelian randomization

Smith, G. D., Timpson, N. J., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2008) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890802010709 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

Circulating Selenium and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Yarmolinsky, J., Bonilla, C., Haycock, P., Langdon, R., Lotta, L. A., Langenberg, C., Relton, C. L., Lewis, S. J., Evans, D. M., Smith, G. D., et al. (2018) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djy081 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

Alcohol consumption: Risks and benefits

Mukamal, K. J., & Rimm, E. B. (2008) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-008-0083-2 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Mendelian Randomization Studies Do Not Support a Role for Vitamin D in Coronary Artery Disease

Manousaki, D., Mokry, L. E., Ross, S. A., Goltzman, D., & Richards, J. B. (2016) · Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.116.001396 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Correlation without a cause: an epidemiological odyssey

Smith, G. D., & Phillips, A. N. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa016 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Is population structure in the genetic biobank era irrelevant, a challenge, or an opportunity?

Lawson, D. J., Davies, N. M., Haworth, S. J., Ashraf, B. H., Howe, L. J., Crawford, A. A., Hemani, G., Smith, G. D., & Timpson, N. J. (2019) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-019-02014-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Exploring causal associations between alcohol and coronary heart disease risk factors: findings from a Mendelian randomization study in the Copenhagen General Population Study

Lawlor, D. A., Nordestgaard, B. G., Benn, M., Zuccolo, L., Tybjærg‐Hansen, A., & Smith, G. D. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht081 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Genetic instrumental variable regression: Explaining socioeconomic and health outcomes in nonexperimental data

DiPrete, T. A., Burik, C. A. P., & Koellinger, P. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1707388115 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Genetic instrumental variable analysis: time to call mendelian randomization what it is. The example of alcohol and cardiovascular disease

Mukamal, K. J., Stampfer, M. J., & Rimm, E. B. (2019) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-019-00578-3 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

‘Mendelian randomization’ equals instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments

Wehby, G. L., Ohsfeldt, R. L., & Murray, J. C. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3255 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

The rise and fall of modern medicine

(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-2190 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Selection Bias When Estimating Average Treatment Effects Using One-sample Instrumental Variable Analysis

Hughes, R. A., Davies, N. M., Davey Smith, G., & Tilling, K. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000972 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring cognition and school performance. A ‘Mendelian randomization’ natural experiment

Zuccolo, L., Lewis, S. J., Smith, G. D., Sayal, K. S., Draper, E. S., Fraser, R., Barrow, M., Alati, R., Ring, S. M., Macleod, J., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt172 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Statistical methods in genetics

Fisher, R. A. (1952) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/hdy.1952.1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Alcohol and Coronary Heart Disease: Drinking Patterns and Mediators of Effect

Rimm, E. B., & Moats, C. (2007) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.01.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Within-family studies for Mendelian randomization: avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biasesPreprint

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Commentary: Development of Mendelian randomization: from hypothesis test to 'Mendelian deconfounding'

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Folate supplementation and cardiovascular disease

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Genetic evidence for assortative mating on alcohol consumption in the UK Biobank

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The Geometric Increase in Meta-Analyses from China in the Genomic Era

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Effects of high-density lipoprotein targeting treatments on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Homocysteine and coronary heart disease in the Caerphilly cohort: a 10 year follow up

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Revealing the effect of CETP inhibition in cardiovascular disease

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Post–Modern Epidemiology: When Methods Meet Matter

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Increasing the accessibility of data

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Observation and Experiment: An Introduction to Causal Inference

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Alcohol Industry Involvement in the Moderate Alcohol and Cardiovascular Health Trial

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Genetic predictors of participation in optional components of UK BiobankPreprint

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Alcohol and Coronary Heart Disease: Can We Learn More?

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Is Mendelian randomization ‘lost in translation?’: Comments on ‘Mendelian randomization equals instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments’ by Wehby et al.

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Is Moderate Drinking Protective Against Heart Disease? The Science, Politics and History of a Public Health Conundrum

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Exploring the utility of alcohol flushing as an instrumental variable for alcohol intake in Koreans

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Commentary: On RA Fisher's Bateson lecture on statistical methods in genetics

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Folate and Vascular Disease

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Epidemiologic Studies on Ert and Cardioprotection: State of the Art on HRT and Cardiovascular Disease

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Evaluating the effects of alcohol and tobacco use on cardiovascular disease using multivariable Mendelian randomizationPreprint

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Folate supplementation and cardiovascular disease

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Folate supplementation and cardiovascular disease – Authors' reply

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The MRC IEU OpenGWAS data infrastructurePreprint

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Mendelian Randomization: Concepts and Scope

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Using Mendelian Randomization to Improve the Design of Randomized Trials

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Prescription Opioid Use and Risk for Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders: A Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Analysis

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Integrating genomics with biomarkers and therapeutic targets to invigorate cardiovascular drug development

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Alcohol’s Impact on the Cardiovascular System

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Triangulating Evidence through the Inclusion of Genetically Informed Designs

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Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Both Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis

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Mendelian Randomization Analysis as a Tool to Gain Insights into Causes of Diseases: A Primer

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Alcohol, Drinking Pattern, and Chronic Disease

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Tools for assessing quality and risk of bias in Mendelian randomization studies: a systematic review

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Ten simple rules for conducting a mendelian randomization study

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Identifying Novel Causes of Cancers to Enhance Cancer Prevention: New Strategies Are Needed

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Causal inference for heritable phenotypic risk factors using heterogeneous genetic instruments

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Alcohol consumption in relation to cardiovascular diseases and mortality: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies

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Causal inference in health and disease: a review of the principles and applications of Mendelian randomization

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Testing the association between tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of periodontitis: A Mendelian randomization study

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Mendelian randomization as a tool for causal inference in human nutrition and metabolism

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Childhood body size directly increases type 1 diabetes risk based on a lifecourse Mendelian randomization approach

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Interpretation of mendelian randomization using one measure of an exposure that varies over time

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Measured and genetically predicted protein levels and cardiovascular diseases in UK Biobank and China Kadoorie Biobank

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Mendelian randomisation at 20 years: how can it avoid hubris, while achieving more?

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Interpreting Mendelian-randomization estimates of the effects of categorical exposures such as disease status and educational attainment

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Effects of Selenium on Chronic Kidney Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study

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Evaluating the direct effects of childhood adiposity on adult systemic metabolism: a multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis

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Phenotypic Causal Inference Using Genome-Wide Association Study Data: Mendelian Randomization and Beyond

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Causal inference on neuroimaging data with Mendelian randomisation

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Rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

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A burden of proof study on alcohol consumption and ischemic heart disease

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Relationship between atopic dermatitis, depression and anxiety: a two‐sample Mendelian randomization study

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Socioeconomic Status, Diet, and Behavioral Factors and Cardiometabolic Diseases and Mortality

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Causal Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A 2-Sample Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study

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Association between inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson’s disease: A Mendelian randomization study

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Educational attainment, health outcomes and mortality: a within-sibship Mendelian randomization study

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Causal relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and anthropometric measures: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis

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Contribution of birth weight to mental health, cognitive and socioeconomic outcomes: two-sample Mendelian randomisation

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Crosstalk between Statins and Cancer Prevention and Therapy: An Update

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Ultra-processed foods, adiposity and risk of head and neck cancer and oesophageal adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study: a mediation analysis

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Genetically Predicted Sleep Traits and Functional Outcome After Ischemic Stroke

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Are Target Trial Emulations the Gold Standard for Observational Studies?

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Assessing causal links between age at menarche and adolescent mental health: a Mendelian randomisation study

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Gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

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Are there non-linear relationships between alcohol consumption and long-term health?: a systematic review of observational studies employing approaches to improve causal inference

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Mendelian randomization highlights the causal association of obesity with periodontal diseases

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Inflammatory bowel disease increases the risk of hepatobiliary pancreatic cancer: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization analysis of European and East Asian populations

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The effect of SGLT2 inhibition on prostate cancer: Mendelian randomization and observational analysis using electronic healthcare and cohort data

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A lifecourse mendelian randomization study highlights the long-term influence of childhood body size on later life heart structure

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Causal Association Between Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis

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Applying Mendelian randomization to appraise causality in relationships between nutrition and cancer

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Systematic comparison of Mendelian randomisation studies and randomised controlled trials using electronic databases

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Alcohol consumption and subclinical and clinical coronary heart disease: a Mendelian randomization analysis

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Assessing the association of leukocyte telomere length with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Wei, D., Jiang, Y., Cheng, J., Wang, H., Sha, K., & Zhao, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1023991 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Serum vitamin D levels and Sjogren’s syndrome: bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis

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Identifying novel risk genes in intracranial aneurysm by integrating human proteomes and genetics

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Lack of bidirectional association between age‐related macular degeneration and Alzheimer's disease: A Mendelian randomization study

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Obstructive sleep apnea and mental disorders: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study

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Causality between sleep traits and the risk of frailty: a Mendelian randomization study

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Non-linear Mendelian randomization: evaluation of effect modification in the residual and doubly-ranked methods with simulated and empirical examples

Hamilton, F., Hughes, D. A., Lu, T., Kutalik, Z., Gkatzionis, A., Tilling, K. M., Hartwig, F. P., & Smith, G. D. (2025) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-025-01208-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Is Hearing Impairment Causally Associated With Falls? Evidence From a Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

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Evaluating the direct effects of childhood adiposity on adult systemic-metabolism: A multivariable Mendelian randomization analysisPreprint

Richardson, T. G., Mykkänen, J., Pahkala, K., Ala‐Korpela, M., Bell, J. A., Taylor, K., Viikari, J. S. A., Lehtimäki, T. J., Raitakari, O. T., & Smith, G. D. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.20181412 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Elevated Remnant and LDL Cholesterol and the Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease

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Causal Effects of Genetically Predicted Iron Status on Sepsis: A Two-Sample Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study

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Taller height and risk of coronary heart disease and cancer: A within-sibship Mendelian randomization study

Howe, L. J., Brumpton, B. M., Rasheed, H., Åsvold, B. O., Smith, G. D., Davies, N. M., & Davies, N. M. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.72984 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Association between leptin and NAFLD: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Guo, Z., Chen, H., Zao, X., Hongbo, D. U., Guo, Y., Jin, Q., Kong, D., Li, X., Zhang, T., Yun, Z., et al. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01147-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Physical Activity Does Not Lower the Risk of Lung Cancer

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Association between total body bone mineral density and periodontitis: A Mendelian randomization study

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Causal association of circulating cytokines with sepsis: a Mendelian randomization study

Lin, S., Mao, X., & He, W.-M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281845 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Identifying the genetic association between systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of autoimmune liver diseases

Huang, W., Jin, T., Zheng, W., Yin, Q., Yan, Q., Pan, H., & Xu, C. (2024) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103188 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

GENIUS-MAWII: for robust Mendelian randomization with many weak invalid instruments

Ye, T., Liu, Z., Sun, B., & Tchetgen, E. T. (2024) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1093/jrsssb/qkae024 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Two genetic analyses to elucidate causality between body mass index and personality

Arumäe, K., Briley, D., Colodro-Conde, L., Mortensen, E. L., Jang, K., Ando, J., Kandler, C., Sørensen, T., Dagher, A., Mõttus, R., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-00885-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Discordance Analysis of VLDL-C and ApoB in UK Biobank and Framingham Study: A Prospective Observational Study

Bilgic, S., Pencina, K. M., Pencina, M. J., Cole, J., Dufresne, L., Thanassoulis, G., & Sniderman, A. D. (2024) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.124.321165 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Smoking, alcohol consumption, and age at onset of Huntington's disease: a Mendelian randomization study

Wang, M., Liu, D., Yang, S. R., Li, Y., & Lian, X. (2022) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.02.013 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

MRSamePopTest: introducing a simple falsification test for the two-sample mendelian randomisation ‘same population’ assumption

Woolf, B. A. R., Mason, A. M., Zagkos, L., Sallis, H., Munafo, M. R., & Gill, D. (2024) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-024-06684-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Mendelian Randomization Studies in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases

Ko, D. S., & Kim, Y. H. (2024) · Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis · doi:10.12997/jla.2024.13.3.280 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Mendelian randomization study of coffee consumption and age at onset of Huntington's disease

Wang, M., Cornelis, M. C., Zhang, Z., Liu, D., & Lian, X. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.09.041 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Alcohol Consumption and Cerebral Small- and Large-Vessel Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Hisamatsu, T., Tabara, Y., Kadota, A., Torii, S., Kondo, K., Yano, Y., Shiino, A., Nozaki, K., Okamura, T., Ueshima, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.64222 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Type 2 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Xu, G., Xu, Y., Zheng, T., & Liu, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55869-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Genetic Insights into the Role of Cathepsins in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Zeng, R., Zhou, Z., Liao, W., & Guo, B. (2024) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.14826 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Mendelian Randomization Methods for Causal Inference: Estimands, Identification and Inference

Yao, M., Wang, A., Li, X., & Liu, Z. (2026) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.70394 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Using allele scores to identify confounding by reverse causation: studies of alcohol consumption as an exemplar

Sallis, H., Palmer, T., Tilling, K. M., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2022) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyac165 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Causal relationship between bipolar disorder and inflammatory bowel disease: A bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study

Wang, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, X., Hu, Z., Sun, D., Wu, D., & Xing, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.970933 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Potential effects of specific gut microbiota on periodontal disease: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Xu, M., Shao, Q., Zhou, Y., Yu, Y., Wang, S., Wang, A., & Cai, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1322947 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Erroneous epidemiological findings on vitamins: coming full circle after two decades of Mendelian randomization?

Smith, G. D., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2024) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyae179 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Cannabis use does not impact on type 2 diabetes: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study

Baumeister, S., Nolde, M., Alayash, Z., Leitzmann, M. F., Baurecht, H., & Meisinger, C. (2021) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13020 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Maternal adherence to healthy lifestyle and risk of depressive symptoms in the offspring: mediation by offspring lifestyle

Wang, W.-C., Ding, M., Strohmaier, S., Schernhammer, E. S., Sun, Q., Chavarro, J. E., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722003257 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Effects of major depression and bipolar disorder on erectile dysfunction: a two-sample mendelian randomization study

Chen, W., Zhou, T., Yu, D., Li, J., Wu, J., Li, L., Liang, Z., & Zhang, F. (2023) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-023-01498-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A Mendelian randomization study on the effect of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels on periodontitis

Baumeister, S., Reckelkamm, S. L., Baurecht, H., Nolde, M., Kocher, T., Holtfreter, B., Ehmke, B., & Hannemann, A. (2021) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.21-0463 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

A Mendelian randomization study on the effect of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels on periodontitis

Baumeister, S., Reckelkamm, S. L., Baurecht, H., Nolde, M., Kocher, T., Holtfreter, B., Ehmke, B., & Hannemann, A. (2022) · University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) · Cited by 10 · see citing works

An encoding generative modeling approach to dimension reduction and covariate adjustment in causal inference with observational studies

Liu, Q., Chen, Z.-R., & Wong, W. H. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2322376121 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Cannabis use and the risk of periodontitis: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study

Baumeister, S., Alayash, Z., Baurecht, H., Reckelkamm, S. L., Kocher, T., Holtfreter, B., Ehmke, B., & Nolde, M. (2022) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13632 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Linear and non-linear Mendelian randomization analyses of sex-specific associations between sleep duration and hyperuricemia

Zou, C., Wang, Z., Huang, W., Lu, J., Guo, V. Y., Zhang, Y., Zang, S., Yang, J., Han, L., & Jiang, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.920791 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Association between systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory bowel disease in European and East Asian populations: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Xie, W., Jiang, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Song, Y., Yu, Z., Gu, H., Xu, H., Han, S., Li, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199896 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Causal role of immune cells in aplastic anemia: Mendelian randomization (MR) study

Fu, S., Du, Y., Pan, T., Ma, F., He, H., & Li, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69104-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Integrating the Biology of Cardiovascular Disease into the Epidemiology of Economic Decision Modelling via Mendelian Randomisation

Ademi, Z., Morton, J. I., Liew, D., Nicholls, S. J., Zoungas, S., & Ference, B. A. (2022) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-022-01183-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Exploring the Lifetime Effect of Children on Wellbeing Using Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation

Woolf, B. A. R., Sallis, H., & Munafo, M. R. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14030716 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Association between adiposity and facial aging: results from a Mendelian randomization study

Liu, M., & Feng, J. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01236-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Exploring the causal effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels on the risk of type 1 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study

Abolo, L., Ssenkaali, J., Mulumba, O., & Awe, O. I. (2024) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2024.1353081 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Causal role of common autoimmune diseases in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: Mendelian randomization (MR) study

Wu, L., Wang, T., Bai, M., Chen, J., Ning, J., Jin, Q., Ma, Y., Xu, X., Hao, Z., & Yang, R. L. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041484 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Triangulating causality between childhood obesity and neurobehavior: Behavioral genetic and longitudinal evidence

Kulisch, L. K., Arumäe, K., Briley, D. A., & Vainik, U. (2023) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13392 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Reply to: Mendel’s laws, Mendelian randomization and causal inference in observational data: substantive and nomenclatural issues

Mukamal, K. J., Rimm, E. B., & Stampfer, M. J. (2020) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00652-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Mendelian Randomization

Burgess, S., Harpe, R. D. L., & Bassett, E. (2025) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0029833

Mendelian randomization: Principles and methods

Zhang, W. (2025) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)

COMMON PITFALLS IN MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION STUDIES AND HOW TO AVOID THEM

Moen, G.-H., & Evans, D. M. (2024) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.030 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Introduction to Mendelian randomization

Yeung, S. L. A., Luo, S., Iwagami, M., & Goto, A. (2024) · Annals of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.37737/ace.25004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works