Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 682

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Aging, Training, and the Brain: A Review and Future Directions

Open access
Lustig, Cindy, Shah, Priti, Seidler, Rachael, Reuter-Lorenz, Patricia A.·2009·Neuropsychology Review
DOI 10.1007/s11065-009-9119-9
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

As the population ages, the need for effective methods to maintain or even improve older adults’ cognitive performance becomes increasingly pressing. Here we provide a brief review of the major intervention approaches that have been the focus of past research with healthy older adults (strategy training, multi-modal interventions, cardiovascular exercise, and process-based training), and new approaches that incorporate neuroimaging. As outcome measures, neuroimaging data on intervention-related changes in volume, structural integrity; and functional activation can provide important insights into the nature and duration of an intervention’s effects. Perhaps even more intriguingly, several recent studies have used neuroimaging data as a guide to identify core cognitive processes that can be trained in one task with effective transfer to other tasks that share the same underlying processes. Although many open questions remain, this research has greatly increased our understanding of how to promote successful aging of cognition and the brain.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11065-009-9119-9

Cites

26 of 26 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 94

  1. Aguirre, G. K., Zarahn, E., & D’Esposito, M. (1998). The variability of the human, BOLD hemodynamic response. NeuroImage, 8, 360–369. · DOI · Paper page
  2. Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2001). Why voxel-based morphometry should be used. NeuroImage, 14, 1238–1243. · DOI · Paper page
  3. Backman, L., Almkvist, O., Andersson, J., Nordberg, A., Winblad, B., Reineck, R., et al. (1997). Brain activation in young and older adults during implicit and explicit retrieval. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(3), 378–391. · DOI
  4. Ball, K. K., Beard, B. L., Roenker, D. L., Miller, R. L., & Griggs, D. S. (1988). Age and visual-search—expanding the useful field of view. Journal of the Optical Society of America a-Optics Image Science and Vision, 5(12), 2210–2219. · DOI · Paper page
  5. Baltes, P. B., & Willis, S. L. (1982). Plasticity and enhancement of intellectual functioning in old age: Penn State's adult development and enrichment project (ADEPT). In F. I. M. Craik & S. Trehub (Eds.), Advances in the study of communication and affect (Vol. 8): aging and cognitive processes (pp. 353–389). New York: Plenum.
  6. Bergerbest, D., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Kim, H., Stebbins, G. T., Bennett, D. A., et al. (2009). Age-associated reduction of asymmetry in prefrontal function and preservation of conceptual repetition priming. Neuroimage, 45(1), 237–246. · DOI
  7. Bissig, D., & Lustig, C. (2007). Who benefits from memory training? Psychological Science, 18(8), 720–726. · DOI · Paper page
  8. Bookstein, F. L. (2001). “Voxel-based morphometry” should not be used with imperfectly registered images. NeuroImage, 14, 1454–1462. · DOI · Paper page
  9. Boron, J. B., Turiano, N. A., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, W. (2007). Effects of cognitive training on change in accuracy in inductive reasoning ability. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(3), 179–P186. · DOI
  10. Boyke, J., Driemeyer, J., Gaser, C., Buechel, C., & May, A. (2008). Training-induced brain structure changes in the elderly. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(28), 7031–7035. · DOI · Paper page
  11. Braver, T. S., Paxton, J. L., Locke, H. S., & Barch, D. M. (2009). Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(18), 7351–7356. · DOI · Paper page
  12. Buckner, R. L., Snyder, A. Z., Sanders, A. L., Raichle, M. E., & Morris, J. C. (2000). Functional brain imaging of young, nondemented, and demented older adults. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 24–34. · DOI · Paper page
  13. Cabeza, R., Anderson, N. D., Locantore, J. K., & McIntosh, A. R. (2002). Aging gracefully: compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults. Neuroimage, 17(3), 1394–1402. · DOI · Paper page
  14. Calero, M. D., & Navarro, E. (2007). Cognitive plasticity as a modulating variable on the effects of memory training in elderly persons. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(1), 63–72. · DOI
  15. Cappell, K. A., Gmiendl, L. & Reuter-Lorenz, P.A. (under review). Age differences in DLPFC recruitment during verbal working memory depend on memory load.
  16. Cassavaugh, N. D., & Kramer, A. F. (2009). Transfer of computer-based cognitive training to simulated driving in older adults. Applied Ergonomcs, 40, 943–952. · DOI
  17. Clark, J. E., Lanphear, A. K., & Riddick, C. C. (1987). The effects of videogame playing on the response selection processing of elderly adults. Journals of Gerontology, 42(1), 82–85. · DOI
  18. Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14(2), 125–130. · DOI · Paper page
  19. Craik, F. I. M., Winocur, G., Palmer, H., Binns, M. A., Edwards, M., Bridges, K., et al. (2007). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: effects on memory. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(1), 132–142.
  20. Dahlin, E., Neely, A. S., Larsson, A., Backman, L., & Nyberg, L. (2008). Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum. Science, 320(5882), 1510–1512. · DOI · Paper page
  21. Daselaar, S. M., Veltman, D. J., Rombouts, S., Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Jonker, C. (2005). Aging affects both perceptual and lexical/semantic components of word stem priming: an event-related MRI study. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 83(3), 251–262. · DOI
  22. Denney, N. W., Jones, F. W., & Krigel, S. H. (1979). Modifying the questioning strategies of young children and elderly adults with strategy-modeling techniques. Human Development, 22, 23–36. · doi:10.1159/000272426
  23. Detre, J. A., Wang, J. J., Wang, Z., & Rao, H. Y. (2009). Arterial spin-labeled perfusion in MRI in basic and clinical neuroscience. Current Opinion in Neurology, 22, 348–355. · DOI
  24. Doyon, J., & Benali, H. (2005). Reorganization and plasticity in the adult brain during learning of motor skills. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15(2), 161–167. · DOI · Paper page
  25. Doyon, J., Penhune, V., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2003). Distinct contribution of the cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar systems to motor skill learning. Neuropsychologia, 41(3), 252–262. · DOI · Paper page
  26. Drew, B., & Waters, J. (1986). Video games: utilization of a novel strategy to improve perceptual motor skills and cognitive functioning in the non-institutionalized elderly. Cognitive Rehabilitation, 4, 26–31.
  27. Dunlosky, J., Kubat-Silman, A. K., & Hertzog, C. (2003). Training monitoring skills improves older adults' self-paced associative learning. Psychology and Aging, 18(2), 340–345. · DOI · Paper page
  28. Dustman, R. E., Ruhling, R. O., Russell, E. M., Shearer, D. E., Bonekat, H. W., Shigeoka, J. W., et al. (1984). Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals. Neurobiology of Aging, 5(1), 35–42. · DOI · Paper page
  29. Dustman, R. E., Emmerson, R. Y., Steinhaus, L. A., Shearer, D. E., & Dustman, T. J. (1992). The effects of videogame playing on neuropsychological performance of elderly individuals. Journals of Gerontology, 47(3), 168–P171. · DOI
  30. Emery, C. F., Hauck, E. R., & Blumenthal, J. A. (1992). Exercise adherence or maintenance among older adults—1-year follow-up-study. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 466–470. · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.466
  31. Erickson, K. I., Colcombe, S. J., Wadhwa, R., Bherer, L., Peterson, M. S., Scalf, P. E., et al. (2007). Training-induced functional activation changes in dual-task processing: an fMRI study. Cerebral Cortex, 17(1), 192–204. · DOI · Paper page
  32. Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2009). Aerobic exercise effects on cognitive and neural plasticity in older adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(1), 22–24. · DOI · Paper page
  33. Etnier, J. L., & Landers, D. M. (1997). The influence of age and fitness on performance and learning. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 5(3), 175–189. · DOI
  34. Etnier, J. L., Romero, D. H., & Traustadottir, T. (2001). Acquisition and retention of motor skills as a function of age and aerobic fitness. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 9(4), 425–437. · DOI
  35. Fleischman, D. A., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998). Repetition priming in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease: a review of findings and theories. Psychology and Aging, 13(1), 88–119. · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.13.1.88
  36. Fried, L. P., Carlson, M. C., Freedman, M., Frick, K. D., Glass, T. A., Hill, J., et al. (2004). A social model for health promotion for an aging population: initial evidence on the experience corps model. Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 81(1), 64–78. · DOI · Paper page
  37. Gaser, C., & Schlaug, G. (2003). Gray matter differences between musicians and nonmusicians. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 999, 514–517. · DOI
  38. Goldstein, J., Cajko, L., Oosterbroek, M., Michielsen, M., van Houten, O., & Salverda, F. (1997). Video games and the elderly. Social Behavior and Personality, 25(4), 345–352. · DOI
  39. Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2006). Effect of action video games on the spatial distribution of visuospatial attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 32(6), 1465–1478. · DOI · Paper page
  40. Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2008). Exercising your brain: a review of human brain plasticity and training-induced learning. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 692–701. · DOI · Paper page
  41. Greenwood, P., & Parasuraman, R. (1991). Effects of aging on the speed and attentional cost of cognitive operations. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7(4), 421–434. · DOI
  42. Hatzitaki, V., Voudouris, D., Nikodelis, T., & Amiridis, I. G. (2009). Visual feedback training improves postural adjustments associated with moving obstacle avoidance in elderly women. Gait & Posture, 29(2), 296–299. · DOI
  43. Huettel, S. A., Singerman, J. D., & McCarthy, G. (2001). The effects of aging upon the hemodynamic response measured by functional MRI. NeuroImage, 13, 161–175. · DOI · Paper page
  44. Jennings, J. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (2003). Improving memory in older adults: training recollection. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 13(4), 417–440. · DOI
  45. Jonides, J., & Nee, D. E. (2006). Brain mechanisms of proactive interference in working memory. Neuroscience, 139(1), 181–193. · DOI · Paper page
  46. Karas, G. B., et al. (2003). A comprehensive study of gray matter loss in patients with Alzheimer’s disease using optimized voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage, 18, 895–907. · DOI · Paper page
  47. Kelly, A. M. C., & Garavan, H. (2005). Human functional neuroimaging of brain changes associated with practice. Cerebral Cortex, 15(8), 1089–1102. · DOI · Paper page
  48. Kennedy, K. M., et al. (2008). Age-related differences in regional brain volumes: a comparison of optimized voxel-based morphometry to manual morphometry. Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 1657–1676. · DOI
  49. King, J. W., & Suzman, R. (2009). Prospects for improving cognition throughout the life course. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9, i–iii. · DOI
  50. Kliegl, R., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1989). Testing-the-limits and the study of adult age-differences in cognitive plasticity of a mnemonic Skill. Developmental Psychology, 25(2), 247–256. · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.2.247 · Paper page
  51. Kornatz, K. W., Christou, E. A., & Enoka, R. M. (2005). Practice reduces motor unit discharge variability in a hand muscle and improves manual dexterity in old adults. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(6), 2072–2080. · DOI
  52. Labouvie-vief, G., & Gonda, J. N. (1976). Cognitive strategy training and intellectual-performance in elderly. Journals of Gerontology, 31(3), 327–332. · doi:10.1093/geronj/31.3.327
  53. Levine, B., Stuss, D. T., Winocur, G., Binns, M. A., Fahy, L., Mandic, M., et al. (2007). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: effects on strategic behavior in relation to goal management. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(1), 143–152. · DOI
  54. Littmann, A., Jens, G., Christian, B., & Stiehl, H. S. (2006). Acquisition-related morphological variability in structural MRI. Academic Radiology, 13, 1055–1061. · DOI
  55. Lustig, C., & Buckner, R. L. (2004). Preserved neural correlates of priming in old age and dementia. Neuron, 42(5), 865–875. · DOI
  56. Lustig, C., & Flegal, K. E. (2008). Targeting latent function: encouraging effective encoding for successful memory training and transfer. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 754–764. · DOI
  57. Maguire, E. A., Spiers, H. J., Good, C. D., Hartley, T., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Burgess, N. (2003). Navigation expertise and the human hippocampus: a structural brain imaging analysis. Hippocampus, 13(2), 250–259. · DOI · Paper page
  58. Mahncke, H. W., Connor, B. B., Appelman, J., Ahsanuddin, O. N., Hardy, J. L., Wood, R. A., et al. (2006). Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: a randomized, controlled study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(33), 12523–12528. · DOI · Paper page
  59. Mattay, V. S., Fera, F., Tessitore, A., Hariri, A. R., Berman, K. F., Das, S., et al. (2006). Neurophysiological correlates of age-related changes in working memory capacity. Neuroscience Letters, 392(1–2), 32–37. · DOI · Paper page
  60. McDowd, J. M. (1986). The effects of age and extended practice on divided attention performance. Journals of Gerontology, 41(6), 764–769. · DOI
  61. Melzer, I., Marx, R., & Kurz, I. (2009). Regular exercise in the elderly Is effective to preserve the speed of voluntary stepping under single-task condition but not under dual-task condition a case-control study. Gerontology, 55(1), 49–57. · DOI
  62. Minear, M., Shah, P., Park, D. (2002). Training task-shifting skills in older adults. Poster presented at the 2002 meeting of the Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA.
  63. Nelson, J. K., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Persson, J., Sylvester, C. Y. C., & Jonides, J. (2009). Mapping interference resolution across task domains: A shared control process in left inferior frontal gyrus. Brain Research, 1256, 92–100. · DOI
  64. Noice, H., Noice, T., & Staines, G. (2004). A short-term intervention to enhance cognitive and affective functioning in older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 16(4), 562–585. · DOI
  65. Nyberg, L., Sandblom, J., Jones, S., Neely, A. S., Petersson, K. M., Ingvar, M., et al. (2003). Neural correlates of training-related memory improvement in adulthood and aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(23), 13728–13733. · DOI · Paper page
  66. Persson, J., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2008). Gaining control training executive function and far transfer of the ability to resolve interference. Psychological Science, 19(9), 881–888. · DOI
  67. Rebok, G. W., Carlson, M. C., & Langbaurn, J. B. S. (2007). Training and maintaining memory abilities in healthy older adults: traditional and novel approaches. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62, 53–61. · DOI
  68. Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Cappell, K. A. (2008). Neurocognitive aging and the compensation hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 177–182. · DOI · Paper page
  69. Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Lustig, C. (2005). Brain aging: reorganizing discoveries about the aging mind. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15(2), 245–251. · DOI · Paper page
  70. Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., & Raz, N. (2005). Aging and longitudinal change in perceptual-motor skill acquisition in healthy adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: psychological and Social Sciences, 60, P174–P181. · DOI
  71. Rypma, B., Berger, J. S., & D'Esposito, M. (2001). Neural mechanisms of age-related changes in human working memory. Brain and Cognition, 47(1–2), 113–116.
  72. Salthouse, T. A., & Somberg, B. L. (1982). Skilled performance—effects of adult age and experience on elementary processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 111(2), 176–207. · DOI
  73. Scalf, P. E., Banich, M. T., Kramer, A. F., Narechania, K., & Simon, C. D. (2007). Double take: parallel processing by the cerebral hemispheres reduces the attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 33(2), 298–329. · DOI
  74. Schneider-Garcas Gordon, B. A., Brumback-Peltz, C. R., Shin, E., Lee, Y.,Sutton, B. P., Maclin, E. L., et al. (2009). Span and beyond: Working memory capacity and aging. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21230 · DOI · Paper page
  75. Seidler, R. D. (2004). Multiple motor learning experiences enhance motor adaptability. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(1), 65–73. · DOI
  76. Seidler, R. D. (2006). Differential effects of age on sequence learning and sensorimotor adaptation. Brain Research Bulletin, 70(4–6), 337–346. · DOI · Paper page
  77. Seidler, R. D. (2007a). Aging affects motor learning but not savings at transfer of learning. Learning & Memory, 14(1–2), 17–21. · DOI
  78. Seidler, R. D. (2007b). Older adults can learn to learn new motor skills. Behavioural Brain Research, 183(1), 118–122. · DOI
  79. Seidler, R. D., & Martin, P. E. (1997). The effects of short term balance training on the postural control of older adults. Gait & Posture, 6(3), 224–236. · DOI
  80. Silsupadol, P., Lugade, V., Shumway-Cook, A., van Donkelaar, P., Chou, L. S., Mayr, U., et al. (2009). Training-related changes in dual-task walking performance of elderly persons with balance impairment: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Gait & Posture, 29(4), 634–639. · DOI
  81. Silsupadol, P., Shumway-Cook, A., Lugade, V., van Donkelaar, P., Chou, L. S., Mayr, U., et al. (2009). Effects of single-task versus dual-task training on balance performance in older adults: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(3), 381–387. · DOI · Paper page
  82. Soldan, A., Gazes, Y., Hilton, H. J., & Stern, Y. (2008). Aging does not affect brain patterns of repetition effects associated with perceptual priming of novel objects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(10), 1762–1776. · DOI
  83. Spirduso, W. W., & Clifford, P. (1978). Replication of age and physical-activity effects on reaction and movement time. Journals of Gerontology, 33(1), 26–30. · DOI
  84. Stine-Morrow, E. A. L., Parisi, J. M., Morrow, D. G., & Park, D. C. (2008). The effects of an engaged lifestyle on cognitive vitality: a field experiment. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 778–786. · DOI
  85. Stuss, D. T., Robertson, I. H., Craik, F. I. M., Levine, B., Alexander, M. P., Black, S., et al. (2007). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: a randomized trial to evaluate a new protocol. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(1), 120–131. · DOI
  86. Swain, R. A., Harris, A. B., Wiener, E. C., Dutka, M. V., Morris, H. D., Theien, B. E., et al. (2003). Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat. Neuroscience, 117(4), 1037–1046. · DOI · Paper page
  87. Tisserand, D. J., et al. (2002). Regional frontal cortical volumes decrease differentially in aging: an MRI study to compare volumetric approaches and voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage, 17, 657–669. · DOI · Paper page
  88. van Hooren, S. A. H., Valentijn, S. A. M., Bosma, H., Ponds, R., van Boxtel, M. P. J., Levine, B., et al. (2007). Effect of a structured course involving goal management training in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 65(2), 205–213. · DOI
  89. van Praag, H., Shubert, T., Zhao, C. M., & Gage, F. H. (2005). Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(38), 8680–8685. · DOI · Paper page
  90. Wiggs, C. L., Weisberg, J., & Martin, A. (2006). Repetition priming across the adult lifespan—the long and short of it. Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition, 13(3–4), 308–325. · DOI
  91. Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1985). Cognitive training in a longitudinal sample. Gerontologist, 25, 10–10.
  92. Willis, S. L., & Nesselroade, C. S. (1990). Long-term effects of fluid ability training in old-old age. Developmental Psychology, 26(6), 905–910. · DOI
  93. Winocur, G., Craik, F. I. M., Levine, B., Robertson, I. H., Binns, M. A., Alexander, M., et al. (2007). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: overview and future directions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(1), 166–171.
  94. Winocur, G., Palmer, H., Dawson, D., Binns, M. A., Bridges, K., & Stuss, D. T. (2007). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: an evaluation of psychosocial factors. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(1), 153–165.

Cited by

See all 682

Metadata

Authors
Lustig, C., Shah, P., Seidler, R., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. A.
Venue
Neuropsychology Review
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2009-10-30
Volume
19
Issue
4
Pages
504-522
ISSN
  • 1040-7308 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-6660
DOI
10.1007/s11065-009-9119-9
OpenAlex
W2097744656
Cited by
682
References
26
FWCI
36.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.