Making Working Memory Work: A Meta-Analysis of Executive-Control and Working Memory Training in Older Adults
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This meta-analysis examined the effects of process-based executive-function and working memory training (49 articles, 61 independent samples) in older adults (> 60 years). The interventions resulted in significant effects on performance on the trained task and near-transfer tasks; significant results were obtained for the net pretest-to-posttest gain relative to active and passive control groups and for the net effect at posttest relative to active and passive control groups. Far-transfer effects were smaller than near-transfer effects but were significant for the net pretest-to-posttest gain relative to passive control groups and for the net gain at posttest relative to both active and passive control groups. We detected marginally significant differences in training-induced improvements between working memory and executive-function training, but no differences between the training-induced improvements observed in older adults and younger adults, between the benefits associated with adaptive and nonadaptive training, or between the effects in active and passive control conditions. Gains did not vary with total training time.
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Two recent meta-analyses did not find rate of improvement over training to be a significant predictor of transfer.
“In addition, two recent meta-analyses of working-memory training have not found the rate of improvement over training to be a significant predictor of transfer (Au et al., 2015;Karbach & Verhaeghen, 2014).”
From A simultaneous examination of two forms of working memory training: Evidence for near transfer only (2016) · cites this paper as Karbach & Verhaeghen, 2014
Recent research suggests neither length nor number of training sessions nor an adaptive element is necessary for transfer.
“This is consistent with very recent research suggesting that neither the length nor number of training sessions (Au et al., 2015) nor an adaptive element to training is necessary for transfer (Karbach & Verhaeghen, 2014;Vartanian et al., 2013;von Bastian & Eschen, 2015).”
From A simultaneous examination of two forms of working memory training: Evidence for near transfer only (2016) · cites this paper as Karbach & Verhaeghen, 2014
Recent estimates of effect sizes for far transfer to reasoning and fluid intelligence are much smaller than those reported in the earliest working-memory studies.
“recent estimates of effect sizes especially for far transfer to reasoning and fluid intelligence appear to be much smaller than reported in the earliest working-memory studies.”
From A simultaneous examination of two forms of working memory training: Evidence for near transfer only (2016) · cites this paper as Karbach & Verhaeghen, 2014
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- Authors
- Karbach, J., & Verhaeghen, P.
- Affiliations
- Saarland University (DE)
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Karbach, Julia
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-10-08
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2027-2037
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC4381540
- OpenAlex
- W1987007995
- Cited by
- 589
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG16201, R01AG016201, R56AG016201)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- working memory training, executive function training, older adults, cognitive training, near transfer, far transfer, adaptive training, training duration
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Geriatric Assessment, Executive Function
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