The Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model
Abstract
In this theoretical article, we introduce the Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model (DSMM), a new, integrative model to improve our understanding of media effects. The DSMM organizes, integrates, and extends the insights developed in earlier microlevel media-effects theories. It distinguishes 3 types of susceptibility to media effects: dispositional, developmental, and social susceptibility. Using the analogy of a mixing console, the DSMM proposes 3 media response states that mediate media effects: cognitive, emotional, and excitative. The assumptions on which the DSMM is based together explain (a) why some individuals are more highly susceptible to media effects than others, (b) how and why media influence those individuals, and (c) how media effects can be enhanced or counteracted.
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Such aggregate statistics are typically derived from heterogeneous samples of adolescents who may differ greatly in their susceptibilities to environmental influences in general and media influences in particular.
“Such statistics are typically derived from heterogeneous samples of adolescents who may differ greatly in their susceptibilities to the effects of environmental influences in general [53] and media influences in particular[54]”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model suggests that users in certain developmental periods may be more susceptible to either positive or negative outcomes from SMU.
“This aligns with Valkenburg and Peter's (2013) Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model, which suggests that users in certain developmental periods may be more susceptible to either positive or negative outcomes from SMU.”
From Are active and passive social media use related to mental health, wellbeing, and social support outcomes? A meta-analysis of 141 studies (2023) · cites this paper as Valkenburg and Peter's (2013)
Both media effects theories and theories of developmental psychopathology emphasize that youth may differ considerably in the degree to which environmental factors influence them.
“Both media effects theories (e.g., differential susceptibility model; Valkenburg & Peter, 2013) and theories of developmental psychopathology (e.g., neurobiological sensitivity to context theories; Ellis et al., 2011) emphasize that youth may differ considerably in the degree to which environmental factors influence them.”
From The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. (2022) · cites this paper as Valkenburg & Peter, 2013
Media effects theories propose that each adolescent may have a unique susceptibility to the effects of social media.
“In line with the proposition of media effects theories that each adolescent may have a unique susceptibility to the effects of social media17, a viable explanation for the small and inconsistent findings in earlier studies may be that the effect of social media differs from adolescent to adolescent.”
From The effect of social media on well-being differs from adolescent to adolescent (2020) · cites this paper as [17]
It provides firm support for the Social Compensation hypothesis.
“Moreover, it provides firm support for the Social Compensation hypothesis, which is concerned with how online interaction can generate a host of benefits for individuals struggling with face-to-face interaction due to lack of social skills or low well-being [133], especially during the pandemic.”
From How social media usage affects psychological and subjective well-being: testing a moderated mediation model (2023) · cites this paper as [133]
Sociocultural and psycho-demographic factors can also moderate social media effects by strengthening, diminishing, and/or moderating individuals' cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to media.
“as suggested by the Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model [133] and Cultivation Theory [134], sociocultural and psycho-demographic factors can also moderate social media effects by strengthening, diminishing, and/or moderating individuals’ cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to media.”
From How social media usage affects psychological and subjective well-being: testing a moderated mediation model (2023) · cites this paper as [133]
The relationship between media multitasking and the three domains could be reversed or reciprocal, not only media multitasking leading to problems.
“Although it is typically argued that media multitasking leads to problems in cognitive control, academic performance, and socioemotional functioning, the relationship could also be reversed or reciprocal, as is consistent with many contemporary media-effects theories (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013).”
From The consequences of media multitasking for youth: A review (2015) · cites this paper as Valkenburg & Peter, 2013
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Untitled work
American Psychological Association (n.d.) · American Psychological Association
- Authors
- Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Communication
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-03-07
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 221-243
- ISSN
- 0021-9916 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1633245909
- Cited by
- 1,340
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 222 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 608.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Communication (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Studies and Communication
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- media influence, differential susceptibility, cognitive responses, emotional responses
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