The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact
Abstract
A new off-line procedure for dealing with ocular artifacts in ERP recording is described. The procedure (EMCP) uses EOG and EEG records for individual trials in an experimental session to estimate a propagation factor which describes the relationship between the EOG and EEG traces. The propagation factor is computed after stimulus-linked variability in both traces has been removed. Different propagation factors are computed for blinks and eye movements. Tests are presented which demonstrate the validity and reliability of the procedure. ERPs derived from trials corrected by EMCP are more similar to a 'true' ERP than are ERPs derived from either uncorrected or randomly corrected trials. The procedure also reduces the difference between ERPs which are based on trials with different degrees of EOG variance. Furthermore, variability at each time point, across trials, is reduced following correction. The propagation factor decreases from frontal to parietal electrodes, and is larger for saccades than blinks. It is more consistent within experimental sessions than between sessions. The major advantage of the procedure is that it permits retention of all trials in an ERP experiment, irrespective of ocular artifact. Thus, studies of populations characterized by a high degree of artifact, and those requiring eye movements as part of the experimental task, are made possible. Furthermore, there is no need to require subjects to restrict eye movement activity. In comparison to procedures suggested by others, EMCP also has the advantage that separate correction factors are computed for blinks and movements and that these factors are based on data from the experimental session itself rather than from a separate calibration session.
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“The epochs were corrected for eye-movement artefacts, using the technique described in (Gratton et al., 1983), and any epoch with a signal exceeding a peak-to-peak amplitude of 200 µV for any channel was excluded.”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Gratton et al., 1983
In the citing paper
“ERN and CRN standardized residual scores (ERNresid and CRNresid) were calculated based on measuring the variance leftover in a regression equation in which one score is modeled as a predictor of another score, because they may be preferable to subtraction-based difference scores in separating error processing from response monitoring [22, 40].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“The ΔERN is correlated both with the ERN and CRN and is therefore not an independent measure of either ERP [40].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“Segments with eye movements and blinks were kept and corrected, adopting the standard Gratton and Coles procedure (Gratton et al., 1983).”
From Error and feedback processing in children with ADHD and children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: An EEG event-related potential study (2008) · cites this paper as Gratton et al., 1983
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“Artefacts were rejected and eye movement artefacts were corrected, using the Gratton et al. (1983) method.”
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Self-citationSynchronous cortical gamma-band activity in task-relevant cognition
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“Epochs were corrected for ocular artifacts using the Gratton et al. (1983) algorithm.”
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“Some methods, based on regression in the time/frequency domain, were suggested for removing artifacts (Gratton et al. 1983).”
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“Eye-blink artifacts were mathematically corrected3 using a model blink artifact computed for each individual following the procedure recommended by Gratton et al. (1983).”
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“Eye blinks and eye movements were corrected for using an ocular artifact algorithm (Gratton et al., 1983).”
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“After segmenting, EEG was corrected for vertical and horizontal eye blinks employing Gratton and Coles algorithm (Gratton et al. 1983).”
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“The form of the oculomotor EEG artifacts is known to be dependent on the type of eye movement in the horizontal/vertical direction in the presence/absence of angular momentum, in accordance the oculomotor artifacts can be classified into several types (Gratton et al., 1983; Jung et al., 2000).”
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“Each trial was corrected for blinks and eye movements (Gratton et al., 1983).”
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“Ocular corrections were made using the Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983) procedure.”
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“ocular artifacts (Gratton et al., 1983).”
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“Ocular artifacts were corrected by using a method proposed by Gratton et al. (1983). Stimulus-locked EEG-segments of 1000 msec were used in order to compute ERPs to correct Go and correct Nogo trials, separately.”
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“As mood-congruency is by definition an assimilative phenomenon that reflects the activation of mood-congruent semantic knowledge structures, it follows that mood-congruent memory effects are stronger in good than in bad mood (e.g., Isen 1984) and increase for assimilative memory tasks like free recall and decrease for…”
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Diversity of the P3 in the task-switching paradigm
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Event-related potentials and secondary task performance during simulated driving
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“Additionally, the data were corrected for electrooculogram artifacts via the method described in Gratton et al 1983 [37] and implemented in the Brain Vision Analyzer (Brain Products, Gilching, Germany).”
MethodGatt, J. M., Nemeroff, C. B., Schofield, P. R., Paul, R. H., Clark, C. R., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.025 · Cited by 90
Electroencephalographic correlates of target and outcome errors
Krigolson, O. E., Holroyd, C. B., Gyn, G. H. V., & Heath, M. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1482-x · Cited by 91
“Ocular artefacts were removed using the algorithm described by Gratton et al. (1983).”
MethodPerformance monitoring following conflict: Internal adjustments in cognitive control?
Larson, M. J., Clayson, P. E., & Baldwin, S. A. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.021 · Cited by 96
“Eye movement and blink artifacts were corrected using the algorithm described by Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983).”
MethodTakeuchi, M., Hori, E., Takamoto, K., Tran, A. H., Kohno, S., Ishikawa, A., Ono, T., Endo, S., & Nishijo, H. (2009) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-009-0109-2 · Cited by 88
“HEOG and VEOG artifacts were corrected using the algorithm of Gratton et al. (1983).”
MethodElectrophysiological abnormalities in well functioning multiple concussed athletes
Thériault, M., Beaumont, L. D., Gosselin, N., Filipinni, M., & Lassonde, M. C. (2009) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050903283189 · Cited by 100
Electrophysiological correlates of threat processing in spider phobics.
Kolassa, I., Musial, F., Mohr, A., Trippe, R. H., & Miltner, W. (2005) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00315.x · Cited by 95
van Dinteren, R., Arns, M., Jongsma, M. L. A., & Kessels, R. P. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00294 · Cited by 97
“A continuous acquisition system was employed and EEG data were EOG corrected offline (Gratton et al., 1983).”
MethodAltered processing of pain‐related information in patients with fibromyalgia
Montoya, P., Pauli, P., Batra, A., & Wiedemann, G. (2004) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.07.012 · Cited by 90
“EOG correction was applied by a regression method (Gratton et al., 1983).”
MethodHutzler, F., Braun, M., Võ, M. L. ‐., Engl, V., Hofmann, M., Dambacher, M., Leder, H., & Jacobs, A. M. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.025 · Cited by 89
“The most prominent advantage of event-related potentials (ERPs) is that the time course of cognitive processes can be measured at a very high temporal resolution (Hillyard and Kutas, 1983).”
BackgroundCrowley, M. J., Wu, J., Molfese, P. J., & Mayes, L. C. (2010) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2010.500169 · Cited by 92
“The EEG for each trial was corrected for blinks and eye movements (Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983 ).”
Cross-modal Emotional Attention: Emotional Voices Modulate Early Stages of Visual Processing
Brosch, T., Grandjean, D., Sander, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21110 · Cited by 91
“A reduction of artifacts related to vertical eye movements was implemented using the algorithm developed by Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983).”
Montréal, H., Léger, P., Sénécal, S., Montréal, H., Courtemanche, F., Montréal, H., de Guinea, A. O., Montréal, H., Titah, R., Montréal, H., et al. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00376 · Cited by 89
“The most widely used methods for ocular artefact removal are independent component analysis (ICA) (Vigário, 1997) and electrooculography (EOG) (Gratton.”
MethodBrain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for communication and control
Wolpaw, J. R. (2007) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/1296843.1296845 · Cited by 89
Can clouds dance? Part 2: An ERP investigation of passive conceptual expansion
Rutter, B., Kröger, S., Hill, H., Windmann, S., Hermann, C., & Abraham, A. (2012) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.08.003 · Cited by 90
“Ocular correction to remove eye movement artefacts was computed based on the method described by Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983).”
To Choose or to Avoid: Age Differences in Learning from Positive and Negative Feedback
Eppinger, B., & Kray, J. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21364 · Cited by 88
“Remaining eye movements were corrected using a linear regression approach (Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983 ), as implemented in EEProbe software (ANT Software).”
MethodPauli, P., Dengler, W., Wiedemann, G., Montoya, P., al, E., Birbaumer, N., & Buchkremer, G. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.2.213 · Cited by 90
Event-related potential dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder: the role of numbing
Felmingham, K. L., Bryant, R. A., Kendall, C., & Gordon, E. (2002) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00003-3 · Cited by 93
“All EOG artifact was corrected (Gratton et al., 1983).”
Snijders, T. M., Milivojevic, B., & Kemner, C. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.015 · Cited by 92
“EOG artifacts were reduced using an ocular correction algorithm described by Gratton et al. (1983). Next, a baseline correction was applied in which the waveforms were normalized relative to a 100 ms stimuluspreceding epoch, and trials containing EEG exceeding +/−75 μV were removed.”
Event-related potentials to Stroop and reverse Stroop stimuli
Atkinson, C. M., Drysdale, K., & Fulham, W. R. (2003) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(02)00038-7 · Cited by 88
Martín‐Loeches, M., Nigbur, R., Casado, P., Hohlfeld, A., & Sommer, W. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.094 · Cited by 88
An event-related potential study of age-related changes in sensitivity to stimulus deviance
Gaeta, H., Friedman, D., Ritter, W., & Cheng, J. C. (1998) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(98)00087-6 · Cited by 95
Mattie Tops, A., & Boksem, M. A. S. (2010) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.4.441 · Cited by 88
“Out-of-range artifacts were rejected, and eye movement artifacts were corrected, using the Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983) method.”
MethodInfluentialvan Peer, J. M., Roelofs, K., Rotteveel, M., van Dijk, J. G., Spinhoven, P., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.07.003 · Cited by 89
“Single trials were corrected for the effects of eye blinks and eye movements using a standard procedure (Gratton et al., 1983).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., & Donchin, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Gratton, Gabriele
- Venue
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1983-04
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 468-484
- ISSN
- 0013-4694 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114512489
- Cited by
- 5,055
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 177 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 223 · 2019: 213 · 2018: 235 · 2017: 253 · 2016: 267 · 2015: 263 · 2014: 283 · 2013: 301 · 2012: 276
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- ocular artifact removal, event-related potentials, saccades, eye movements, trial retention
- MeSH terms
- Blinking, Electroencephalography, Electrooculography, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Mathematics
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