The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact
Abstract
A new off-line procedure for dealing with ocular artifacts in ERP recording is described. The procedure (EMCP) uses EOG and EEG records for individual trials in an experimental session to estimate a propagation factor which describes the relationship between the EOG and EEG traces. The propagation factor is computed after stimulus-linked variability in both traces has been removed. Different propagation factors are computed for blinks and eye movements. Tests are presented which demonstrate the validity and reliability of the procedure. ERPs derived from trials corrected by EMCP are more similar to a 'true' ERP than are ERPs derived from either uncorrected or randomly corrected trials. The procedure also reduces the difference between ERPs which are based on trials with different degrees of EOG variance. Furthermore, variability at each time point, across trials, is reduced following correction. The propagation factor decreases from frontal to parietal electrodes, and is larger for saccades than blinks. It is more consistent within experimental sessions than between sessions. The major advantage of the procedure is that it permits retention of all trials in an ERP experiment, irrespective of ocular artifact. Thus, studies of populations characterized by a high degree of artifact, and those requiring eye movements as part of the experimental task, are made possible. Furthermore, there is no need to require subjects to restrict eye movement activity. In comparison to procedures suggested by others, EMCP also has the advantage that separate correction factors are computed for blinks and movements and that these factors are based on data from the experimental session itself rather than from a separate calibration session.
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“The epochs were corrected for eye-movement artefacts, using the technique described in (Gratton et al., 1983), and any epoch with a signal exceeding a peak-to-peak amplitude of 200 µV for any channel was excluded.”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Gratton et al., 1983
In the citing paper
“ERN and CRN standardized residual scores (ERNresid and CRNresid) were calculated based on measuring the variance leftover in a regression equation in which one score is modeled as a predictor of another score, because they may be preferable to subtraction-based difference scores in separating error processing from response monitoring [22, 40].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“The ΔERN is correlated both with the ERN and CRN and is therefore not an independent measure of either ERP [40].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“Segments with eye movements and blinks were kept and corrected, adopting the standard Gratton and Coles procedure (Gratton et al., 1983).”
From Error and feedback processing in children with ADHD and children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: An EEG event-related potential study (2008) · cites this paper as Gratton et al., 1983
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“Ocular artifacts were corrected (Gratton et al., 1983) and trials with artifacts were automatically removed with a 75-mV criterion.”
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“Correction for eye-blink artifact was carried out on the 26 cephalic sites using a technique based on Gratton et al. (1983) (Gratton et al., 1983) using the recorded EOG data.”
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“Chaumon, Schwartz, and Tallon-Baudry 2289 signal were corrected by a correlation method ( Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983 ).”
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Groom, M. J., Liddle, E. B., Scerif, G., Liddle, P. F., Batty, M. J., Liotti, M., & Hollis, C. P. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12069 · Cited by 48
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“Each EEG segment was corrected for blinks and eye movements using the method developed by Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983).”
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Alterations in Neural Processing and Psychopathology in Children Raised in Institutions
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“Blinks in the electroculogram were regressed out of the EEG using standard procedures.(47) Trials with an EEG signal that exceeded ±200 μV were excluded.”
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“Ocular artifacts were corrected using standard regressive methods [36].”
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“Electrical epochs (350 ms duration, beginning 50 ms pre-stimulus) were corrected for residual eye movement and eye blink activity using an algorithm operating in the time and frequency domain (Gratton et al., 1983) and then baseline corrected using a 50 ms window of prestimulus electrical activity.”
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“Eyeblinks were corrected using the method by Gratton et al. (1983), and semi-automated artifact rejection procedures removed artifacts with the following criteria: voltage step of more than 50 lV between sample points, a voltage difference of 300 lV within a trial, and a maximum voltage difference…”
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“1 Hz, High cutoff: 30 Hz, Notch filter: 50 Hz), corrected for ocular artifacts (following the procedure described by Gratton and Coles [53]), and re-referenced to average recorded reference.”
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“Eye movement artifacts (blinks and other movements) were rejected using a Gratton & Coles-based algorithm off-line [25].”
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“Importantly, this context effect was not found among White Americans. li o h ee k U In the current studies, we examine effects of social t r ec”
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“(32 standard channels mounted in an elastic cap and two mastoid locations, M1 and M2, which were used for off-line re-referencing). The vertical electro-oculogram (VEOG) was recorded with two active Ag/AgCl electrodes located above and underneath the left eye. The horizontal electro-oculogram (HEOG) was recorded with…”
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KEAGE, H. A. D., CLARK, C. R., HERMENS, D. F., KOHN, M. R., CLARKE, S., WILLIAMS, L. M., CREWTHER, D., LAMB, C., & GORDON, E. (2006) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s0219635206001070 · Cited by 30
“EOG correction was carried out using a technique outlined by Gratton, Coles and Donchin [26].”
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Albrecht, B., Brandeis, D., Uebel, H., Heinrich, H., Heise, A., Hasselhorn, M., Rothenberger, A., & Banaschewski, T. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.018 · Cited by 23
“Ocular artifacts were corrected using the method of Gratton and Coles without raw average subtraction (Gratton et al., 1983).”
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“Ocular artifacts were corrected using the regression method developed by Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983).”
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Electroencephalography profiles as a biomarker of wellbeing: A twin study
Chilver, M. R., Keller, A. S., Park, H. R. P., Jamshidi, J., Montalto, A., Schofield, P. R., Clark, C. R., Harmon-Jones, E., Williams, L. M., & Gatt, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.04.010 · Cited by 19
Riesel, A., Härpfer, K., Thoma, L., Kathmann, N., & Klawohn, J. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14164 · Cited by 15
Dell'Acqua, C., Hajcak, G., Amir, N., Santopetro, N. J., Brush, C. J., & Meyer, A. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14216 · Cited by 16
Altered Response Evaluation: Monitoring of Late Responses After Administration of D-Amphetamine
de Bruijn, E. R. A., Hulstijn, W., Verkes, R. J., Ruigt, G. S. F., & Sabbe, B. G. C. (2005) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.311 · Cited by 15
Mindfulness Induces Changes in Anterior Alpha Asymmetry in Healthy Older Adults
Isbel, B., Lagopoulos, J., Hermens, D. F., & Summers, M. J. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01106-w · Cited by 15
Meyer, A., Chong, L., Wissemann, K., Mehra, L., & Mirzadegan, I. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2023.01.005 · Cited by 12
“We corrected for eye blinks and eye movements using the Gratton et al. (1983) method.”
MethodHochman, E. Y., Orr, J. M., & Gehring, W. J. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs323 · Cited by 11
Liu, Q., Tan, B., Zhou, J., Zheng, Z., Li, L., & Yang, Y. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000005655 · Cited by 9
The effect of deviance predictability on mismatch negativity in schizophrenia patients
Horacek, M., Kärgel, C., Scherbaum, N., & Müller, B. W. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.010 · Cited by 9
“Eye blinks were corrected using a regression method [9].”
MethodMorand-Beaulieu, S., Aardema, F., O'Connor, K. P., & Lavoie, M. E. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110061 · Cited by 9
Marsh, C. L., Groves, N. B., Mehra, L. M., Black, K. E., Irwin Harper, L. N., Meyer, A., & Kofler, M. J. (2023) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2166029 · Cited by 5
“Ocular artifacts (i.e., eye blinks and eye movement) were corrected following the steps outlined in Gratton et al. (1983).”
MethodHanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Rentschler, L. G., Hanna, B. S., Arnold, P. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01711-4 · Cited by 4
Okazaki, K., Yamamuro, K., Iida, J., Ota, T., Nakanishi, Y., Matsuura, H., Uratani, M., Sawada, S., Azechi, T., Kishimoto, N., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.024 · Cited by 4
Monetary reward enhances response inhibition processes manifested in No-go P3
Maruo, Y., & Masaki, H. (2024) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112410 · Cited by 4
Wynn, J. K., & Green, M. F. (2024) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594241252897 · Cited by 3
Cross-modal symbolic processing can elicit either an N2 or a protracted N2/N400 response
Griffiths, O., Le Pelley, M. E., Jack, B. N., Luque, D., & Whitford, T. J. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12649 · Cited by 3
Hanna, G., Liu, Y., Rentschler, L., Hanna, B., Arnold, P., & Gehring, W. (2024) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943784/v1 · Cited by 4
“Ocular movement artifacts were then corrected using a regression-based algorithm [39].”
MethodWassouf, I., Vibert, N., Dampuré, J., Doolub, D., Harika-Germaneau, G., Langbour, N., & Jaafari, N. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/9694689
“(cid:129) Of fl ine correction of eye movement artifacts using the Grat-ton and Coles algorithm [62].”
Hanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Hanna, B. S., Arnold, P. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2026) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70403
“Ocular movement artifacts were then corrected using a regression-based algorithm (Gratton et al. 1983).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., & Donchin, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Gratton, Gabriele
- Venue
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1983-04
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 468-484
- ISSN
- 0013-4694 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114512489
- Cited by
- 5,055
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 177 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 223 · 2019: 213 · 2018: 235 · 2017: 253 · 2016: 267 · 2015: 263 · 2014: 283 · 2013: 301 · 2012: 276
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- ocular artifact removal, event-related potentials, saccades, eye movements, trial retention
- MeSH terms
- Blinking, Electroencephalography, Electrooculography, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Mathematics
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