The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact
Abstract
A new off-line procedure for dealing with ocular artifacts in ERP recording is described. The procedure (EMCP) uses EOG and EEG records for individual trials in an experimental session to estimate a propagation factor which describes the relationship between the EOG and EEG traces. The propagation factor is computed after stimulus-linked variability in both traces has been removed. Different propagation factors are computed for blinks and eye movements. Tests are presented which demonstrate the validity and reliability of the procedure. ERPs derived from trials corrected by EMCP are more similar to a 'true' ERP than are ERPs derived from either uncorrected or randomly corrected trials. The procedure also reduces the difference between ERPs which are based on trials with different degrees of EOG variance. Furthermore, variability at each time point, across trials, is reduced following correction. The propagation factor decreases from frontal to parietal electrodes, and is larger for saccades than blinks. It is more consistent within experimental sessions than between sessions. The major advantage of the procedure is that it permits retention of all trials in an ERP experiment, irrespective of ocular artifact. Thus, studies of populations characterized by a high degree of artifact, and those requiring eye movements as part of the experimental task, are made possible. Furthermore, there is no need to require subjects to restrict eye movement activity. In comparison to procedures suggested by others, EMCP also has the advantage that separate correction factors are computed for blinks and movements and that these factors are based on data from the experimental session itself rather than from a separate calibration session.
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“The epochs were corrected for eye-movement artefacts, using the technique described in (Gratton et al., 1983), and any epoch with a signal exceeding a peak-to-peak amplitude of 200 µV for any channel was excluded.”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Gratton et al., 1983
In the citing paper
“ERN and CRN standardized residual scores (ERNresid and CRNresid) were calculated based on measuring the variance leftover in a regression equation in which one score is modeled as a predictor of another score, because they may be preferable to subtraction-based difference scores in separating error processing from response monitoring [22, 40].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“The ΔERN is correlated both with the ERN and CRN and is therefore not an independent measure of either ERP [40].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“Segments with eye movements and blinks were kept and corrected, adopting the standard Gratton and Coles procedure (Gratton et al., 1983).”
From Error and feedback processing in children with ADHD and children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: An EEG event-related potential study (2008) · cites this paper as Gratton et al., 1983
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“Trials containing artifacts (voltages exceeding ±100 μV) were rejected, and then vertical electro-oculogram and horizontal electro-oculogram data were used to correct EEGs for eye movements and blinks in a regression-based algorithm (33).”
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Did I do that? Abnormal predictive processes in schizophrenia when button pressing to deliver a tone
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Mighty metaphors: Behavioral and ERP evidence that power shifts attention on a vertical dimension
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“After segmentation ocular correction was applied according to the Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983) algorithm.”
Fairness concerns predict medial frontal negativity amplitude in ultimatum bargaining
Boksem, M. A. S., & Cremer, D. D. (2009) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910903202666 · Cited by 213
“Artifacts were rejected and eye movement artifacts were corrected, using the Gratton, Coles and Donchin ( 1983 ) method.”
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“EOG artefacts were corrected using a regression procedure (Gratton et al., 1983).”
MethodMa, J., Zhang, Y., Cichocki, A. S., & Matsuno, F. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2369483 · Cited by 211
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“Epochs were rejected from further analyses if data exceeded 100 μV and ocular artifact correction was conducted according to the Gratton et al. (1983) ), separately for each participant, the average power values of the different frequency bands were also calculated using individual alpha peak…”
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“Various methods have been presented to eliminate EOG and EMG-related noise (Brunia et al., 1989; Gratton et al., 1983; Wallstrom et al., 2004).”
Kirov, R., Weiss, C., Siebner, H. R., Born, J., & Marshall, L. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904438106 · Cited by 208
“After applying an ocular correction to the entire EEG raw data signal (58), eight EEG intervals were selected for further EEG analyses: a 1-min interval before tSOS, five 1-min stimulation-free intervals immediately after each 5-min period of stimulation (including the interval after the last stimulation), and 1-min E…”
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“But in summary, data were (1) filtered (0.3–100 Hz and notch); (2) EOG-corrected using a regression-based technique similar to that used by Gratton et al. (1983); (3) segmented in 4-second epochs (50% overlapping) and an automatic deartifacting method was applied.”
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Kelly, S. D., McDevitt, T., & Esch, M. (2009) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960802365567 · Cited by 282
“Eye artifacts during data collection were monitored with 4 EOG electrodes, with voltage shifts above 70 microvolts marked as bad (for more on the EOG algorithm, see Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983 ; Miller, Gratton, & Yee, 1988 ).”
Event-Related Brain Potentials While Encountering Semantic and Syntactic Constraint Violations
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BackgroundRemoval of ocular artifacts from the EEG — A biophysical approach to the EOG
Elbert, T. R., Lutzenberger, W., Rockstroh, B. S., & Birbaumer, N. (1985) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(85)91020-x · Cited by 205
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Self-citationThe influence of anhedonia on feedback negativity in major depressive disorder
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Dipole models of eye movements and blinks
Berg, P., & Scherg, M. (1991) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(91)90154-v · Cited by 200
Age trends and sex differences of alpha rhythms including split alpha peaks
Chiang, A. K., RENNIE, C. J., Robinson, P. A., van Albada, S. J., & Kerr, C. C. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.01.040 · Cited by 198
“All scalp EEG channels were referenced to the average of A1 and A2 (mastoids), and were corrected offline for EOG artifact using a technique based on that of Gratton et al. (1983). Average mastoids references were used since they maximizes the amplitude fluctuations observed across all sites.”
MethodResting state EEG power and coherence abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Kam, J. W. Y., Bolbecker, A. R., O’Donnell, B. F., Hetrick, W. P., & Brenner, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.09.009 · Cited by 211
“Activity that exceeded +/− 100 μV was removed and blinks were initially corrected using an algorithm (Gratton et al. 1983).”
Cortical Movement Preparation before and after a Conscious Decision to Move
Trevena, J. A., & Miller, J. O. (2002) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2002.0548 · Cited by 197
Emotional context modulates response inhibition: Neural and behavioral data
Albert, J., López‐Martín, S., & Carretié, L. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.045 · Cited by 194
“For the rest of epochs, the EOG artifact removal procedure described by Gratton et al. (1983) was applied whenever EOG activity was observed.”
Neurophysiological predictors of non-response to rTMS in depression
Arns, M., Drinkenburg, W. H. I. M., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Kenemans, J. L. (2012) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.12.003 · Cited by 196
“For determination of the iAPF a method was used based on Doppelmayr and coworkers [43] and Lansbergen and coworkers [44] and in summary consisted of: EOG correction [45], a linked ears montage (for F3, Fz, F4, Cz, P3, Pz, P4, O1, Oz and O2), filtering (1e40 Hz), automatic artefact removal (threshold of 150 mV), segmen…”
MethodAutomatic removal of the eye blink artifact from EEG using an ICA-based template matching approach
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“Among them the most popular approach is the regression-based method (Gratton et al 1983, Croft and Barry 2000a, 2000b), either in the time domain or in the frequency domain.”
MethodAction monitoring, error detection, and the basal ganglia: an ERP study
Falkenstein, M., Hielscher, H., Dziobek, I., Schwarzenau, P., Hoormann, J., Sundermann, B., & Hohnsbein, J. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200101220-00039 · Cited by 198
On the transmission of partial information: Inferences from movement-related brain potentials.
Osman, A. M., Bashore, T. R., COLES, M. G. H., Donchin, E., & al, E. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.217 · Cited by 194
“Also, recall that eye movement artifacts were removed by the eye movement correction procedure (Gratton et al., 1983).”
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Learning increases human electroencephalographic coherence during subsequent slow sleep oscillations
Mölle, M., Marshall, L., Gais, S., & Born, J. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402820101 · Cited by 222
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Error-processing deficits in patients with cocaine dependence
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“The EEG data were filtered offline (low pass 30 Hz, high pass 0.1 Hz, 24 dB/oct both), segmented ( 200 ms to 900 ms), corrected for blinks (Gratton et al., 1983), and screened for artifacts using the software Brain Vision Analyzer 1.04 (Brain Products GmbH, Germany).”
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Mecklinger, A., Kramer, A. F., & Strayer, D. L. (1992) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02021.x · Cited by 194
The role of operant conditioning in chronic pain: an experimental investigation
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“EOG artifact was corrected using an algorithm adapted from Gratton et al. (1983).”
Schizophrenics have fewer and smaller P300s: A single-trial analysis
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Weinberg, A., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028270 · Cited by 182
“Eyeblink and ocular corrections were conducted using both VEM and HEM channels per a modification of the original algorithm published in Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983).”
Riesel, A., Weinberg, A., Endraß, T., Meyer, A., & Hajcak, G. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.04.007 · Cited by 204
Clinical and biological concomitants of resting state EEG power abnormalities in schizophrenia
Sponheim, S. R., Clementz, B. A., Iacono, W. G., & Beiser, M. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00907-0 · Cited by 191
“To remove these eye movements, the EOG signal was mathematically subtracted from the EEG according to the method of Gratton et al (1983).”
MethodInfluentialExecutive control deficit in depression: event-related potentials in a Go/Nogo task
Kaiser, S., Unger, J., Kiefer, M., Markela-Lerenc, J., Mundt, C., & Weisbrod, M. (2003) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00004-0 · Cited by 193
Auditory event-related potential abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
O'Donnell, B. F., Vohs, J. L., Hetrick, W. P., Carroll, C. A., & Shekhar, A. (2004) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.02.001 · Cited by 190
EEG study of the mirror neuron system in children with high functioning autism
Raymaekers, R., Wiersema, J. R., & Roeyers, H. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.068 · Cited by 189
Integrative Neuroscience: The Role of a Standardized Database
Gordon, E., Cooper, N. R., RENNIE, C. J., Hermens, D. F., & Williams, L. M. (2005) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/155005940503600205 · Cited by 190
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A Psychophysiological Assessment of Operator Workload During Simulated Flight Missions
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Strategies and mechanisms in nonselective and selective inhibitory motor control.
de Jong, R., COLES, M. G. H., & Logan, G. D. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.21.3.498 · Cited by 190
“The EEG signals were inspected for artifacts, corrected off-line for vertical and horizontal eye movements and blinks by standard procedures (Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983), and then smoothed with a low-pass digital filter (high-frequency cutoff at 8.”
MethodSelf-citationAkhtar, M. T., Mitsuhashi, W., & James, C. J. (2011) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2011.08.005 · Cited by 189
Resting EEG in first‐episode and chronic schizophrenia
Sponheim, S. R., Clementz, B. A., Iacono, W. G., & Beiser, M. (1994) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01023.x · Cited by 189
Neural response to reward and depressive symptoms in late childhood to early adolescence
Bress, J. N., Smith, E., Foti, D., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.004 · Cited by 187
Brain preparation before a voluntary action: Evidence against unconscious movement initiation
Trevena, J. A., & Miller, J. O. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.08.006 · Cited by 187
Groom, M. J., & Cragg, L. (2015) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2015.04.004 · Cited by 205
Resource reciprocity: An event-related brain potentials analysis
Sirevaag, E. J., Kramer, A. F., COLES, M. G. H., & Donchin, E. (1989) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(89)90061-9 · Cited by 188
Self-citationQuantified EEG Activity in Adolescent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Lazzaro, I., Gordon, E., Whitmont, S., Plahn, M., Li, W., Clarke, S. P., Dosen, A., & Meares, R. A. (1998) · Clinical Electroencephalography · doi:10.1177/155005949802900111 · Cited by 187
Reduced electrocortical response to threatening faces in major depressive disorder
Foti, D., Olvet, D. M., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20712 · Cited by 197
“The EEG for each trial was corrected for blinks and eye movements using the method developed by Gratton et al.[50] Specific trials for individual channels were rejected using a semi-automated procedure, with physiological artifacts identified by the following criteria: a voltage step of more than 50mV between sample p…”
MethodDunning, J. P., & Hajcak, G. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00723.x · Cited by 187
Brain potentials during affective picture processing in children
Hajcak, G., & Dennis, T. A. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.11.006 · Cited by 193
“The EEG was corrected for blinks and eye movements using themethod developed by Gratton et al. (1983). Specific intervals”
Probe P3 and blinks: Two measures of affective startle modulation
SCHUPP, H. T., CUTHBERT, B. N., BRADLEY, M. M., BIRBAUMER, N., & LANG, P. J. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02409.x · Cited by 181
GABA level, gamma oscillation, and working memory performance in schizophrenia
Chen, C. A., Stanford, A. D., Mao, X., Abi‐Dargham, A., Shungu, D. C., Lisanby, S. H., Schroeder, C. E., & Kegeles, L. S. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.03.007 · Cited by 181
Moser, J. S., Krompinger, J. W., Dietz, J., & Simons, R. F. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00721.x · Cited by 186
Golob, E. J., Irimajiri, R., & Starr, A. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl375 · Cited by 183
“An eyeblink correction algorithm was used to correct for artefacts (Gratton et al., 1983).”
MethodAlbrecht, B., Brandeis, D., Uebel, H., Heinrich, H., Mueller, U. C., Hasselhorn, M., Steinhausen, H.-C., Rothenberger, A., & Banaschewski, T. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.12.016 · Cited by 185
Foti, D., Weinberg, A., Bernat, E. M., & Proudfit, G. H. (2014) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.08.025 · Cited by 193
“Each trial was corrected for blinks and eye movements using the method developed by Gratton et al. (1983).”
Clementz, B. A., Sponheim, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & Beiser, M. (1994) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01052.x · Cited by 185
Response inhibition subprocesses and dopaminergic pathways: Basal ganglia disease effects
Beste, C., Willemssen, R., Carsten Saft, C., & Falkenstein, M. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.023 · Cited by 185
Vocat, R., Pourtois, G., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.006 · Cited by 190
When is an error not a prediction error? An electrophysiological investigation
Holroyd, C. B., Krigolson, O. E., Baker, R., Lee, S., & Gibson, J. (2009) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.9.1.59 · Cited by 189
Stimulus modality, perceptual overlap, and the go/no‐go N2
Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., & Cohen, J. D. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8986.2003.00128.x · Cited by 183
Hierarchical Organization of Gamma and Theta Oscillatory Dynamics in Schizophrenia
Kirihara, K., Rissling, A. J., Swerdlow, N. R., BRAFF, D. L., & Light, G. A. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.016 · Cited by 184
Event-related potentials (MMN and novelty P3) in permanent vegetative or minimally conscious states
Fischer, C., Luauté, J., & Morlet, D. (2010) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.02.005 · Cited by 182
“For these patients, we used a Matlab-based software developed in our lab, which allows trial per trial correction of the raw EEG signal using regression with EOG signals (Gratton et al., 1983).”
MethodFriedman, D. S., & Simpson, G. V. (1994) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0926-6410(94)90020-5 · Cited by 185
Vidal, J. R., Chaumon, M., O'Regan, J. K., & Tallon‐Baudry, C. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1850 · Cited by 179
“The visual processes of interest during scene encoding (color grouping and attentional focusing) were manipulated in four different experimental conditions.”
MethodMu rhythm desynchronization reveals motoric influences of hand action on object recognition
Kumar, S., Riddoch, M. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00066 · Cited by 179
“Eye movement correction was done using a regression based method implemented in Brain Vision Analyser (Gratton et al., 1983).”
MethodCognitive Brain Event-Related Potentials and Emotion Processing in Maltreated Children
Pollak, S. D., Cicchetti, D., Klorman, R., & Brumaghim, J. T. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01961.x · Cited by 211
Sensory-Evoked Gamma Oscillations in Chronic Schizophrenia
Spencer, K. M., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Shenton, M. E., & McCarley, R. W. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.017 · Cited by 182
“Single-trial epochs were extracted from −250 to 850 ms relative to stimulus onset and corrected for eye movements and blinks (27).”
MethodDunning, J. P., Parvaz, M. A., Hajcak, G., Maloney, T., Nelly Alia-klein, A., Woicik, P. A., Telang, F., Wang, G., Volkow, N. D., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07663.x · Cited by 182
“1 and 30 Hz; the EEG was corrected for blinks and eye movements using a previously developed method (Gratton et al., 1983).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., & Donchin, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Gratton, Gabriele
- Venue
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1983-04
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 468-484
- ISSN
- 0013-4694 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114512489
- Cited by
- 5,055
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 177 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 223 · 2019: 213 · 2018: 235 · 2017: 253 · 2016: 267 · 2015: 263 · 2014: 283 · 2013: 301 · 2012: 276
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- ocular artifact removal, event-related potentials, saccades, eye movements, trial retention
- MeSH terms
- Blinking, Electroencephalography, Electrooculography, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Mathematics
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