The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact
Abstract
A new off-line procedure for dealing with ocular artifacts in ERP recording is described. The procedure (EMCP) uses EOG and EEG records for individual trials in an experimental session to estimate a propagation factor which describes the relationship between the EOG and EEG traces. The propagation factor is computed after stimulus-linked variability in both traces has been removed. Different propagation factors are computed for blinks and eye movements. Tests are presented which demonstrate the validity and reliability of the procedure. ERPs derived from trials corrected by EMCP are more similar to a 'true' ERP than are ERPs derived from either uncorrected or randomly corrected trials. The procedure also reduces the difference between ERPs which are based on trials with different degrees of EOG variance. Furthermore, variability at each time point, across trials, is reduced following correction. The propagation factor decreases from frontal to parietal electrodes, and is larger for saccades than blinks. It is more consistent within experimental sessions than between sessions. The major advantage of the procedure is that it permits retention of all trials in an ERP experiment, irrespective of ocular artifact. Thus, studies of populations characterized by a high degree of artifact, and those requiring eye movements as part of the experimental task, are made possible. Furthermore, there is no need to require subjects to restrict eye movement activity. In comparison to procedures suggested by others, EMCP also has the advantage that separate correction factors are computed for blinks and movements and that these factors are based on data from the experimental session itself rather than from a separate calibration session.
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“The epochs were corrected for eye-movement artefacts, using the technique described in (Gratton et al., 1983), and any epoch with a signal exceeding a peak-to-peak amplitude of 200 µV for any channel was excluded.”
From Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech (2017) · cites this paper as Gratton et al., 1983
In the citing paper
“ERN and CRN standardized residual scores (ERNresid and CRNresid) were calculated based on measuring the variance leftover in a regression equation in which one score is modeled as a predictor of another score, because they may be preferable to subtraction-based difference scores in separating error processing from response monitoring [22, 40].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“The ΔERN is correlated both with the ERN and CRN and is therefore not an independent measure of either ERP [40].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“Segments with eye movements and blinks were kept and corrected, adopting the standard Gratton and Coles procedure (Gratton et al., 1983).”
From Error and feedback processing in children with ADHD and children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: An EEG event-related potential study (2008) · cites this paper as Gratton et al., 1983
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“1 and 30 Hz, respectively; eye blink and ocular corrections were conducted as per Gratton, Coles, and Donchin ( 1983 ).”
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“The ocular artifacts were corrected using established procedures (see Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983 ).”
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“Data were re-referenced to an average mastoid configuration, and eyemovement-related artifact was corrected.(15) Only trials on which participants responded correctly were included in subsequent analyses.”
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“For example, the spatial topography of eye movement or blink artifacts is consistent with volume conduction across the scalp from the eyes, justifying the use of linear regression methods to remove or attenuate them (Gratton et al., 1983; Semlitsch et al., 1986; Woestenburg et al., 1983).”
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“The EEG for each trial was corrected for vertical and horizontal EOG artifacts, as recommended by Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983).”
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“A continuous acquisition system was employed and data were EOG corrected of ̄ine (Gratton et al., 1983).”
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“However, for subjects with a substantial number of blinks, those single trials that were without amplifier blocking were corrected with a procedure described by Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983) , and included in the relevant ERP averages.”
MethodAutomatic Identification and Removal of Ocular Artifacts from EEG using Wavelet Transform
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On the relationship of P3a and the Novelty-P3
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“Ocular artifact was removed with the eye-movement correction procedure described by Gratton et al. (1983).”
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“Ocular artefacts were corrected with the method of Gratton et al. (1983).”
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“Data were EOG-corrected using a regression-based technique similar to that used by Gratton, Coles and Donchin 48 and stored in EDF format 49 .”
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“Vertical and horizontal electro-oculo-gram (EOG) was recorded bipolarly, and ocular artifacts were corrected off-line (Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983).”
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The Processing of Unexpected Positive Response Outcomes in the Mediofrontal Cortex
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“Recording epochs, including eye movements, were corrected by using a linear regression approach (Gratton et al., 1983), and epochs with other recording artifacts were rejected before averaging whenever the SD in a 200 ms time interval exceeded 30 V in any EOG channel.”
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“The EEG was corrected for horizontal and vertical eye movements using the Gratton & Coles algorithm (Gratton et al., 1983), as implemented in Vision Analyzer (version 1.”
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Moser, J. S., Huppert, J. D., Duval, E. R., & Simons, R. F. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.01.005 · Cited by 172
“Off-line, the EEG for each trial was corrected for vertical EOG artifacts using the method developed by Gratton et al. (1983) and Miller et al.”
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Removal of ocular artifacts from EEG using adaptive thresholding of wavelet coefficients
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“The methods used widely for removing OAs are based on regression in time domain [8] or frequency domain [9] techniques.”
MethodTravis, F., Tecce, J. J., Arenander, A., & Wallace, R. K. (2002) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00048-0 · Cited by 167
“These 2 s windows were corrected for effects of partial saccades (B/50 mV) with the eye-movement correction procedure proposed by Gratton et al. (1983, 1983) and more generally implemented by Miller et al. (1988).”
MethodFrontal EEG theta/beta ratio during mind wandering episodes
Son, D. V., Blasio, F. M. D., Fogarty, J. S., Angelidis, A., Barry, R. J., & Putman, P. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.11.003 · Cited by 172
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Effects of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs on action monitoring in healthy volunteers
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“EOG artifact correction was carried out using the procedure proposed by Gratton et al. (1983) .”
MethodLuijten, M., Littel, M., & Franken, I. H. A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018898 · Cited by 173
“After ocular correction [48] epochs including an EEG signal exceeding 675 mV were excluded from the average.”
Bostanov, V., & Kotchoubey, B. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2003.00142.x · Cited by 168
“Eye-blink and eye-movement artifacts, both vertical and horizontal, were corrected off-line by a computerized procedure ( Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983; Miller, Gratton, & Yee, 1988).”
MMN and Novelty P3 in Coma and Other Altered States of Consciousness: A Review
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“However, in clinical routine, a small number of electrodes are used and a trial by trial correction of the raw EEG signal using regression with EOG signals (Gratton et al. 1983) gives good results (Fischer et al.”
MethodEEG PHENOTYPES PREDICT TREATMENT OUTCOME TO STIMULANTS IN CHILDREN WITH ADHD
Arns, M., Gunkelman, J. D., BRETELER, M. H. M., & Spronk, D. B. (2008) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s0219635208001897 · Cited by 163
“For each of the 98 subjects, a full individual report was obtained with the EOG corrected [16] raw EEG for EO and EC condition.”
MethodBurle, B., Roger, C., Allain, S., Vidal, F., & Hasbroucq, T. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20110 · Cited by 174
“Eye movement artifacts were corrected by the statistical method of Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983) .”
MethodReflecting on God: Religious Primes Can Reduce Neurophysiological Response to Errors
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Punishment has a lasting impact on error‐related brain activity
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Herbert, C., Pauli, P., & Herbert, B. M. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq082 · Cited by 163
“01 to 30 Hz and corrected for eye- (Gratton et al., 1983) and movement artifacts.”
BackgroundConway, M. A., Pleydell-Pearce, C. W., & Whitecross, S. (2001) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2781 · Cited by 175
Pichiorri, F., Fallani, F. D. V., Febo Cincotti, A., Babiloni, F., Molinari, M., Kleih, S. C., Neuper, C., Kübler, A., & Donatella Mattia, A. (2011) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/2/025020 · Cited by 162
An overview of age-related changes in the scalp distribution of P3b
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ERP indices for response inhibition are related to anxiety-related personality traits
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Genes mediate the association between P3 amplitude and externalizing disorders
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“The procedure of Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983) was used to correct for blinks and other ocular artifacts in the raw EEG data.”
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“The data were corrected for eye movements using the method of Gratton et al. (1983).”
Simultaneous EEG and EDA measures in adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Lazzaro, I., Gordon, E., Li, W., Lim, C. L., Plahn, M., Whitmont, S., Clarke, S., Barry, R. J., Dosen, A., & Meares, R. (1999) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00068-9 · Cited by 159
“32-channel DC system with a gain of 200 and digitisation rate of 250 Hz. All signals were band-limited to 50 Hz. EOG correction was carried out post acquisition using the . Gratton et al. 1983 procedure in which linear regressions were calculated between each of the EOG and the EEG channels.”
MethodIntra- and Inter-Brain Synchronization during Musical Improvisation on the Guitar
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“5 to 70 Hz and corrected for eye movements using the Gratton and Coles algorithm [30].”
MethodMeyer, A., Weinberg, A., Klein, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.005 · Cited by 167
“Offline, all data were referenced to the average of the left and right mastoids, and band-pass filtered between 0.1 and 30 Hz; eye-blink and ocular corrections were conducted per Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983).”
InfluentialGratton, G., & Corballis, P. M. (1995) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb02958.x · Cited by 160
Self-citationThe influence of mental fatigue and motivation on neural network dynamics; an EEG coherence study
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“Ocular correctionwas performed using the Gratton and Colesmethod (Gratton et al., 1983).”
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“…(depending on the country in which the data were recorded) were applied; 2) data were EOG corrected using a regression-based technique similar to (Gratton et al., 1983), 3) data were segmented in 4 s epochs (50% overlapping), 4) and individual epochs per channel were marked as artefact based on…”
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“Automated ocular correction was performed using the procedure by Gratton, Coles, and Donchin (1983) to eliminate artifacts induced by horizontal or vertical eye movements.”
Beres, A. M. (2017) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-017-9371-3 · Cited by 159
“However, results from experiments investigating natural speech are comparable with those using visual presentation of stimuli (Gratton et al. 1983).”
Roger, C., Bénar, C. G., Vidal, F., Hasbroucq, T., & Burle, B. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.005 · Cited by 153
“The vertical and horizontal EOG was recorded in order to correct eye movement artifacts by the statistical method of Gratton et al. (1983) 2 .”
MethodAction monitoring in major depressive disorder with psychomotor retardation
Schrijvers, D. L., de Bruijn, E. R. A., Maas, Y. J., Grave, C. D., Sabbe, B., & Hulstijn, W. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.014 · Cited by 162
“The procedure proposed by Gratton et al. (1983) was used to eliminate EOG artefacts.”
Norris, C. J., Creem, D., Hendler, R. A., & Hedy Kober, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00315 · Cited by 180
“If an ocular artifact was detected within a segment, it was statistically removed (see www.egi.com for more information; Gratton et al., 1983; Miller et al., 1988).”
BackgroundLittel, M., van den Berg, I., Luijten, M., van Rooij, A. J., Keemink, L. M., & Franken, I. (2012) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00467.x · Cited by 171
A longitudinal investigation of visual event‐related potentials in the first year of life
Webb, S. J., Long, J. D., & Nelson, C. A. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00452.x · Cited by 153
Groen, Y., Wijers, A. A., Mulder, L. J. M., Waggeveld, B., Minderaa, R. B., & Althaus, M. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.08.004 · Cited by 153
“Segments with eye movements and blinks were kept and corrected, adopting the standard Gratton and Coles procedure (Gratton et al., 1983).”
Functional significance of the emotion-related late positive potential
Brown, S. B. R. E., van Steenbergen, H., Band, G. P. H., de Rover, M., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00033 · Cited by 156
“Ocular and eyeblink artifacts were corrected using the method of Gratton et al. (1983).”
MethodKujawa, A., Proudfit, G. H., & Klein, D. N. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036285 · Cited by 157
Boucher, O., Burden, M. J., Muckle, G., Saint‐Amour, D., Ayotte, P., Dewailly, É., Nelson, C. A., Jacobson, S. W., & Jacobson, J. L. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.000323 · Cited by 152
McFARLANE, A. C., Clark, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Williams, L. M., NIAURA, R. S., Paul, R. H., Hitsman, B. L., Stroud, L. R., Alexander, D. M., & Gordon, E. (2005) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.1142/s0219635205000689 · Cited by 152
“[17].”
Schoenberg, P. L. A., Hepark, S., Kan, C. C., Barendregt, H. P., Buitelaar, J. K., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2013) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.031 · Cited by 164
“Occular artefacts were corrected using the regression method (Gratton et al., 1983).”
MethodJohannesen, J., Bi, J., Jiang, R., Kenney, J. G., & Chen, C. A. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Electrophysiology · doi:10.1186/s40810-016-0017-0 · Cited by 152
“Following segmentation, ocular artifact correction was applied [32] and segments containing activity ±75 μV at electrodes Fz, Cz, and Oz were excluded.”
MethodAuditory event-related potentials during target detection are abnormal in mild cognitive impairment
Golob, E. J., Johnson, J. K., & Starr, A. (2002) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00713-1 · Cited by 151
“First, an eyeblink correction algorithm was used to correct for artifacts (Gratton et al., 1983).”
MethodAcute neurocognitive effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
Scholey, A. B., Downey, L. A., Ciorciari, J., Pipingas, A., Nolidin, K., Finn, M., Wines, M., Catchlove, S. J., Terrens, A., Barlow, E., et al. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.016 · Cited by 150
“and absolute power for each bandwidth was calculated (Gevins and Cutillo 1986) and corrected for EOG (Gratton et al. 1983).”
Inducing Disbelief in Free Will Alters Brain Correlates of Preconscious Motor Preparation
Rigoni, D., Kühn, S., Sartori, G., & Brass, M. (2011) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611405680 · Cited by 156
Carrasco, M., Harbin, S. M., Nienhuis, J. K., Fitzgerald, K. D., Gehring, W. J., & Hanna, G. L. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22035 · Cited by 149
“Ocular movement artifacts were then corrected using the algorithm described by Gratton, Coles, and Donchin.”
MethodCardiac field effects on the EEG
Dirlich, G., Vogl, L., Plaschke, M., & Strian, F. (1997) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0013-4694(96)96506-2 · Cited by 149
Vlamings, P. H. J. M., Goffaux, V., & Kemner, C. (2009) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/9.5.12 · Cited by 160
Reliability of the electrocortical response to gains and losses in the doors task
Levinson, A. R., Speed, B. C., Infantolino, Z. P., & Hajcak, G. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12813 · Cited by 155
Arousal thresholds during human tonic and phasic REM sleep
Ermis, U., Krakow, K., & Voss, U. (2010) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00831.x · Cited by 148
“All data were corrected for ocular artefacts using the Gratton et al. (1983) algorithm before statistical analysis.”
MethodAlexander, D. M., Williams, L. M., Gatt, J. M., Dobson‐Stone, C., Kuan, S., Todd, E. G., Schofield, P. R., Cooper, N. J., & Gordon, E. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.03.001 · Cited by 154
“EEG data were EOG corrected offline (Gratton et al., 1983).”
Kenemans, J. L., Molenaar, P. C. M., Verbaten, M. N., & Slangen, J. L. (1991) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb03397.x · Cited by 148
Mediofrontal negativities in the absence of responding
Donkers, F. C. L., Nieuwenhuis, S., & Boxtel, G. J. M. V. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.007 · Cited by 155
“They were then corrected for EOG artifacts using the procedure described by Gratton, Coles and Donchin [10].”
MethodMüller, L. E., Schulz, A., Andermann, M., Gäbel, A., Gescher, D. M., Spohn, A., Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1252 · Cited by 141
Vroomen, J., & Stekelenburg, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21308 · Cited by 162
“After EOG correction (Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1983 ), epochs with an amplitude change exceeding ±100 μV at any EEG channel were rejected.”
MethodImpaired mismatch negativity generation in prodromal subjects and patients with schizophrenia
Brockhaus‐Dumke, A., Tendolkar, I., Pukrop, R., Schultze‐Lutter, F., Klosterkötter, J., & Ruhrmann, S. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.05.016 · Cited by 146
Salehinejad, M. A., Wischnewski, M., Ghanavati, E., Mosayebi-Samani, M., Kuo, M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24885-0 · Cited by 157
Ainsworth-Darnell, K., Shulman, H. G., & Boland, J. E. (1998) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1997.2537 · Cited by 146
Aricò, P., Borghini, G., Di Flumeri, G., Colosimo, A., Pozzi, S., & Babiloni, F. (2016) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.021 · Cited by 145
Developmental changes in error monitoring: An event-related potential study
Wiersema, J. R., van der Meere, J. J., & Roeyers, H. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.004 · Cited by 148
How Reading in a Second Language Protects Your Heart
Wu, Y. J., & Thierry, G. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6119-11.2012 · Cited by 155
“Eye blinks were mathematically corrected (Gratton et al., 1983), and remaining artifacts were manually dismissed.”
BackgroundGroen, I. I. A., Ghebreab, S., Prins, H., Lamme, V. A. F., & Scholte, H. S. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3128-13.2013 · Cited by 148
“…60 Hz; automatic removal of deflections 300 mV; epoch segmentation in 100 to 500 ms from stimulus onset; ocular correction using the EOG electrodes (Gratton et al., 1983); baseline correction between 100 and 0 ms; automated artifact rejection (maximal voltage steps 50 V, minimal/maximal amplitudes…”
MethodAcquiring and Inhibiting Prepotent Responses in Schizophrenia
Ford, J. M., Gray, M., Whitfield‐Gabrieli, S., Turken, A. U., Glover, G. H., Faustman, W. O., & Mathalon, D. H. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.2.119 · Cited by 146
Hajcak, G., MacNamara, A., Foti, D., Ferri, J. M., & Keil, A. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.11.012 · Cited by 142
“Eye blink and ocular corrections were made using the method developed by Gratton et al. (1983). Noisy data due to technical problems necessitated the removal of data from isolated electrodes in 5 subjects; data was interpolated from the 4 nearest channels in each case.”
MethodBetter than sham? A double-blind placebo-controlled neurofeedback study in primary insomnia
Schabus, M., Griessenberger, H., Gnjezda, M.-T., Heib, D. P. J., Wisłowska, M., & Hoedlmoser, K. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx011 · Cited by 143
Dealing with artifacts: The EOG contamination of the event-related brain potential
Gratton, G. (1998) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03209415 · Cited by 142
“In this section, an example of application of a partic ular EOG correction method (Gratton et al., 1983; see also Gratton & Coles, 1989; Miller et al., 1988) will be presented.”
MethodSelf-citationThe Effects of QEEG-Informed Neurofeedback in ADHD: An Open-Label Pilot Study
Arns, M., Drinkenburg, W. H. I. M., & Kenemans, J. L. (2012) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9191-4 · Cited by 142
“In this study we only had a combined measure of HI making a direct comparison difficult and possibly explaining the slightly larger ES as compared to the other studies (see Fig.”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., & Donchin, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Gratton, Gabriele
- Venue
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1983-04
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 468-484
- ISSN
- 0013-4694 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114512489
- Cited by
- 5,055
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 177 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 223 · 2019: 213 · 2018: 235 · 2017: 253 · 2016: 267 · 2015: 263 · 2014: 283 · 2013: 301 · 2012: 276
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- ocular artifact removal, event-related potentials, saccades, eye movements, trial retention
- MeSH terms
- Blinking, Electroencephalography, Electrooculography, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Mathematics
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