Immune modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during viral infection
Open accessAbstract
Compelling data has been amassed indicating that soluble factors, or cytokines, emanating from the immune system can have profound effects on the neuroendocrine system, in particular the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. HPA activation by cytokines (via the release of glucocorticoids), in turn, has been found to play a critical role in restraining and shaping immune responses. Thus, cytokine-HPA interactions represent a fundamental consideration regarding the maintenance of homeostasis and the development of disease during viral infection. Although reviews exist that focus on the bi-directional communication between the immune system and the HPA axis during viral infection (188,235), others have focused on the immunomodulatory effects of glucocorticoids during viral infection (14,225). This review, however, concentrates on the other side of the bi-directional loop of neuroendocrine-immune interactions, namely, the characterization of HPA axis activity during viral infection and the mechanisms employed by cytokines to stimulate glucocorticoid release.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Binding of glucocorticoids to glucocorticoid receptors in immune cells downregulates cytokine production.
“GRs can be found in immune cells and binding of glucocorticoids to the GRs downregulates cytokine production (Silverman et al., 2005).”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Silverman et al., 2005
The proinflammatory cytokine, noradrenaline, and dopamine promote CRF secretion, activate the sympathetic nerve system, and promote immune reactions; during this process the temperature of the CNS increases and sickness behaviors may be induced.
“The proinflammatory cytokine, NA, and DA promote CRF secretion, activate the sympathetic nerve system, and promote immune reactions. During this process, the temperature of the CNS increases and sickness behaviors may be induced[27].”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-3876 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
Cellular and Molecular Immunology
Abbas, A. K., Lichtman, A. H., & Pillai, S. S. (1994) · Cited by 3,571 · see citing works
Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions
MUNCK, A., GUYRE, P. M., & HOLBROOK, N. J. (1984) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-5-1-25 · Cited by 3,083 · see citing works
Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA
Hollenberg, S. M., Weinberger, C., Ong, E. S., Cerelli, G., Oro, A. E., Lebo, R. V., Thompson, E. B., Rosenfeld, M. G., & Evans, R. M. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/318635a0 · Cited by 1,871 · see citing works
Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses.
BESEDOVSKY, H. O., & REY, A. D. (1996) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-17-1-64 · Cited by 1,564 · see citing works
Immunoregulatory Feedback Between Interleukin-1 and Glucocorticoid Hormones
Besedovsky, H., del Rey, A., Sorkin, E., & Dinarello, C. A. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3014662 · Cited by 1,519 · see citing works
Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor
Sapolsky, R., Rivier, C., Yamamoto, G., Plotsky, P., & Vale, W. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2821621 · Cited by 1,504 · see citing works
Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action
TURNBULL, A. V., & RIVIER, C. L. (1999) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.1 · Cited by 1,297 · see citing works
Corticosteroid inhibition of acth secretion
KELLER-WOOD, M. E., & DALLMAN, M. F. (1984) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-5-1-1 · Cited by 1,219 · see citing works
Corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1
Berkenbosch, F., van Oers, J., del Rey, A., Tilders, F., & Besedovsky, H. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2443979 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Timpl, P., Spanagel, R., Sillaber, I., Kresse, A., Reul, J. M. H. M., Stalla, G. K., Blanquet, V., Steckler, T., Holsboer, F., & Wurst, W. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/520 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Smith, G. W., Aubry, J.-M., Dellu, F., Contarino, A., Bilezikjian, L. M., Gold, L. H., Chen, R., Marchuk, Y., Hauser, C., Bentley, C. A., et al. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80491-2 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
McEwen, B. S., Biron, C. A., Brunson, K. W., Bulloch, K., Chambers, W. H., Dhabhar, F. S., Goldfarb, R. H., Kitson, R. P., Miller, A. H., Spencer, R. L., et al. (1997) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(96)00012-4 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Self-citationEricsson, A. B., Kovacs, K., & Sawchenko, P. E. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-02-00897.1994 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Release of Multiple Hormones by a Direct Action of Interleukin-1 on Pituitary Cells
Bernton, E. W., Beach, J. E., Holaday, J. W., Smallridge, R. C., & Fein, H. G. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2821620 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Intraadrenal interactions in the regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis.
Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., Hinson, J. P., Bornstein, S. R., Scherbaum, W. A., & Vinson, G. P. (1998) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.19.2.0326 · Cited by 600 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, an intra-adrenal CRH-ACTH system) (50,94).”
Cytokine-to-brain communication: A review & analysis of alternative mechanisms
Watkins, L. R., Maier, S. F., & Goehler, L. E. (1995) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)02047-m · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Immunocytochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in Parkinson's disease
Boka, G., Anglade, P., Wallach, D., Javoy-Agid, F., Agid, Y., & Hirsch, É. C. (1994) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90684-x · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans.
Mastorakos, G., Chrousos, G. P., & Weber, J. S. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.77.6.8263159 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
The Human Glucocorticoid Receptor β Isoform
Oakley, R. H., Sar, M., & Cidlowski, J. A. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.16.9550 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency reveals major fetal but not adult glucocorticoid need
Muglia, L., Jacobson, L., Dikkes, P., & Majzoub, J. A. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/373427a0 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Layé, S., Parnet, P., Goujon, E., & Dantzer, R. (1994) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(94)90197-x · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Immunoregulation mediated by the sympathetic nervous system
Besedovsky, H. O., del Rey, A., Sorkin, E., Prada, M. D., & Keller, H. H. (1979) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/0008-8749(79)90129-1 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Corticotropin-Releasing Activity of Monokines
Woloski, B. M. R. N. J., Smith, E. M., Meyer, W. J., Fuller, G. M., & Blalock, J. E. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2997929 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Webster, J. C., Oakley, R. H., Jewell, C. M., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.121455098 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Herman, J. P., Schafer, M., Young, E. A., Thompson, R. C., DOUGLASS, J. O., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1989) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.09-09-03072.1989 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Kjeldsberg, C. R., Macintyre, E. H., VATTER, A. E., & Garlett, E. L. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90889-5 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
SERUM LEVELS OF INTERLEUKIN-6 AND ACUTE PHASE RESPONSES
Nijsten, M. W., de Groot, E. R., ten Duis, H. J., Klasen, H. J., Hack, C. E., & Aarden, L. A. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91413-9 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Orange, J. S., Wang, B., Terhorst, C., & Biron, C. A. (1995) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.182.4.1045 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Self-citationKam, J. C., Szefler, S. J., Surs, W., Sher, E., & Leung, D. Y. M. (1993) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.151.7.3460 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Cytokine-specific central monoamine alterations induced by interleukin-1, -2 and -6
Zalcman, S., Green-Johnson, J. M., Murray, L., Nance, D. M., Dyck, D., Anisman, H., & Greenberg, A. H. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90006-x · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Naitoh, Y., Fukata, J., Tominaga, T., Nakai, Y., Tamai, S., Mori, K., & Imura, H. (1988) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81305-6 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Mechanisms of glucocorticoid receptor signaling during inflammation
Smoak, K. A., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2004) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2004.06.010 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Irusen, E., Matthews, J. G., Takahashi, A., Barnes, P. J., Chung, K. F., & Adcock, I. M. (2002) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1067/mai.2002.122465 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Lotze, M. T., Frana, L. W., Sharrow, S. O., Robb, R. J., & Rosenberg, S. A. (1985) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.134.1.157 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Bethin, K. E., Vogt, S. K., & Muglia, L. J. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.16.9317 · Cited by 382 · cited 3× · see citing works
“IL-6R mRNA has been detected primarily in the zona reticularis and the zona fasciculata (to a lesser extent in the zona glomerulosa and the medulla) of the mouse (44) and the human adrenal gland (233), the zona fasciculata of the bovine adrenal gland (18), and more intensely in the medulla than in the cortical regions…”
BackgroundSalazar‐Mather, T. P., Orange, J. S., & Biron, C. A. (1998) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.187.1.1 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Self-citationBesedovsky, H. O., Sorkin, E., Felix, D., & Haas, H. (1977) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830070516 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Smith, E. M., & Blalock, J. E. (1981) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.78.12.7530 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Bornstein, S. R., & Chrousos, G. P. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.5.5631 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Changes in Blood Hormone Levels during the Immune Response
Besedovsky, H. O., Sorkin, E., Keller, M., & Muller, J. (1975) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-150-39057 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Immunoreactive interleukin-1β localization in the rat forebrain
Lechan, R. M., Toni, R., Clark, B. D., Cannon, J. G., Shaw, A. R., Dinarello, C. A., & Reichlin, S. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90445-h · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Cunningham, E. T., Wada, E., Carter, D., Tracey, D. E., Battey, J., & Souza, E. B. D. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-03-01101.1992 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Stress and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: acute, chronic and immunological activation
Harbuz, M. S., & Lightman, S. L. (1992) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1340327 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Cross‐talk between pro‐inflammatory transcription factors and glucocorticoids
Adcock, I. M., & Caramori, G. (2001) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.01025.x · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Navarra, P., Tsagarakis, S., Faria, M. D. S., REES, L. H., BESSER, G. M., & Grossman, A. B. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-128-1-37 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Allan, W., Tabi, Z., Cleary, A., & Doherty, P. C. (1990) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.144.10.3980 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Cellular Localization of Interleukin 6 mRNA and Interleukin 6 Receptor mRNA in Rat Brain
Schöbitz, B., de Kloet, E. R., Sutanto, W., & Holsboer, F. (1993) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00210.x · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Goehler, L. E., Relton, J. K., Dripps, D. J., Kiechle, R., Tartaglia, N. R., Maier, S. F., & Watkins, L. R. (1997) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00020-8 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Sawchenko, P. E., Brown, E. R., Chan, R. K. W., Ericsson, A. B., Li, H.-Y., Roland, B. L., & Kovács, K. (1996) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61866-x · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Vallières, L., & Rivest, S. (1997) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69041668.x · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Capuron, L., Raison, C. L., Musselman, D. L., Lawson, D. H., Nemeroff, C. B., & Miller, A. H. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1342 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationAntagonism of glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activation by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase
Rogatsky, I., Logan, S. K., & Garabedian, M. J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.5.2050 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Gene expression and function of interleukin I, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor in the brain
Schöbitz, B., de Kloet, E. R., & Holsboer, F. (1994) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)90034-5 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Nadeau, S., & Rivest, S. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00225-0 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Sousa, A. R., Lane, S. J., Cidlowski, J. A., Staynov, D. Z., & Lee, T. H. (2000) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1067/mai.2000.106486 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Mastorakos, G., Weber, J. S., Magiakou, M. A., Gunn, H., & Chrousos, G. P. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.79.4.7962300 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Rivest, S., Lacroix, S., Vallières, L., Nadeau, S., Zhang, J., & Laflamme, N. (2000) · Proceedings of The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22304.x · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Vankelecom, H. E. J., Carmeliet, P., Damme, J. V., Billiau, A., & Denef, C. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000125097 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Virus-Induced Corticosterone in Hypophysectomized Mice: A Possible Lymphoid Adrenal Axis
Smith, E. M., Meyer, W. J., & Blalock, J. E. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6183748 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
De Bosscher, K. (2000) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00297-6 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Leukemia-Inhibitory Factor--Neuroimmune Modulator of Endocrine Function
Auernhammer, C. J., & Melmed, S. K. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.3.0400 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Esiri, M. M. (1982) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(82)90183-6 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Pathways to the Secretion of Adrenocorticotropin: A View from the Portal*
Plotsky, P. M. (1991) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1991.tb00231.x · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Perlstein, R. S., Whitnall, M. H., Abrams, J. S., Mougey, E. H., & Neta, R. (1993) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.132.3.8382602 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Gatti, S., & Bartfai, T. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90090-a · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Honda, M., Orii, F., Ayabe, T., Imai, S., Ashida, T., Obara, T., & Kohgo, Y. (2000) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70172-7 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Vermes, I., Beishuizen, A., Hampsink, R. M., & Haanen, C. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.4.7714094 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Beishuizen, A., Thijs, L. G., & Vermes, I. (2001) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001340101073 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
JÄÄTTELÄ, M., ILVESMÄKI, V., VOUTILAINEN, R., STENMAN, U.-H., & SAKSELA, E. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-128-1-623 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Naito, Y., Tamai, S., Shingu, K., Shindo, K., Matsui, T., Segawa, H., Nakai, Y., & Mori, K. (1992) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-199209000-00004 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
A kinetic study of immune mediators in the lungs of mice infected with influenza A virus
Hennet, T., Ziltener, H. J., Frei, K., & Peterhans, E. (1992) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.3.932 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
BERNARDINI, R., KAMILARIS, T. C., CALOGERO, A. E., JOHNSON, E. O., GOMEZ, M. T., GOLD, P. W., & CHROUSOS, G. P. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-126-6-2876 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Breder, C. D., Hazuka, C., Ghayur, T., Klug, C., Huginin, M., Yasuda, K., Teng, M., & Saper, C. B. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.24.11393 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Breder, C. D., Tsujimoto, M., Terano, Y., Scott, D. W., & Saper, C. B. (1993) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903370403 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Wong, M., Bongiorno, P. B., Rettori, V., McCann, S. M., & Licinio, J. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.1.227 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Brain interleukin 1 gene expression induced by peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration
BAN, E. (1992) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/1043-4666(92)90036-q · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Gaillard, R. C., Turnill, D., Sappino, A. P., & Muller, A. F. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-127-1-101 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Ruzek, M. C., Miller, A. H., Opal, S. M., Pearce, B. D., & Biron, C. A. (1997) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.185.7.1185 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationThe HIV-1 Virion-associated Protein Vpr Is a Coactivator of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor
Kino, T., Gragerov, A., Kopp, J. B., Stauber, R. H., Pavlakis, G. N., & Chrousos, G. P. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.189.1.51 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Dopp, J. M., MacKenzie‐Graham, A. J., Otero, G. C., & Merrill, J. E. (1997) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00009-x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Orange, J. S., Salazar‐Mather, T. P., Opal, S. M., Spencer, R. L., Miller, A. H., McEwen, B. S., & Biron, C. A. (1995) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.181.3.901 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationHarbuz, M. S., Rees, R. G., Eckland, D. J. A., Jessop, D. S., Brewerton, D. A., & Lightman, S. L. (1992) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.130.3.1537299 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Karalis, K., Muglia, L. J., Bae, D., Hilderbrand, H., & Majzoub, J. A. (1997) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00178-6 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Adrenocortical Function in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome*
MEMBRENO, L. A., Irony, I., Dere, W. H., KLEIN, R., Biglieri, E. G., & COBB, E. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-65-3-482 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
The Stress Response and Immune Function: Clinical Implications: The 1999 Novera H. Spector Lecture
Chrousos, G. P. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05371.x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses
Besedovsky, H. O. (1996) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.17.1.64 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α is a Potent ACTH Secretagogue: Comparison to Interleukin-1β
Sharp, B. M., Matta, S. G., Peterson, P. K., Newton, R. C., Chao, C. C., & McAllen, K. (1989) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-124-6-3131 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Lymphokine-containing supernatants from con A-stimulated cells increase corticosterone blood levels.
Besedovsky, H. O., del Rey, A., & Sorkin, E. (1981) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.126.1.385 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
van Dam, A., Bauer, J., Tilders, F. J. H., & BERKENBOSCH, F. (1995) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)00549-k · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Cultures of astrocytes and microglia express interleukin 18
Conti, B., Park, L. C. H., Calingasan, N. Y., Kim, Y., Kim, H., Bae, Y. M., Gibson, G. E., & Joh, T. H. (1999) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00034-0 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Production of Interleukin-6 by Anterior Pituitary Cellsin Vitro*
Spangelo, B. L., MacLeod, R. M., & Isakson, P. C. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-126-1-582 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The Effect of Interleukin-6 on Pituitary Hormone Release in vivo and in vitro
Lyson, K., & McCann, S. M. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000125884 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Araujo, D. M., Lapchak, P. A., Collier, B., & Quirion, R. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91104-9 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
SALAS, M. A., EVANS, S. W., LEVELL, M. J., & Whicher, J. T. (1990) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb08114.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Identification and characterization of receptors for tumor necrosis factor-α in the brain
Kinouchi, K., Brown, G. P., Pasternak, G. W., & Donner, D. B. (1991) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(91)92113-x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The Structure and Function of Folliculo-Stellate Cells in the Anterior Pituitary Gland.
Inoue, K., Couch, E. F., Takano, K., & Ogawa, S. (1999) · Archivum histologicum japonicum · doi:10.1679/aohc.62.205 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The glucocorticoid receptor type II complex is a target of the HIV-1 vpr gene product.
Refaeli, Y., Levy, D. N., & Weiner, D. B. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.8.3621 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Baes, M. I., Allaerts, W., & Denef, C. (1987) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-120-2-685 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Expression of cytokine receptors in cultured neuronal and glial cells
Sawada, M., Itoh, Y., Suzumura, A., & Marunouchi, T. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90396-3 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Park, J. Y., Hwang, T. K., Park, H. K., & Ahn, R. S. (2014) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000363367 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
NAITO, Y., Fukata, J., Tamai, S., Seo, N., Nakai, Y., Mori, K., & Imura, H. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-73-1-111 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Associations between the neuroendocrine and immune systems
Weigent, D. A., & Blalock, J. E. (1995) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.58.2.137 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Vallières, L., & Rivest, S. (1999) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.140.9.6983 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Bornstein, S. R., González-Hernández, J. A., Ehrhart‐Bornstein, M., Adler, G., & Scherbaum, W. A. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.78.1.7507122 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Induction of Interferon-γ Inducing Factor in the Adrenal Cortex
Conti, B., Jahng, J. W., Tinti, C., Son, J. H., & JOH, T. H. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.4.2035 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Endogenous glucocorticoids protect against cytokine-mediated lethality during viral infection
Ruzek, M. C., Pearce, B. D., Miller, A. H., & Biron, C. A. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3527 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of Glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated Repression of Gene Expression
Webster, J. C., & Cidlowski, J. A. (1999) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(99)00186-1 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 enhance proopiomelanocortin gene expression in pituitary cells.
Brown, S. L., Smith, L. R., & Blalock, J. E. (1987) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.139.10.3181 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology in Physiology and Medicine
(2000) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-707-9 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Fukata, J., Usui, T., Naitoh, Y., Nakai, Y., & Imura, H. (1989) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1220033 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Expression of type I and type II interleukin-1 receptors in mouse brain
Parnet, P., Amindari, S., Wu, C., Brunke-Reese, D., Goujon, E., Weyhenmeyer, J. A., Dantzer, R., & Kelley, K. W. (1994) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(94)90185-6 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Gabellec, M., Griffais, R., Fillion, G., & Haour, F. (1995) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(95)00042-q · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in man.
Späth-Schwalbe, E., Born, J., Schrezenmeier, H., Bornstein, S. R., Stromeyer, P., Drechsler, S., Fehm, H. L., & Porzsolt, F. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.79.4.7962296 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Beishuizen, A., THIJS, L. G., Haanen, C., & Vermes, I. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.6.7570 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Intrinsic Pituitary Interleukin-1β Is Induced by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide**
Koenig, J. I., Snow, K. J., Clark, B. D., Toni, R., Cannon, J. G., SHAW, A. R., Dinarello, C. A., Reichlin, S., Lee, S. L., & LECHA, R. M. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-126-6-3053 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Dunn, A. J., Powell, M. L., Meitin, C. A., & Small, P. A. (1989) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(89)90078-4 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Nadeau, S., & Rivest, S. (1999) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199901000-00008 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Bornstein, S. R., Ehrhart‐Bornstein, M., Scherbaum, W. A., Pfeiffer, E. F., & Holst, J. J. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-127-2-900 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
McDaniel, N. L., Chen, X. L., Singer, H. A., Murphy, R. A., & Rembold, C. M. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.2.c461 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Prostaglandin-Dependent in Vitro Stimulation of Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis by Interleukins*
Tominaga, T., Fukata, J., NAITO, Y., Usui, T., Murakami, N., Fukushima, M., Nakai, Y., Hirai, Y., & Imura, H. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-128-1-526 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Anterior pituitary hormone control by interleukin 2.
Karanth, S., & McCann, S. M. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.7.2961 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Interleukin-1β Enhances Corticosterone Secretion by Acting Directly on the Rat Adrenal Gland
Andreis, P. G., Neri, G., Belloni, A. S., Mazzocchi, G., Kasprzak, A., & Nussdorfer, G. G. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-129-1-53 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Interleukin‐1 receptors on rat brain endothelial cells: a role in neuroimmune interaction?
van Dam, A., de Vries, H. E., Kuipeb, J., Zijlstra, F. J., de Boer, A. G., Tilders, F. J. H., & BERKENBOSCH, F. (1996) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.2.8641570 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The Neuroendocrine Effects of Interleukin-2 Treatment
Denicoff, K. D., DURKIN, T. M., Lotze, M. T., QUINLAN, P. E., Davis, C. L., LISTWAK, S. J., Rosenberg, S. A., & Rubinow, D. R. (1989) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-69-2-402 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Corticotropin-releasing hormone regulates IL-6 expression during inflammation
Venihaki, M., Dikkes, P., Carrigan, A., & Karalis, K. P. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci12869 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Activation of IκB Kinase by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Amici, C., Belardo, G., Rossi, A., & Santoro, M. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m103408200 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Kehrer, P., Turnill, D., Dayer, J.-M., Mullen, A. F., & Gaillard, R. C. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000125004 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Wang, X., Wu, H., & Miller, A. H. (2004) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001339 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationSchaaf, M. J. M., Hoetelmans, R. W. M., de Kloet, E. R., & Vreugdenhil, E. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19970515)48:4 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Tomlinson, A. H., & Esiri, M. M. (1983) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(83)90158-2 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Paracrine control of adrenocortical function: a new role for the medulla?
Hinson, J. P. (1990) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1240007 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Barnett, E. M., Cassell, M. D., & Perlman, S. M. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90045-h · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Harbuz, M. S., Stephanou, A., Sarlis, N. J., & Lightman, S. L. (1992) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1330349 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Kino, T., Gragerov, A., Slobodskaya, O. R., Tsopanomichalou, M., Chrousos, G. P., & Pavlakis, G. N. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.19.9724-9734.2002 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Direct stimulation of the adrenal cortex by interleukin-1.
Roh, M. S., Drazenovich, K. A., Barbose, J. J., Dinarello, C. A., & Cobb, C. F. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 117 · see citing works
IL-10 as a mediator in the HPA axis and brain
Smith, E. M., Cadet, P., Stefano, G. B., Opp, M. R., & Hughes, T. K. (1999) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00206-4 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Tada, M., Diserens, A., Desbaillets, I., & de Tribolet, N. (1994) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1994.80.6.1063 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
French, R. A., VanHoy, R. W., Chizzonite, R., Zachary, J. F., Dantzer, R., Parnet, P., Bluthé, R.-M., & Kelley, K. W. (1999) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00224-0 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Spinedi, E., Hadid, R., Daneva, T., & Gaillard, R. C. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126207 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Interferon-α Stimulates the Hypothalamic- Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in vivo and in vitro
Gisslinger, H., Svoboda, T., Clodi, M., Gilly, B., Ludwig, H., Havelec, L., & Luger, A. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126396 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
ARZT, E. S., Stelzer, G., Renner, U., Lange, M., Müller, O. A., & Stalla, G. K. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci116072 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Dobbs, C. M., Feng, N., Beck, F. M., & Sheridan, J. F. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.157.5.1870 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Endotoxin-Induced Release of Interleukin-6 from Rat Medial Basal Hypothalami*
Spangelo, B. L., Judd, A. M., MacLeod, R. M., GOODMAN, D. W., & Isakson, P. C. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-127-4-1779 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Besedovsky, H. O., del Rey, A., Sorkin, E., Lotz, W., & Schwuléra, U. (1985) · PubMed Central · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Turrin, N. P., & Rivest, S. (2004) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/153537020422901003 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms and Th1/Th2 pathways in corticosteroid regulation of cytokine production
Kovalovsky, D. (2000) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00298-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Leukemia-Inhibitory Factor--Neuroimmune Modulator of Endocrine Function
Auernhammer, C. J. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.21.3.313 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Serum cortisol and DHEA concentrations during HIV infection
Christeff, N., Gherbi, N., Mammes, O., Dalle, M.-T., Gharakhanian, S., Lortholary, O., Melchior, J., & Nunez, E. A. (1997) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(97)00015-2 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Judd, A. M., Call, G. B., Barney, M., McIlmoil, C. J., Balls, A. G., ADAMS, A., & Oliveira, G. K. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05428.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
KAPCALA, L. P., CHAUTARD, T., & ESKAY, R. L. (1995) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44699.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Blalock, J. E. (1994) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb23112.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Viral Infection
Bailey, M. T., Engler, H., Hunzeker, J., & Sheridan, J. F. (2003) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/088282403322017884 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cerebral expression of multiple cytokine genes in mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
Campbell, I. L., Hobbs, M. V., Kemper, P., & Oldstone, M. B. A. (1994) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.152.2.716 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Takao, T., Culp, S. G., & Souza, E. B. D. (1993) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.132.4.8462448 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Cytokine Regulation of the Rat Proopiomelanocortin Gene Expression in AtT-20 Cells
Katahira, M., Iwasaki, Y., Aoki, Y., Oiso, Y., & Saito, H. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.5.6005 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Turnbull, A. V., Smith, G. W., Lee, S., Vale, W. W., Lee, K.-F., & Rivier, C. (1999) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.140.2.6675 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Orange, J. S., Salazar‐Mather, T. P., Opal, S. M., & Biron, C. A. (1997) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.71.12.9248-9258.1997 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationInterleukin-1 Stimulates Interleukin-6 Release from Rat Anterior Pituitary Cellsin Vitro*
Spangelo, B. L., Judd, A. M., Isakson, P. C., & MacLeod, R. M. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-128-6-2685 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Eriksson, C., Nobel, S., Winblad, B. G., & Schultzberg, M. (2000) · Cytokine · doi:10.1006/cyto.1999.0582 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Laudat, A., Blum, L., Guechot, J., Picard, O., Cabané, J., Imbert, J. C., & GIBOUDEAU, J. (1995) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1330418 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hermann, G. E., Tovar, C. A., Beck, F. M., & Sheridan, J. F. (1994) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(94)90177-5 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Lohrer, P., Gloddek, J., Nagashima, A. C., Korali, Z., Hopfner, Ú., Páez-Pereda, M., ARZT, E. S., Stalla, G. K., & Renner, U. (2000) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.141.12.7811 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Mirani, M., Elenkov, I. J., Volpi, S., Hiroi, N., Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6361 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Functional Innervation of the Adrenal Cortex by the Splanchnic Nerve
Engeland, W. C. (1998) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2007-978890 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Hermann, G. E., Beck, F. M., & Sheridan, J. F. (1995) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(94)00145-e · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Sundar, S. K., Cierpial, M. A., Kamaraju, L. S., Long, S., Hsieh, S., Lorenz, C., Aaron, M., Ritchie, J., & Weiss, J. M. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.24.11246 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Neuronal interferon‐γ immunoreactive molecule: Bioactivities and purification
Olsson, T. P., Bakhiet, M., Höjeberg, B., Ljungdahl, Å., Kelič, S., Edlund, C., Kristensson, K., & van der Meide, P. H. (1994) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830240205 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Ljungdahl, Å., Olsson, T. P., van der Meide, P. H., Holmdahl, R., Klareskog, L., & Höjeberg, B. (1989) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490240316 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
van der Meer, M. J. M., Sweep, F. C. G. J., Rijnkels, C. E. M., Pesman, G. J., Tilders, F. J. H., KLOPPENBORG, P. W. C., & Hermus, A. R. M. M. (1996) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03349862 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Muramami, N., Fukata, J., Tsukada, T., Kobayashi, H., Ebisui, O., Segawa, H., Muro, S., Imura, H., & Nakao, K. (1993) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.133.6.8243280 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Elenkov, I. J., Kovács, K., Kiss, J., Bertók, L., & Vizi, E. S. (1992) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1330231 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Buckingham, J. C., Loxley, H. D., Christian, H., & Philip, J. G. (1996) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(95)02127-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Raber, J., Sorg, O., Horn, T. F. W., Yu, N., Koob, G. F., Campbell, I. L., & Bloom, F. E. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00041-6 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system during inflammatory conditions.
Schöbitz, B., Reul, J. M. H. M., & Holsboer, F. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 79 · see citing works
del Rey, A., Besedovsky, H. O., & Sorkin, E. (1984) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.133.2.572 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Adrenal cortical innervation and glucocorticoid secretion
Charlton, B. G. (1990) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1260005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Glucocorticoids and immune function
Rook, G. A. W. (1999) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1053/beem.1999.0044 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Yamada, T., Horisberger, M. A., Kawaguchi, N., Moroo, I., & Toyoda, T. (1994) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90560-6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Dunn, A. J., Powell, M. L., Moreshead, W. V., Gaskin, J. Μ., & HALL, N. R. S. (1987) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/0889-1591(87)90024-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Silverman, M. N., Miller, A. H., Biron, C. A., & Pearce, B. D. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1421 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationDOYLE, M. V., & Oldstone, M. B. A. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Utsuyama, M., & Hirokawa, K. (2002) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(01)00208-x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Interleukin-3 and interleukin-6 stimulate cortisol secretion from adult human adrenocortical cells
Weber, M. M., Michl, P., Auernhammer, C. J., & Engelhardt, D. (1997) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.138.5.5239 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cortisol stimulation by recombinant interferon-α2
Roosth, J., Pollard, R. B., Brown, S. L., & Meyer, W. J. (1986) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(86)90037-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Nitric oxide-dependent down-regulation of angiotensin II type 2 receptors during experimental sepsis
Bucher, M., Hobbhahn, J., & Kurtz, A. (2001) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200109000-00016 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Macrophages within the human adrenal gland
Gonz�lez-Hern�ndez, J. A., Bornstein, S. R., Ehrhart‐Bornstein, M., Geschwend, J. E., Adler, G., & Scherbaum, W. A. (1994) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00414161 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The role of interleukin‐6 in the human adrenal gland
Päth, G., Scherbaum, W., & Bornstein, S. (2000) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.0300s3091.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Winter, J. S. D., Gow, K. W., PERRY, Y. S., & GREENBERG, A. H. (1990) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-127-4-1904 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Matta, S. G., Weatherbee, J., & Sharp, B. M. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126269 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Binding Sites for Interleukin-6 in the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Ohmichi, M., Hirota, K., Koike, K., Kurachi, H., Ohtsuka, S., Matsuzaki, N., Yamaguchi, M., Miyake, A., & Tanizawa, O. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126115 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
IL-1β, IL-1 receptor type I and iNOS gene expression in rat brain vasculature and perivascular areas
Wong, M., Bongiorno, P. B., Alshekhlee, A., Esposito, A. A., Khatri, P., & Licinio, J. (1996) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199611040-00008 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
González-Hernández, J. A., Bornstein, S., Ehrhart‐Bornstein, M., Späth‐Schwalbe, E., Jirikowski, G. F., & Scherbaum, W. A. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.79.5.7962348 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Adrenal function in HIV infected patients
Vergès, B. L., Chavanet, P., Desgrès, J., Vaillant, G., Waldner, A., Brun, J. M., & Putelat, R. (1989) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.1210633 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Interleukin 1 stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Gwosdow, A. R., Kumar, M., & Bode, H. (1990) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.1.e65 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sherman, M. P., de Noronha, C. M. C., Pearce, D., & Greene, W. C. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.17.8159-8165.2000 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bindoni, M., Perciavalle, V., Berretta, S., Belluardo, N., & Diamantstein, T. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90578-1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis by cytokines
Mulla, A., & Buckingham, J. C. (1999) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1053/beem.1999.0041 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Watanabe, D., YOSHIMURA, R., Mansur, K., Yoshida, K., Kishimoto, T., Taga, T., & Kiyama, H. (1996) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01307.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ghoshal, K., Majumder, S., Zhu, Q., Hunzeker, J., Datta, J., Shah, M., Sheridan, J. F., & Jacob, S. T. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.21.24.8301-8317.2001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [51]Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Scherbaum WA. Morphological and functional studies of the paracrine interaction between cortex and medulla in the adrenal gland. Microsc Res Tech. 1997;36:520–533. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970315)36:6<520::AID-JEMT9>3.0.CO;2-L. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [188]Miller, A.H., B.D. Pearce, M.C. Ruzek, et al. 2001. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system during viral infection: pathways for environmental effects on disease expression. pp. 425–450. In: B.S. McEwen (ed.), Handbook of Physiology. Section 7: The Endocrine System, IV: Coping with the Environment: Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms Interactions. Oxford University Press, New York.
- [259]Salomon R, Ruzek MC, Pearce BD, et al. Neuroendocrine and immune system interactions: glucocorticoids and protection against T-cell–dependent disease. Brain Behav Immun. 2002;16:212. [Google Scholar]
- [298]Toth IE, Vizi ES, Hinson JP, et al. Innervation of the adrenal cortex, its physiological relevance, with primary focus on the noradrenergic transmission. Microsc Res Tech. 1997;36:534–545. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970315)36:6<534::AID-JEMT10>3.0.CO;2-P. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
- [337]Wright, K.E. 1989. Arenaviruses, pp. 235–251. In: S. Specter, M. Bendinelli, and H. Friedman (eds.), Virus-Induced Immunosuppression. Plenum, New York.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression
Raison, C. L., Capuron, L., & Miller, A. H. (2006) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.11.006 · Cited by 3,009 · see citing works
“These effects are, in large part, mediated by a rich network of cytokines and their receptors within HPA axis tissues which facilitate the integration of cytokine signals [53].”
BackgroundSelf-citationNeuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa
Dantzer, R. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00039.2016 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works
Stress and immune modulation in fish
Tort, L. (2011) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2011.07.002 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
“When a sustained glucocorticoid response is produced a CRH-independent regulatory pathway can occur through direct IL-6 control of adrenal glands, thus explaining the dissociation between ACTH and corticosteroid levels under such circumstances (Silverman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundAnalysis of cortisol in hair – State of the art and future directions
Tobias Stalder, A., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.002 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
“In turn, proinflammatory cytokines are also known to stimulate glucocorticoid secretion (see Silverman et al., 2005) and such immune–HPA axis interactions have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous stress-related diseases, including inflammatory, autoimmune and allergic…”
BackgroundDhabhar, F. S., Malarkey, W. B., Neri, E., & McEwen, B. S. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.008 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
“…(Dhabhar et al., 1993), physical (e.g., exercise (Pedersen and Hoffman-Goetz, 2000)), and physiological (e.g., immune activation) (Dunn, 1993; Elenkov et al., 2005; Kusnecov and Goldfarb, 2005; Silverman et al., 2005; Sternberg et al., 1989) stressors (Kvetnansky et al., 1998; Pacak et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialPain and Stress in a Systems Perspective: Reciprocal Neural, Endocrine, and Immune Interactions
Chapman, C. R., Tuckett, R. P., & Song, C. W. (2008) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.006 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Rusch, J. A., Layden, B. T., & Dugas, L. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1130689 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Differential immune system DNA methylation and cytokine regulation in post-traumatic stress disorder
Smith, A. K., Conneely, K. N., Kilaru, V., Mercer, K. B., Weiss, T. E., Bradley, B., Tang, Y., Gillespie, C. F., Cubells, J. F., & Ressler, K. J. (2011) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31212 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
“TNFa crosses the blood–brain barrier to stimulate the HPA axis, resulting in increased production of cortisol and symptoms including malaise, fatigue, and changes in sleep and appetite [Raison and Miller 2003; Silverman et al., 2005; Dunn et al., 2006; Sternberg 2006].”
BackgroundEffects of cytokines and infections on brain neurochemistry
Dunn, A. J. (2006) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.cnr.2006.04.002 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
“[155] Silverman MN, Pearce BD, Biron CA, Miller AH.”
The vagal innervation of the gut and immune homeostasis
Matteoli, G., & Boeckxstaens, G. E. (2013) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302550 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
PTSD is associated with an excess of inflammatory immune activities
Gill, J. M., Saligan, L., Woods, S., & Page, G. (2009) · Perspectives in Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2009.00229.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Cytokines influence the immune response at primary immune sites and TNF-a and IL-6 cross the blood-brain barrier and regulate the immune response through stimulation of the HPA axis (Dunn, Koebel, & Schreiber, 2006; Raison & Miller, 2003; Silverman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSimultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations
Strahler, J., Skoluda, N., Kappert, M. B., & Nater, U. M. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
“, inoculation) on the human HPA axis [280-282] and ANS [283], findings on the effects on salivary analytes are sparse.”
BackgroundJeon, S. W., & Kim, Y. K. (2016) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i3.283 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
O’Connor, J. C., McCusker, R. H., Strle, K., Johnson, R. W., Dantzer, R., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.09.010 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“However, it is now known that proinflammatory cytokines also induce a state of resistance in other important hormone systems, including glucocorticoids [7,8], GH [9] and IGF-I [10].”
BackgroundCytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the regulation of stress-response systems
Gądek-Michalska, A., Tadeusz, J., Rachwalska, P., & Bugajski, J. (2013) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71527-5 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“[9, 19, 26, 31].”
Marques, A. H., O'Connor, T. G., Roth, C., Susser, E., & Bjørke-Monsen, A.-L. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00120 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“Peripheral activation of the immune system with production of cytokines can affect the CNS indirectly (by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis) or directly (via cytokines crossing the BBB (Silverman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe relationship between stress and Alzheimer's disease
Justice, N. J. (2018) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.04.002 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD
Horn, S. R. G.-V., Charney, D. S., & Feder, A. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.002 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“Glucocorticoids released in response to stress also regulate the immune response by blocking production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6 (IL-6)) (Silverman et al.,2005), which in turn induce hypothalamic secretion of CRH (Brattsand and Linden., 1996, Iribarren et al., 2005).”
BackgroundKuhlman, K. R., Chiang, J. J., Horn, S., & Bower, J. E. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.020 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“GRs can be found in immune cells and binding of glucocorticoids to the GRs downregulates cytokine production (Silverman et al., 2005).”
Cizza, G., Marques, A. H., Eskandari, F., Christie, I. C., Torvik, S., Silverman, M. N., Phillips, T. M., & Sternberg, E. M. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.035 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationPresson, A. P., Sobel, E. M., Papp, J. C., Suarez, C., Whistler, T., Rajeevan, M. S., Vernon, S. D., & Horvath, S. (2008) · BMC Systems Biology · doi:10.1186/1752-0509-2-95 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“It is thought that a dysfunctional HPA axis might be linked to CFS [31,36].”
Psycho-Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions in COVID-19: Potential Impacts on Mental Health
Raony, Í., de Figueiredo, C. S., Pandolfo, P., Giestal-de-Araujo, E., Oliveira-Silva Bomfim, P., & Savino, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01170 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Jamieson, A. M., Yu, S., Annicelli, C. H., & Medzhitov, R. (2010) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2010.01.010 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“In addition, we show that in mice deficient in the classic inflammatory components that are known to induce GCs (Silverman et al., 2005), influenza virus infection still induces GC production, while a potent inflammatory response induced by systemic administration of LPS or poly I:C did not result in the same magnitud…”
A review of cytokine-based pathophysiology of Long COVID symptoms
Low, R. N., Low, R. J., & Akrami, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1011936 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Endotoxic fever: New concepts of its regulation suggest new approaches to its management
Blatteis, C. M. (2006) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.013 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Leal, M. C., Casabona, J. C., Puntel, M., & Pitossi, F. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00053 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“, 2000) but also by neurons (Silverman et al., 2005).”
Lerman, I. R., Hauger, R. L., Sorkin, L. S., Proudfoot, J. A., Davis, B. A., Huang, A., Lam, K. J. K., Simon, B. J., & Baker, D. G. (2016) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.12398 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Marques, A. H., Silverman, M. N., & STERNBERG, E. M. (2010) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000258725 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Two main pathways by which psychological stress is relayed to the body are the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (neuroendocrine route, resultant release of glucocorticoids – cortisol) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS, neural route, resultant release of catecholamines – noradrenaline/adrenaline – and ne…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMarques, A. H., Bjørke-Monsen, A.-L., Teixeira, A. L., & Silverman, M. N. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.051 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationGlucocorticoid Dysregulations and Their Clinical Correlates: From Receptors to Therapeutics
Marques, A. H., Silverman, M. N., & Sternberg, E. M. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04987.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression, comorbidities and the TNF-α system
Himmerich, H., Fulda, S., Linseisen, J., Seiler, H., Wolfram, G., Himmerich, S., Gedrich, K., Kloiber, S., Lucae, S., Ising, M., et al. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.03.013 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine and Immune Contributors to Fatigue
Silverman, M. N., Heim, C. C., Nater, U. M., Marques, A. H., & Sternberg, E. M. (2010) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.04.008 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Cytokine receptors have been detected at all levels of the HPA axis, and, therefore, each level can serve as an integration point for immune and neuroendocrine signals [5].”
Self-citationWalker, A. K., Nakamura, T., Byrne, R. J., Naicker, S., Tynan, R. J., Hunter, M., & Hodgson, D. M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.010 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The impact of infection and tissue damage in solid-organ transplantation
Chong, A. S., & Alegre, M. (2012) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3215 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The emergence of neurotransmitters as immune modulators
Franco, R., Pacheco, R., Lluís, C., Ahern, G. P., & O’Connell, P. J. (2007) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.07.005 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Cytokines and the neurodevelopmental basis of mental illness
Ratnayake, U., Quinn, T., Walker, D. W., & Dickinson, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00180 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Sophie Laye, Université de Bordeaux, France Aldo Lucion, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil *Correspondence: Hayley Dickinson, Monash Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St., Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia e-mail: hayley.dckinson@ monash.edu Epidemiological studies suggest that prenatal…”
BackgroundVeenema, A. H., Reber, S. O., Selch, S., Obermeier, F., & Neumann, I. D. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-1469 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Järnum, H., Eskildsen, S. F., Steffensen, E. G., Lundbye‐Christensen, S., Simonsen, C. W., Thomsen, I. S., Fründ, T., Théberge, J., & Larsson, E. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01766.x · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Prenatal and postnatal maternal contributions in the infection model of schizophrenia
Meyer, U., Schwendener, S., Feldon, J., & Yee, B. K. (2006) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0419-5 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“…stimulation is strongly associated with activation of the stress response axes (Goebel et al. 2002; Haddad et al. 2002; Webster and Sternberg 2004; Silverman et al. 2005), it is virtually unknown whether gestational immune challenge is associated with alterations in postpartum maternal behaviour.”
BackgroundInfection, immunity and the neuroendocrine response
Borghetti, P., Saleri, R., Mocchegiani, E., Corradi, A., & Martelli, P. R. (2009) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.01.013 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“IL-1, IL-6, Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-b, LIF (Leukaemia Inhibitor Factor), MIF (Macrophage Inhibitor Factor), IL-10, IL-18 can be produced by the hypothalamus and/or pituitary glands (Breder et al., 1988 (Breder et al., , 1993 McGeer and McGeer, 1995; Maier and Watkins, 1998; Kronfol and Remick, 2000; Petrovsky…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Resilience to Developing Anxiety or Depression under Stress
Bear, T., Dalziel, J. E., Coad, J., Roy, N. C., Butts, C. A., & Gopal, P. K. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9040723 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine and neurophysiological effects of interleukin 6 in rheumatoid arthritis
Choy, E., & Calabrese, L. H. (2017) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex391 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The TNF-&#945; System: Functional Aspects in Depression, Narcolepsy and Psychopharmacology
Berthold-Losleben, M., & Himmerich, H. (2008) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/157015908785777238 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Cytokines such as TNF- link the non-specific immune system to the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis: inflammatory cytokines — such as TNF- and its soluble receptors p55 and p75 — released during infection and inflammation activate the HPA system at the hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal level resulting…”
BackgroundPalmitoylethanolamide dampens neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in obese mice
Lama, A., Pirozzi, C., Severi, I., Morgese, M. G., Senzacqua, M., Annunziata, C., Comella, F., Piano, F. D., Schiavone, S., Petrosino, S., et al. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.008 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Neuroinflammation affects hypothalamic inter-connections with brain regions regulating mood and anxiety and increases CRH release (Silverman et al., 2005).”
Morris, G., Anderson, G., & Maes, M. H. J. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0170-2 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“These conditions offer a wealth of data relating HPA axis hypofunction to activated immune-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative pathways and to enhanced susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases [19].”
Furtado, M., Chow, C. H. T., Owais, S., Frey, B. N., & Lieshout, R. J. V. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.073 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Successful Antidepressant Therapy Restores the Disturbed Interplay Between TNF-α System and HPA Axis
Himmerich, H., Binder, E. B., Kunzel, H. E., Schuld, A., Lucae, S., Uhr, M., Pollmächer, T., Holsboer, F., & Ising, M. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.075 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Breen, M. S., Tylee, D. S., Maihofer, A. X., Neylan, T. C., Mehta, D., Binder, E. B., Chandler, S. D., Hess, J., Kremen, W. S., Risbrough, V. B., et al. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.220 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Indeed, a dysfunctional HPA axis-immune interface has been previously associated with similar immune and metabolic disturbances, including cell cycle, altered cytokine balance, blood coagulation and lipid and metabolic processes (Silverman et al, 2013; Silverman et al, 2012; Elenkov et al, 2000).”
Ghosh, S., Sinha, J. K., Putcha, U. K., & Raghunath, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2016.00001 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Available literature suggests that increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, activate the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis resulting in the release of cortisol (57).”
BackgroundGoldfarb, Y., & Ben‐Eliyahu, S. (2007) · Breast Disease · doi:10.3233/bd-2007-26109 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“We further hypothesized that the use of poly I-C could be superior to IL-12 as it provokes a cellular immune response that is more natural and comprehensive than that created by a single cytokine [170].”
Influence of chronic stress on brain corticosteroid receptors and HPA axis activity
Gądek-Michalska, A., Spyrka, J., Rachwalska, P., Tadeusz, J., & Bugajski, J. (2013) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71474-9 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Catecholamine–Cytokine Balance
Szelényi, J., & Vizi, E. S. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1391.026 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
Goverse, G., Stakenborg, M., & Matteoli, G. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp271537 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“For example, the release of glucocorticoids via the hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenal axis and the adrenergic nervous system have been shown to modulate the immune system by reducing inflammation (Haddad et al. 2002; Silverman et al. 2005; Bellinger et al. 2008).”
BackgroundGenetic risk factors for eating disorders: an update and insights into pathophysiology
Himmerich, H., Bentley, J., Kan, C., & Treasure, J. L. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125318814734 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Epidemiology, control, and prevention of Newcastle disease in endemic regions: Latin America
Absalón, Á. E., Cortés-Espinosa, D. V., Lucio, E., Miller, P. J., & Afonso, C. L. (2019) · Tropical Animal Health and Production · doi:10.1007/s11250-019-01843-z · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis by exogenous and endogenous GDF15
Cimino, I., Kim, H., Tung, Y. C. L., Pedersen, K., Rimmington, D., Tadross, J. A., Kohnke, S., Neves‐Costa, A., Barros, A., Joaquim, S., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2106868118 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“Circulating GDF15 levels are also elevated in response to infectious stimuli in humans and mice (33, 34).”
BackgroundDiurnal cortisol and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer
Schrepf, A., Thaker, P. H., Goodheart, M. J., Bender, D., Slavich, G. M., Dahmoush, L., Penedo, F. J., DeGeest, K., Méndez, L., Lubaroff, D. M., et al. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.010 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the neuroendocrine stress axis
Steenblock, C., Todorov, V., Kanczkowski, W., Eisenhofer, G., Schedl, A., Wong, M., Licinio, J., Bauer, M., Young, A. H., Gainetdinov, R. R., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0758-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Lethal Silver-Haired Bat Rabies Virus Infection Can Be Prevented by Opening the Blood-Brain Barrier
Roy, A., & Hooper, D. C. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00710-07 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Virus replication in the CNS can stimulate the production of steroid hormones through effects on the HPA axis (4, 27 ).”
BackgroundInnate Immunity: A Common Denominator between Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases
Novellino, F., Saccà, V., Donato, A., Zaffino, P., Spadea, M. F., Vismara, M. F. M., Arcidiacono, B., Malara, N., Presta, I., & Donato, G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21031115 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Although a traumatic event triggers the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, with cortisol protecting from excessive or acute inflammation [266], if the stimulation is prolonged, it hesitates in an excessive inflammatory immune response [267,268].”
BackgroundAssociations between vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms in healthy young adult women
Kerr, D., Zava, D. T., Piper, W. T., Saturn, S. R., Frei, B. B., & Gombart, A. F. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.016 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Song, H., Fall, K., Fang, F., Erlendsdóttir, H., Lu, D., Mataix‐Cols, D., de la Cruz, L. F., D'Onofrio, B. M., Lichtenstein, P., Gottfreðsson, M., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l5784 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Depression, fatigue and neurocognitive deficits in chronic hepatitis C
Yeoh, S. W., Holmes, A., Saling, M. M., Everall, I., & Nicoll, A. (2018) · Hepatology International · doi:10.1007/s12072-018-9879-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Importance of fatigue and its measurement in chronic liver disease
Gerber, L. H., Weinstein, A. A., Mehta, R., & Younossi, Z. M. (2019) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i28.3669 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Covid-19-Induced Dysautonomia: A Menace of Sympathetic Storm
Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Qusti, S. Y., Alshammari, E. M., Gyebi, G. A., & Batiha, G. E. (2021) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1177/17590914211057635 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Notably, the level of ANS control is regulated by hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, reticular formation and limbic system, therefore, viral infections that cause meningitis and/encephalitis may disturb central autonomic dysfunction leading to DSN (Silverman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPaolo, W. F., & Nosanchuk, J. D. (2006) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.08.001 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Alterations in the functioning of upstream endocrine regulators and/or downstream hormonal mediators can feedback upon the adrenals and cause an upregulation in HPA-axis function that increases the amounts of circulating corticosteroids.(20,27,34,67) It has been demon-”
Abdul-Careem, M. F., Hunter, B. D., Sarson, A. J., Mayameei, A., Zhou, H., & Sharif, S. (2006) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2006.19.167 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…with and without TP Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, IL-18) are released in the early stages of immune response from a variety of cell types such as macrophages, microglial cells, and vascular endothelial cells (31 Subsequent to pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in the elevated.”
Immunology, immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics of COVID-19; an overview
Khosroshahi, L. M., Rokni, M., Mokhtari, T., & Noorbakhsh, F. (2021) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107364 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“lymphocyte production in primary lymphoid organs and induce apoptosis in lymphocytes [89,90].”
Su, S., Miller, A. H., Snieder, H., Bremner, J. D., Ritchie, J., Maisano, C., Jones, L. R., Murrah, N. V., Goldberg, J. H., & Vaccarino, V. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31819082ef · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“However, a reverse relationship has also been suggested, such that inflammatory cytokines have profound stimulatory effects on HPA axis hormones and CRH, which in turn contribute to depression (55).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSethi, R., Gómez‐Coronado, N., Walker, A. J., Robertson, O. D., Agustini, B., Berk, M., & Dodd, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00605 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Dionysopoulou, S., Charmandari, E., Bargiota, Α., Vlahos, N., Mastorakos, G. P., & Valsamakis, G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020498 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Morris, G., Berk, M., Maes, M. H. J., Carvalho, A. F., & Puri, B. K. (2019) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-019-1498-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Metabolic Signatures Associated with Severity in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
Marín‐Corral, J., Rodríguez-Morató, J., Gomez‐Gómez, À., Pascual-Guàrdia, S., Muñoz-Bermúdez, R., Salazar‐Degracia, A., Pérez-Terán, P., Restrepo, M. I., Khymenets, O., Haro, N., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094794 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Among the immune mediators, both the kynurenine pathway and the hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal axis have been reported to be activated in viral and bacterial infections [4,5].”
BackgroundReviewing the Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Pathophysiology of Depression
Gallego‐Landin, I., García-Baos, A., Castro‐Zavala, A., & Valverde, O. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.762738 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
From Systemic Inflammation to Neuroinflammation: The Case of Neurolupus
Bendorius, M., Po, C., Muller, S., & Jeltsch‐David, H. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19113588 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“PVN damages are also linked to systemic inflammation as excessive proinflammatory cytokines inhibit the negative feedback of the HPA axis, increase the permeability of the BBB, and disturb the glutamatergic balance [200,202].”
BackgroundLi, X., & Ma, L. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102175 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Genetics of glucocorticoid regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder -what do we know?
Castro-Vale, I., van Rossum, E. F. C., Machado, J. C., Mota-Cardoso, R., & Carvalho, D. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.005 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Silverman, M. N., MacDougall, M., Hu, F., Pace, T. W. W., Raison, C. L., & Miller, A. H. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001921 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, released during an immune challenge, such as viral infection, are well known to interact with multiple levels of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to the release of glucocorticoids (for review, se…”
Self-citationHsieh, M. ‐., Lyu, R. ‐., Chang, W. ‐., Chang, K. ‐., Chen, C. ‐., Chang, H. ‐., Wu, Y. ‐., Chen, S. ‐., & Ro, L. ‐. (2008) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02132.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“In animal models of influenza virus-infected lung, release of several cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-2 and interferon gamma) may stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis, and consequently increase the plasma corticosterone (glucocorticoid) level and ep…”
BackgroundSionov, R. V., Spokoini, R., Kfir‐Erenfeld, S., Cohen, O., & Yefenof, E. (2008) · Advances in cancer research · doi:10.1016/s0065-230x(08)00406-5 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Increased cytokine activity such as IL‐1, TNF , and IL‐6, present during inflammation not only activates components of the inflammatory system, but also triggers the HPA axis to initiate GC production (Chrousos, 1995; Silverman et al., 2005; Wick et al., 1993).”
BackgroundCraddock, T. J. A., Fritsch, P., Rice, M. A., del Rosario, R. M., Miller, D. B., Fletcher, M. A., Klimas, N. G., & Broderick, G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084839 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“CORT, in turn, acts to suppress the activity of ICells (specifically NK cells [38], and DC cells [39]), and the T1Cell [40] causing a shift from the inflammatory to the antiinflammatory response [35,36,41].”
BackgroundGautam, S., Kumar, M., Kumar, U., & Dada, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02259 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lauritano, D., Mastrangelo, F., D’Ovidio, C., Ronconi, G., Caraffa, A., Gallenga, C. E., Frydas, I., Kritas, S. K., Trimarchi, M., Carinci, F., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054811 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Cortisol and catecholamines produced by the adrenal gland act at an anti-inflammatory level by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF and IL-6 [77].”
BackgroundA pilot study of immune network remodeling under challenge in Gulf War Illness
Broderick, G., Kreitz, A., Fuite, J., FLETCHER, M. A., Vernon, S. D., & Klimas, N. G. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.011 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Activation of the ‘‘fight or flight” response has a broad and significant impact on the body including modulation of the function and status of the immune system (Silverman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDysregulation of the stress response in asthmatic children
Priftis, K. Ν., Papadimitriou, A., Nicolaidou, P., & Chrousos, G. P. (2008) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01948.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
White matter integrity alterations in post‐traumatic stress disorder
O'Doherty, D. C. M., Ryder, W., Paquola, C., Tickell, A. M., Chan, C., Hermens, D. F., Bennett, M. R., & Lagopoulos, J. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23920 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Immune-Neuro-Endocrine Reflexes, Circuits, and Networks: Physiologic and Evolutionary Implications
del Rey, A., & Besedovsky, H. O. (2017) · Frontiers of hormone research · doi:10.1159/000452902 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A comparison of sex-specific immune signatures in Gulf War illness and chronic fatigue syndrome
Smylie, A. L., Broderick, G., Fernandes, H., Razdan, S., Barnes, Z., Collado, F., Sol, C., Fletcher, M. A., & Klimas, N. (2013) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/1471-2172-14-29 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“In addition to sex hormones, stress and growth hormones produced along the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamicpituitary-thyroidal (HPT) axes are also important immune modulators [58,59].”
BackgroundMerlo, E., Podratz, P. L., Sena, G. C., de Araújo, J. F. P., Freitas‐Lima, L. C., Alves, I. S. S., da Gama-de-Souza, L. N., Pelição, R., Rodrigues, L. C. M., Brandão, P. A. A., et al. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1896 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Bridging Intimate Partner Violence and the Human Brain: A Literature Review
Wong, J. Y.-H., Fong, D. Y.-T., Lai, V., & Tiwari, A. (2014) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838013496333 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Belisle, S. E., Tisoncik, J. R., Korth, M. J., Carter, V. S., Proll, S. C., Swayne, D. E., Pantin-Jackwood, M., Tumpey, T. M., & Katze, M. G. (2010) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01310-10 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Briguglio, M., Bona, A. R., Porta, M., Dell’Osso, B. M., Pregliasco, F. E., & Banfi, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00671 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Świergiel, A., & Dunn, A. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.03.024 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation and depressive disorder: The role of the hypothalamus
Černáčková, A., Ďuračková, Z., Trebatická, J., & Mravec, B. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.03.005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Convergent Genomic Studies Identify Association of GRIK2 and NPAS2 with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Smith, A. K., Fang, H., Whistler, T., Unger, E. R., & Rajeevan, M. S. (2011) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000326692 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Validating these findings will require replication of SNP and gene expression analysis in a replication study in a larger independent population. Further, examining genetic associations at measurable narrow subphenotypic levels may minimize false-positive findings across multiple populations. The expression analysis i…”
Silverman, M. N., Mukhopadhyay, P., Belyavskaya, E., Tonelli, L. H., Revenis, B. D., Doran, J. H., Ballard, B. E., Tam, J., Pacher, P., & Sternberg, E. M. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.131 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationOf blood cells and the nervous system
Makhijani, K., & Brückner, K. (2012) · Fly · doi:10.4161/fly.22267 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Dynamics of the HPA axis and inflammatory cytokines: Insights from mathematical modeling
Malek, H., Ebadzadeh, M. M., Safabakhsh, R., Razavi, A., & Zaringhalam, J. (2015) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.09.018 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Neuroimmune Impacts of Early-Life Stress on Development and Psychopathology
Brenhouse, H. C., Danese, A., & Grassi‐Oliveira, R. (2018) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2018_53 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Liu, Q. K. (2021) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2021.05.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
- Authors
- Silverman, M. N., Pearce, B. D., Biron, C. A., & Miller, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Venue
- Viral Immunology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-78
- ISSN
- 0882-8245 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-8976
- PMC
- PMC1224723
- OpenAlex
- W1999182152
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 345
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Viral Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, viral infection, cytokines, glucocorticoids, neuroendocrine-immune interaction, HPA axis activation, immunomodulation, homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Glucocorticoids, HIV, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Neurosecretory Systems, Newcastle disease virus, Orthomyxoviridae, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Poly I-C, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Virus Diseases, Cytokines, Muromegalovirus, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review