Of dreaming and wakefulness
Open accessAbstract
Following a set of studies concerning the intrinsic electrophysiology of mammalian central neurons in relation to global brain function, we reach the following conclusions: (i) the main difference between wakefulness and paradoxical sleep lies in the weight given to sensory afferents in cognitive images; (ii) otherwise, wakefulness and paradoxical sleep are fundamentally equivalent brain states probably subserved by an intrinsic thalamo-cortical loop. From this assumption, we conclude that wakefulness is an intrinsic functional realm, modulated by sensory parameters. In support of this hypothesis, we review morphological studies of the thalamocortical system, which indicate that only a minor part of its connectivity is devoted to the transfer of direct sensory input. Rather, most of the connectivity is geared to the generation of internal functional modes, which may, in principle, operate in the presence or absence of sensory activation. These considerations lead us to challenge the traditional Jamesian view of brain function according to which consciousness is generated as an exclusive by-product of sensory input. Instead, we argue that consciousness is fundamentally a closed-loop property, in which the ability of cells to be intrinsically active plays a central role. We further discuss the importance of spatial and temporal mapping in the elaboration of cognitive and perceptual constructs.
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Cortex and thalamus act as an integrated system.
“While cortex and thalamus look separate to the naked eye, they act as an integrated system (Llinas and Pare, 1991; Edelman and Tononi, 2000; Steriade, 2006; Freeman, 2007).”
From Global Workspace Dynamics: Cortical “Binding and Propagation” Enables Conscious Contents (2013) · cites this paper as Llinas and Pare, 1991
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- Authors
- Llinás, R. R., & Paré, D.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Llinás, R.R.
- ORCID
- Paré, D.
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 521-535
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2072574332
- Cited by
- 641
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 13742, P01NS013742)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- wakefulness, REM sleep, thalamocortical loop, consciousness, sensory afferents, brain states, thalamocortical connections, cognitive image
- MeSH terms
- Afferent Pathways, Animals, Awareness, Brain, Cell Membrane, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Consciousness, Dreams, Electroencephalography, Hallucinations, Humans, Mammals, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Neurons, Perception, Sensation, Sensory Thresholds, Sleep, Sleep, REM, Thalamus, Wakefulness
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