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Cited by 151Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

Abstinence effects as predictors of 28-day relapse in smokers

Swan, Gary E., Ward, Marcia M., Jack, Lisa M.·1996·Addictive Behaviors
DOI 10.1016/0306-4603(95)00070-4
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Abstract

The present analysis sought to determine the relationship between abstinence effects in 64 ex-smokers (mean age = 41.1 years) and the rate at which they relapsed over 4 weeks of biochemically confirmed follow-up. This analysis focused on six abstinence effects that play a central role in the DSM-III-R and DSM IV definitions of withdrawal from nicotine: anger, depression, craving, appetite, confusion, and tension. Significant increases were observed for all six symptoms following cessation, and, with the exception of craving, substantial intercorrelations among the abstinence effects were noted. Cox proportional hazards survival models identified increases in anger, depressed mood, and craving to be significantly associated with a shorter time to relapse (all p < .03). Stepwise Cox proportional hazards survival analysis identified increases in depressed mood and craving as the most significant combination of abstinence effects in relation to time to relapse. A more stringent test of the potency of the relationship between these abstinence effects and time to relapse was conducted in which two other risk factors in this sample, method of quitting and education level, were also included in the model testing sequence. Even after adjustment for these significant risk factors, the increase in craving remained a significant predictor of a higher rate of relapse. This result suggests a robustness to this particular abstinence effect as a determinant of the speed with which ex-smokers relapse over a 1-month interval after cessation.

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Crossref · 10.1016/0306-4603(95)00070-4

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35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Increases in negative affect predict clinical relapse.

    “Further, increases in negative affect predict clinical relapse (45–47).”

    From Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence (2009) · cites this paper as [47]

  • Smoking cessation increases the severity of depression symptoms.

    “smoking cessation increases the severity of depression symptoms (Covey et al., 1997; Swan, Ward, & Jack, 1996; West, Hajek, & Belcher, 1989).”

    From Nicotine addiction and psychiatric disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Swan et al., 1996

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Authors
Swan, G. E., Ward, M. M., & Jack, L. M.
Affiliations
SRI International (US)
Corresponding author
Swan, Gary E.
ORCID
Venue
Addictive Behaviors
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1996-07
Volume
21
Issue
4
Pages
481-490
ISSN
0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/0306-4603(95)00070-4
OpenAlex
W2055703665
Cited by
150
References
33
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
FWCI
2.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords
nicotine withdrawal, smoking relapse, former smokers, craving, depression, anger, time to relapse, recurrence risk factors, educational attainment
MeSH terms
Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Neurologic Examination, Nicotine, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Smoking Cessation

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