Cited by 453Animal Nutrition and PhysiologyVeterinary medicine and infectious diseasesGastrointestinal motility and disorders

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Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs

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Moeser, Adam J., Pohl, Calvin S., Rajput, Mrigendra·2017·Animal nutrition

DOI 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.003PMC PMC5941262

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Abstract

The gastrointestinal (GI) barrier serves a critical role in survival and overall health of animals and humans. Several layers of barrier defense mechanisms are provided by the epithelial, immune and enteric nervous systems. Together they act in concert to control normal gut functions (e.g., digestion, absorption, secretion, immunity, etc.) whereas at the same time provide a barrier from the hostile conditions in the luminal environment. Breakdown of these critical GI functions is a central pathophysiological mechanism in the most serious GI disorders in pigs. This review will focus on the development and functional properties of the GI barrier in pigs and how common early life production stressors, such as weaning, can alter immediate and long-term barrier function and disease susceptibility. Specific stress-related pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for driving GI barrier dysfunction induced by weaning and the implications to animal health and performance will be discussed.

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Fig. 1 Ontogeny of postnatal gastrointestinal (GI) barrier function development in the pig. During the first 12 weeks of postnatal life, the GI system in the pigs undergoes significant development. Colostrum and sow's milk initially provides the piglet protective passive immunity as well as important growth and immune factors. The postnatal period is marked by maturation of the epithelial barrier and transport functions, and immune and enteric nervous systems (indicated by green line) that are almost complete by 12 to 14 weeks of age. Developmental processes occurring this time exhibit a high degree of plasticity and shape the adult phenotype and function of the GI barrier.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Impact of early weaning on the developmental trajectory of gastrointestinal (GI) barrier function. In nature, weaning is a gradual process occurring at ∼12 to 14 weeks of age, at which time the GI barrier function is near complete. In commercial production systems, weaning is abrupt and compounded by multiple social and environmental stressors and occurs at the height of GI barrier development between 2 and 4 weeks of age. Early weaning pigs exhibit an altered GI barrier developmental trajectory (red dashed line) resulting in permanent, suboptimal barrier function and increased disease susceptibility.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

Fig. 3 Mechanisms of intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by production stressors in pigs: corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-mast cell axis. Production stressors such as weaning, mixing/crowding and gastrointestinal (GI) infections, trigger activation of intestinal CRF and receptors. The CRF receptor activation enhances intestinal mast cell activation and hyperplasia and the release of mast cell mediators including proteases (e.g., tryptase and chymase) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Mast cell proteases and TNF-α induce increases in intestinal epithelial permeability.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Items 201–300 of 453

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Han, L., Tao, H., Kang, L., Wang, S., Diao, Q., Han, D., & Cui, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.809188 · Cited by 9
“The small intestine, a critical multifunctional organ, plays crucial roles in digesting and absorbing nutrients, regulating immune response, and secreting various enzymes and immunoglobulins (8, 9).”
Background
Dissecting the Effect of Berberine on the Intestinal Microbiome in the Weaned Piglets by Metagenomic Sequencing
Hu, H., Xu, K., Wang, K., Zhang, F., & Bai, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.862882 · Cited by 9
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Yi, S.-W., Lee, H. G., So, K.-M., Kim, E., Jung, Y., Kim, M., Jeong, J. Y., Kim, K. H., Oem, J., Hur, T., et al. (2022) · Animal Bioscience · doi:10.5713/ab.22.0045 · Cited by 9
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Background
Stimbiotics Supplementation Promotes Growth Performance by Improving Plasma Immunoglobulin and IGF-1 Levels and Regulating Gut Microbiota Composition in Weaned Piglets
Chen, W., Yin, C., Li, J., Sun, W., Li, Y., Wang, C., Pi, Y., Cordero, G., Li, X., & Jiang, X. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12030441 · Cited by 9
“It has been demonstrated that the plasma IgA and IgG concentrations will decrease directly after weaning [25,26], causing severe weaning stress [27].”
Background
Early feeding leads to molecular maturation of the gut mucosal immune system in suckling piglets
Choudhury, R., Gu, Y., Bolhuis, J. E., & Kleerebezem, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208891 · Cited by 9
“At the time of weaning in commercial pig-husbandry systems (around 3-4 weeks of age), the gastrointestinal tract of the piglets is still developing (26), including drastic adaptations in microbiota colonisation and the mucosal immune system (10, 27).”
Background
Development of small intestinal barrier function and underlying mechanism in Chinese indigenous and Duroc piglets during suckling and weaning periods
Ding, S., Cheng, Y., Azad, M. A. K., Zhu, Q., Huang, P., & Kong, X. (2023) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.005 · Cited by 8
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“Weaning stress also delays the development of the gastrointestinal and immune systems (Moeser et al., 2017; St-Pierre et al., 2023).”
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Shin, I., Kang, Y.-G., Ahn, J., Kim, Y.-H., Nam, J., Kim, K., Kim, J.-M., Kim, H. W., Yang, J., Kim, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaf089 · Cited by 8
Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrheic and Healthy Weaned Pigs in Catalonia
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Background
Encapsulated Mixture of Methyl Salicylate and Tributyrin Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Improves Growth Performance of Weaned Piglets
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“intestinal barrier, furthermore worsened the absorptive capacity of the small intestine [2], which would decrease growth performance and eventually cause economic losses [3].”
Background
Effects of dietary tryptophan and threonine supplementation above nutritional recommendations on performance, diarrhoea, and intestinal health parameters in weaned piglets
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Background
Partial Replacement of Synthetic Vitamin E by Polyphenols in Post-Weaning Piglets
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Background
Evaluation of digestively resistant or soluble fibers, short- and medium-chain fatty acids, trace minerals, and antibiotics in nonchallenged nursery pigs on performance, digestibility, and intestinal integrity
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Background
Uso de aditivos em dietas para leitões em fase de creche: uma revisão
de Lima, M. D., Lopes, I. M. G., da Silva, K. F., Miranda, H. A. F., de Almeida, A. C., & Duarte, E. R. (2020) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v9i12.11081 · Cited by 7
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Background
Multi-omics analysis reveals interactions between host and microbes in Bama miniature pigs during weaning
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Wongchanla, S., Dixit, K., Park, S., Kim, K., Sun, S., Marco, M. L., Palomares, S., Mejía-Caballero, A., Mohan, S. C., Li, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-025-01266-x · Cited by 6
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O’Neill, L., Díaz, J. A. C., da Costa, M. R., Oakes, S., Leonard, F. C., & Manzanilla, E. G. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11102828 · Cited by 6
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Background
Effects of yeast-based pre- and probiotics in lactation diets of sows on litter performance and antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli of sows
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Background
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Harayama, T., Tsukahara, T., Fukuta, K., Oda, M., & Inoüe, R. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12111445 · Cited by 6
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Background
New findings of intestinal alkaline phosphatase: effects on intestinal and organ health of piglets challenged with ETEC F4 (K88)
Genova, J. L., Melo, A. D. B., Rupolo, P. E., de Macedo, R. E. F., Filho, J. R. E., Carvalho, S. T., Faucitano, L., Costa, L. B., & Carvalho, P. L. D. O. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.37496/rbz5120210144 · Cited by 6
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Background
Piperine as potential therapy of post-weaning porcine diarrheas: an in vitro study using a porcine duodenal enteroid model
Satitsri, S., Akrimajirachoote, N., Nunta, K., Ruennarong, N., Amnucksoradej, O., & Muanprasat, C. (2023) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03536-6 · Cited by 6
“, heat-stable toxins (STa) and intestinal barrier disruption via oxidative stress and proinflammatory responses [6].”
Background
Zinc status and indicators of intestinal health in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18 challenged newly weaned pigs fed diets with different levels of zinc
Hansen, S. V., Canibe, N., Nielsen, T. S., & Woyengo, T. A. (2024) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skae018 · Cited by 6
Dietary coated copper and zinc improved growth performance by modulating immune responses and fecal microbiota of weaned pigs
Nam, J., Cho, J. H., Kim, H. B., Ahn, J., Kang, Y., Kim, S., Kim, J. T., Jung, S. W., Song, M., & Kyoung, H. (2024) · Journal of Animal Science and Technology · doi:10.5187/jast.2024.e70 · Cited by 5
“In addition, HCT in the blood profiles, which increases with dehydration and is used as an indicator of increases in diarrhea [47], did not differ among the dietary treatments in the first week after weaning.”
Increasing dietary soybean-derived trypsin inhibitor protein compromises nursery pig performance, nitrogen digestibility, and retention
Nisley, M. J., Miller, K. A., Spencer, J. D., Mendoza, O. F., Krishnan, H. B., & Gabler, N. K. (2025) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaf253 · Cited by 5
“There were no observed differences in stool consistency during the first week, likely due to the stress of weaning exacerbating post-weaning diarrhea and masking any dietary effects (Moeser et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2022).”
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Ng’ang’a, Z. W., Tous, N., Ballester, M., Leskovec, J., Jimenez-Moya, B., Beltrán‐Debón, R., Torrallardona, D., & Tarradas, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1645900 · Cited by 8
Intrauterine growth restriction, defined by an elevated brain-to-liver weight ratio, affects faecal microbiota composition and, to a lesser extent, plasma metabolome profile at different ages in pigs
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“It also acts as a defensive barrier against pathogens, dietary toxins, and antigens [7].”
Enhanced porcine gut barrier functioning and reduced inflammation from a combination of seaweed bioactives
Bouwhuis, M., Nooijen, I., van de Steeg, E., & O'Connell, S. (2025) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-025-04832-7 · Cited by 5
“This has significant implications on the structure and function of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), causing inflammation, impaired barrier function and increasing gut permeability [3, 4].”
Crude protein and lactose effects on performance, intestinal and immune function of piglets fed diets without antimicrobials growth promoters
Júnior, D. T. V., Rodrigues, G. D. A., Soares, M. H., Rocha, G. C., Campos, P. H. R. F., & Saraiva, A. (2021) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104566 · Cited by 5
An increased weaning age and liquid feed enhances weight gain compared to piglets fed dry feed pre-weaning
Lyderik, K. K., Madsen, J. G., Larsen, C., Pedersen, M. L. M., Kjeldsen, N. J., Williams, A. R., Hedemann, M. S., & Amdi, C. (2023) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2023.100801 · Cited by 5
“The international journal of animal biosciences 12–14 weeks of age (Moeser et al., 2017).”
Background
Differential impact of yeast cell wall products in recovery of porcine intestinal epithelial cell barrier function following Lipopolysaccharide challenge
Browne, N., Daly, D., & Horgan, K. A. (2023) · Porcine Health Management · doi:10.1186/s40813-023-00312-2 · Cited by 5
“The barrier’s selectivity is regulated by tight junctions including claudins, occludin and zonula occludens (tight junctional protein) that can mechanically compartmentalise the absorption of nutrients in tandem with selective ion transporters [1, 2].”
BackgroundInfluential
Water- and feed-based arginine impacts on gut integrity in weanling pigs
Greiner, L. L., Humphrey, D. C., Kerr, B. J., Becker, S. L., Breuer, S., Hagen, C. S., Elefson, S., & Haydon, K. D. (2023) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txad059 · Cited by 5
“In addition, various studies have documented that the age of weaning can influence intestinal integrity (Spreeuwenberg et al., 2001; Moeser et al., 2007, 2017; Xun et al., 2018).”
Background
Impact of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible arginine to lysine ratio from 0.85 to 1.15 and water-based arginine supplementation on growth performance and gut integrity of weaned pigs
Hagen, C. S., Humphrey, D. C., Wileman, C. M., Haydon, K. D., & Greiner, L. L. (2024) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txae102 · Cited by 5
“Many studies have documented the negative impact of weaning on intestinal integrity (Spreeuwenberg et al., 2001; Moeser et al., 2007, 2017; Xun et al., 2018).”
Background
Immunological response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in young pigs obtained from a PRRSV-positive exposure status herd in a PRRSV endemic area
Kittiwan, N., Yamsakul, P., Tadee, P., Tadee, P., Nuangmek, A., Chuammitri, P., & Patchanee, P. (2019) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109935 · Cited by 5
Chitosan nanoparticles attenuate intestinal damage and inflammatory responses in LPS‐challenged weaned piglets via prevention of IκB degradation
Xu, Y., Li, Q., Ge, P., Mao, H., & Yang, C. (2021) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.13664 · Cited by 5
Effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis derived-protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microbial shedding in post-weaned growing pigs
Cheng, L., & Kim, I. H. (2019) · Journal of Applied Animal Research · doi:10.1080/09712119.2019.1626240 · Cited by 5
“Weaning stress could decrease feed intake, impair digestive and absorptive capacity of piglets (Campbell et al. 2013; Moeser et al. 2017).”
Background
The Effects of a Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonist (GRA) on the Immune Function, Nutrient Digestibility, and Wean-to-Finish Growth Performance of Early-Weaned Pigs
Wooten, H., Kim, H., Rakhshandeh, A. R., & Rakhshandeh, A. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10060953 · Cited by 5
“While increased villus height has long been associated with more surface area for nutrient absorption [9], the findings of the current study suggest that villus density may be a better indicator of absorptive capacity, since GRA−treated pigs experienced higher ADG, BW and G:F ratio, despite shorter villi, than control…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
9. Weaning age and its long-term influence on health and performance
Edwards, S. A., Turpin, D. L., & Pluske, J. R. (2020) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-894-0_9 · Cited by 5
Supplementation of protease with low protein diets improves incidence of frequency and nitrogen metabolism in weaned pigs
An, J., Lee, J., Song, M., Oh, H. J., Chang, S., Song, D., Cho, H., Park, S., Jeon, K., Kim, H. B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Animal Science and Technology · doi:10.5187/jast.2024.e35 · Cited by 4
Taking intestinal microbes and the immune system as opportunities to maintain the intestinal health of piglets: review
Hou, X., Chen, Y., Chen, F., Yin, Y., & Xu, K. (2025) · Animal Bioscience · doi:10.5713/ab.25.0100 · Cited by 4
“During this period, piglets are particularly vulnerable to infections due to their immature intestinal immune systems [8].”
Concentrado de proteína de papa: una posible alternativa al uso de antibióticos en las dietas para lechones destetados. Revisión
Alarcón, E. A. P., Valeriano, T. D. J. H., Landín, G. M., & de Souza, T. C. R. (2022) · Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias · doi:10.22319/rmcp.v13i2.5980 · Cited by 4
Effect of Olive Pomace Extract on the Gut Health in Weaned Piglets
Martínez, G., Diéguez, S. N., Decundo, J. M., Gaudio, D. S. P., Romanelli, A., Amanto, F. A., & Soraci, A. L. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40011-023-01534-8 · Cited by 4
Early behavioral indicators of aberrant feces in newly-weaned piglets
Witjes, V. L., Veldkamp, F., Velkers, F. C., de Jong, I. C., Meijer, E., Rebel, J. M. J., Stegeman, A., & Tobias, T. (2024) · Porcine Health Management · doi:10.1186/s40813-024-00396-4 · Cited by 4
“In round 2 piglets were supplemented with another pelleted feed in the farrowing stable compared to the nursery stable and all pens were socially mixed at weaning, which is an important risk factor of PWD [4, 40, 42, 54].”
Method
Effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri on the immune status of piglets after weaning
Овчарова, А. Н., Остренко, К. С., & Пьянкова, Е. В. (2021) · Journal of Livestock Science · doi:10.33259/jlivestsci.2022.33-37 · Cited by 4
“In piglets received probiotics, there is an increase in the height of the villi and the depth of the crypts (Moeser et al 2017).”
Background
Protective effects of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) on barrier function injury of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Jiao, Y., Li, H., Ren, T., & Kim, I. H. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1139/cjas-2022-0141 · Cited by 4
Expression Profile of miR-199a and Its Role in the Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation
Wu, Z., Yan, Y., Li, W., Li, Y., & Yang, H. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13121979 · Cited by 4
“Stress associated with early weaning in piglets is often characterized by enhanced mucosal immune activation and impaired barrier function [11,12].”
Background
Effect of single-generation domestication of pikeperch on the performance of the offspring in conventional and pond recirculation aquaculture system
Péter, G., Lukić, J., Brlás-Molnár, Z., Ardó, L., Horváth, Z., Rónyai, A., Bársony, P., & Ljubobratović, U. (2023) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101702 · Cited by 4
A blend of selected botanicals maintains intestinal epithelial integrity and reduces susceptibility to Escherichia coli F4 infection by modulating acute and chronic inflammation in vitro
Bonetti, A., Toschi, A., Tugnoli, B., Piva, A., & Grilli, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1275802 · Cited by 4
Novel Antioxidants for Animal Nutrition
Rossi, L., & Dell’Anno, M. (2024) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-7258-1157-1 · Cited by 5
Dietary fiber and weaning age affect stress and immune markers in saliva of sows and their offspring
Grześkowiak, Ł., Cerón, J. M. C., López-Arjona, M., Martínez-Vallespín, B., Holthausen, J. S., Krüsselmann, P., Metges, C. C., Kuhla, B., Vahjen, W., Zentek, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skae312 · Cited by 4
Development of an indigestible dietary protein index to investigate the effects of dietary protein content in postweaned pigs
de Oliveira, M. J. K., Babatunde, O. O., Rodrigues, L. A., Erinle, T. J., Htoo, J. K., Mendoza, S. M., & Columbus, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skae374 · Cited by 6
Microbiota regulated by Shenling Baizhu powder maintains intestinal homeostasis via the gut-breast axis
Lv, W., Wang, T., He, S., Zhang, W., Tong, Y., Liu, M., Wang, Z., Chen, R., Jin, W., Ma, Y., et al. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156528 · Cited by 4
Weaning Stress Aggravates Defense Response and the Burden of Protein Metabolism in Low-Birth-Weight Piglets
Wang, P., Zhang, J., Tian, Y., Yu, B., He, J., Yu, J., & Zheng, P. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15101369 · Cited by 4
“In early between 21 challenges, digestive [23,36,37].”
Review: Intrauterine growth restriction, diagnosis and physiological characterisation in pigs
Ruggeri, R., Bee, G., & Ollagnier, C. (2025) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2025.101590 · Cited by 4
Structure-dependent degradation of milk oligosaccharides by newly isolated intestinal commensal bacterial strains from suckling piglets and rabbits
Rumeau, M., Chadi, S., Pepke, F., Beaumont, M., Vicente, C. M., Juppeau, A., Vandecasteele, C., Cauquil, L., Pascal, G., Langella, P., et al. (2025) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-025-04205-y · Cited by 4
“Effectively managing microbial colonization in these animals in early life is crucial for improving their health [35].”
Foraging in the farrowing room to stimulate feeding : getting piglets to eat is bittersweet
Middelkoop, A. (2020) · doi:10.18174/516612 · Cited by 4
Effect of creep and post-weaning feeding composition on piglets’ intestinal health and post-weaning growth according to their creep feed consumption status
Dumas, G., Verso, L. L., & Guay, F. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1139/cjas-2024-0140 · Cited by 3
Dietary bile acid supplementation improves the intestinal health and growth performance of piglets partially through the FXR/AQPs pathway
Zhang, B., Tian, M., Yahui, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, L., Xiao, H., Zhu, X., Qin, L., Yang, X., & Jiang, Z. (2025) · Porcine Health Management · doi:10.1186/s40813-025-00440-x · Cited by 5
“Intestinal integrity is an important indicator for evaluating the intestinal health of piglets [24, 25].”
Dietary Baicalin Supplementation Can Enhance the Growth Performance of Weaned Piglets and Maintain the Intestinal Barrier Integrity
Gao, Y., Liu, J., Yang, R., Fan, X., Liang, C., Shi, X., & Jin, J. (2025) · Animal Research and One Health · doi:10.1002/aro2.70023 · Cited by 3
Weaning age impacts intestinal stabilization of jejunal intraepithelial T lymphocytes and mucosal microbiota in pigs
Wiarda, J., Watkins, H. R., Monson, M. S., Anderson, C. L., & Loving, C. L. (2025) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-025-04850-5 · Cited by 3
“…practices in the pig industry involve weaning animals at a relatively young age, resulting in shifts to the microbiota, increased stress, abrupt dietary change, and compromised intestinal barrier integrity [15, 18, 26–30] – all factors known to affect T-IEL prevalence and behavior in the intestine.”
Influential
Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates weaning stress in Tibetan piglets by modulating gut microbiota–metabolite interactions
Zhang, J., Zhao, M., Zhang, H., Han, M., Tan, Z., & Shang, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2025.1634097 · Cited by 3
Temporal transcriptional and functional dynamics of jejunal mucosal response to early weaning in piglets
Mitchell, T. M., Moeser, H. A., & Moeser, A. J. (2025) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00022.2025 · Cited by 4
Faecal inflammatory biomarkers as non-invasive indicators of feed intake status in weaned piglets
Suppi, J., Salgado-López, P., Llauradó-Calero, E., Coma, J., Pelegrí-Pineda, A., Saco, Y., Bassols, A., Farré, M., & Solà‐Oriol, D. (2025) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2025.101684 · Cited by 3
Influence of Nutritional Strategies on Performance, Gut Barrier Function and Microbiota Composition in Weaned Piglets
Isusi, S., Usero-Alonso, G., Murillo, J. A., Gonzalez-Guijarro, A. B., Muñoz, A., & Ramis, G. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15233422 · Cited by 4
“Early weaning re-sults in increased intestinal permeability and decreased expression of tight junction proteins in piglets [3].”
Mixed Eimeria infections disrupt tight junctions and microbial homeostasis to compromise the intestinal mucosal barrier in rabbits: partial protection by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum supplementation
Chen, Y., Tang, D., Dong, S., Yu, Y., He, Y., He, D., Wu, M., Qu, C., Wang, X., & Wang, B. (2026) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-026-05380-4 · Cited by 3
“The physical barrier centers on tight-junction proteins (ZO-1, Claudins, Occludin) that regulate paracellular permeability and maintain epithelial integrity [7].”
Host–Microbiota Interactions in the Regulation of Intestinal Health in Weaned Piglets: Molecular Mechanisms and Nutritional Intervention Strategies
Li, T., Zhang, R., Gao, Q., Chang, J., Zeng, X., 冯宪龙, Zhang, Z., Wei, S., Xu, C., & Qiao, L. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16142117 · Cited by 3
“Therefore, stable early colonization should not be viewed only as passive microbial acquisition, but as a co-ordinated process shaped by delivery-associated seeding, colostrum intake, milk immune factors, milk glycans, and the immature intestinal niche [6–8].”
Relation of Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations and Myocardial Mitochondrial Respiratory Activity in Anesthetized and Mechanically Ventilated, Cardiovascular Healthy Swine
Abele, N., Münz, F., Zink, F., Gröger, M., Hoffmann, A., Wolfschmitt, E.-M., Hogg, M., Calzia, E., Waller, C., Radermacher, P., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242417293 · Cited by 3
4: Gut nutrition and health in pigs and poultry
Pluske, J. R., & Zentek, J. (2019) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-884-1_4 · Cited by 3
Supplementing volatile-flavour herbal-extract mixture to the diet of sows and their weaned offspring improves the growth performance of weaned piglets
Dang, D. X., Han, K., & Kim, I. H. (2021) · Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition · doi:10.3920/jaan2021.0009 · Cited by 3
Pre- and Probiotic Effects on Innate Immunity and Metabolism in Cattle and Swine
Sanchez, N. C. B., Broadway, P. R., & Carroll, J. A. (2022) · The microbiomes of humans, animals, plants, and the environment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90303-9_14 · Cited by 3
Effects of Protein Restriction and Succedent Realimentation on Jejunal Function and Bacterial Composition of Different Colonic Niches in Weaned Piglets
Wang, J., Zhu, Y., Tian, S., Shi, Q., Yang, H., Wang, J., & Zhu, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.877130 · Cited by 3
“During their weaning period, dietshifting is an important factor that puts the piglets under dramatic stress, resulting in their gut dysfunction, bacterial infectious diarrhea, and growth retardation (2).”
Background
The Use of Agro-Industrial Waste Rich in Omega-3 PUFA during the Weaning Stress Improves the Gut Health of Weaned Piglets
Marin, D. E., Anghel, A. C., Bulgaru, C. V., Grosu, I. A., Pistol, G. C., Cișmileanu, A. E., & Țăranu, I. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12081142 · Cited by 3
Effects of mat feeding on the growth performance, removal, and mortality of pigs after weaning
Wensley, M. R., Potter, M. L., Tokach, M. D., Woodworth, J. C., Goodband, R. D., DeRouchey, J. M., Gebhardt, J. T., Menegat, M. B., & Allerson, M. W. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skac344 · Cited by 3
Agaricus subrufescens fermented rye affects the development of intestinal microbiota, local intestinal and innate immunity in suckling-to-nursery pigs
Wen, C., Geervliet, M., de Vries, H., Fabà, L., den Hil, P. J. R.-V., Skovgaard, K., Savelkoul, H. F. J., Schols, H. A., Wells, J. M., Tijhaar, E. J., et al. (2023) · Animal Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s42523-023-00244-w · Cited by 3
“The weaning associated psychological, environmental and nutritional stressors have the potential to disrupt the pig’s gastrointestinal (GI) health, increase disease susceptibility, thereby compromising animal health, welfare and growth performance [1].”
Background
Linking the sow diet to piglet nutrition via sensory imprinting improves piglet performance postweaning
Justino, L. R., Maiorka, A., Eskinazi, S., Jacob, D. V., de Araújo, W. A. G., Gonçalves, M. F., Pereira, T. S. B., Brito, S. K., Martins, L. T. S., Miranda, A. L., et al. (2023) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105238 · Cited by 3
The influence of supplementary feeding during suckling and later weaning on growth performance, incidences of post-weaning diarrhoea and immunity of piglets
Vodolazs'ka, D., Feyera, T., Foldager, L., & Lauridsen, C. (2023) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105321 · Cited by 3
“This state can lead to dysfunction of the intestinal immune system making piglets highly susceptible to enteric pathogens after weaning (Adam et al., 2017).”
Background
Acute and persistent effects of oral glutamine supplementation on growth, cellular proliferation, and tight junction protein transcript abundance in jejunal tissue of low and normal birthweight pre-weaning piglets
Schregel, J., Holthausen, J. S., Sciascia, Q. L., Görs, S., Li, Z., Tuchscherer, A., Albrecht, E., Zentek, J., & Metges, C. C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296427 · Cited by 3
“The selected LBW piglet population had a BiW below the lowest BiW quartile of the FBN experimental pig herd [33] and a significantly lower probability of survival compared to piglets with a birthweight > 1.18 kg [34].”
Influential
Towards identification of new genetic determinants for post‐weaning diarrhea in piglets
Ibragimov, E., Eriksen, E. Ø., Nielsen, J. P., Jørgensen, C. B., Fredholm, M., & Karlskov‐Mortensen, P. (2024) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.13406 · Cited by 3
Evaluating the effects of benzoic acid on nursery and finishing pig growth performance
Gaffield, K. N., Bromm, J. J., DeRouchey, J. M., Tokach, M. D., Woodworth, J. C., Goodband, R. D., Berg, K. M., Jong, J. A. D., Pohlen, C. L., & Gebhardt, J. T. (2024) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txae049 · Cited by 3
“Weaning is a stressful event in a pig’s life and typically occurs during a critical window of immune and intestinal development (Moeser et al., 2017).”
Background
A microencapsulated blend of botanicals supports weaning piglets during a lipopolysaccharide challenge by modulating liver inflammation and intestinal integrity
Bonetti, A., Tugnoli, B., Ghiselli, F., Markley, G. I., Cooper, E., Piva, A., Stahl, C. H., & Grilli, E. (2024) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skae277 · Cited by 3
Effect of Longer Pre-Starter Diet Allowance on Post-Weaning Performance of Lightweight Piglets
González-Solé, F., Solà‐Oriol, D., Villagómez‐Estrada, S., Muns, R., & Pérez, J. F. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14233471 · Cited by 3
A window of opportunity : Modulation of the porcine gut microbiota and immune system by feed additives in early life
Geervliet, M. (2021) · doi:10.18174/553257 · Cited by 2
Utilizing Pigs as a Model for Studying Intestinal Barrier Function – A Review
Pieszka, M., Szczepanik, K., & Łoniewski, I. (2024) · Annals of Animal Science · doi:10.2478/aoas-2024-0094 · Cited by 2
The effect of different weaning strategies on piglet growth, feed intake and gut health
Leal, D. F., de Paula, Y. H., Faria, C. B. D. S., Costa, G. A. M. E., Tavares, I. C., & Cantarelli, V. D. S. (2024) · Tropical Animal Health and Production · doi:10.1007/s11250-024-04118-4 · Cited by 2
“Other authors also report higher intestinal permeability in piglets weaned early compared to those weaned after 21 days (Moeser et al. 2017; Smith et al. 2010).”
Effects of functional amino acid blend dietary supplementation with different feeding regimens on growth performance and protein utilization in weaned pigs
Koo, B., Yang, C., & Nyachoti, C. M. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1139/cjas-2023-0128 · Cited by 2
“…(Jayaraman et al. 2017) to lysine ratios were obtained for optimal growth performance in weaned pigs raised under poor sanitary conditions, and this is more important especially for nursery pigs whose immune systems are often compromised by various types of weaning stress (Moeser et al. 2017).”
The natural diet composition of young piglets suggests an overlook of fibre and food structure in farmed suckling piglets
Yao, R., van Hees, H. M. J., Cools, A., Ballari, S. A., Maes, D. G. D., & Janssens, G. P. J. (2025) · Porcine Health Management · doi:10.1186/s40813-025-00439-4 · Cited by 2
“Therefore, they need a robust gastrointestinal tract for this early transition to solid feed and other weaning-associated stressors [29, 33, 48].”
Secretory expression and fermentation optimization of recombinant porcine epidermal growth factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Liu, J., Xu, W., Xia, B., He, Y., Huang, S., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Protein Expression and Purification · doi:10.1016/j.pep.2025.106827 · Cited by 2
Effect of a trub, hops, and yeast mixture on jejunal mucosal immune status, oxidative stress status, structure, and growth performance of nursery pigs
Gormley, A. R., Deng, Z., Ashburn, B., Bryant, R. W., & Kim, S. W. (2025) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaf425 · Cited by 2
Amino acids with Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass can replace crystalline amino acids for its postbiotic effects on immune and oxidative stress status in the jejunum of nursery pigs
Cheng, Y.-C., Son, J., & Kim, S. W. (2025) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116504 · Cited by 2
Mechanism of Action of Plant Extracts in Preventing Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets: A Review
Jiang, X., Xiao, H., & Huang, P. (2026) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci13040312 · Cited by 2
“Stressors such as maternal separation, transportation, regrouping, fighting and establishment of new social hierarchies, and vaccination can lead to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in piglets [30].”
Butyrate combined with niacin enhances intestinal barrier function repair in weaned piglets infected with ETEC by promoting colonic metabolism and antimicrobial peptide expression
Tang, Q., Zhen, R., Yang, B., Miao, Z., Wei, Y., Ruan, S., He, Y., Xiong, Y., Wu, Q., Wang, L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-026-01405-y · Cited by 2
“Early weaning (at 3–4 weeks of age) exposes piglets to nutritional and environmental stress, which compromises the physiological function, morphology, immunity, and microbial balance of the intestine [1, 2].”

Authors: Moeser, A. J., Pohl, C. S., & Rajput, M.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
Corresponding author: Moeser, Adam J.
ORCID: Moeser, Adam J.
Rajput, Mrigendra
Venue: Animal nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 313-321
ISSN: 2405-6383 (ISSN-L)
2405-6545
DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.003
PMC: PMC5941262
OpenAlex: W2732972012
Cited by: 452
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 4
FWCI: 2.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Animal nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (HD072968)
USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2017-67015-26673)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary medicine and infectious diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords: weaning stress, gastrointestinal barrier, pigs, gut health, intestinal epithelium, enteric nervous system, intestinal immunity, disease susceptibility, early life stress, barrier dysfunction

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Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs

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