Cited by 453Animal Nutrition and PhysiologyVeterinary medicine and infectious diseasesGastrointestinal motility and disorders

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Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs

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Moeser, Adam J., Pohl, Calvin S., Rajput, Mrigendra·2017·Animal nutrition

DOI 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.003PMC PMC5941262

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Abstract

The gastrointestinal (GI) barrier serves a critical role in survival and overall health of animals and humans. Several layers of barrier defense mechanisms are provided by the epithelial, immune and enteric nervous systems. Together they act in concert to control normal gut functions (e.g., digestion, absorption, secretion, immunity, etc.) whereas at the same time provide a barrier from the hostile conditions in the luminal environment. Breakdown of these critical GI functions is a central pathophysiological mechanism in the most serious GI disorders in pigs. This review will focus on the development and functional properties of the GI barrier in pigs and how common early life production stressors, such as weaning, can alter immediate and long-term barrier function and disease susceptibility. Specific stress-related pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for driving GI barrier dysfunction induced by weaning and the implications to animal health and performance will be discussed.

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Fig. 1 Ontogeny of postnatal gastrointestinal (GI) barrier function development in the pig. During the first 12 weeks of postnatal life, the GI system in the pigs undergoes significant development. Colostrum and sow's milk initially provides the piglet protective passive immunity as well as important growth and immune factors. The postnatal period is marked by maturation of the epithelial barrier and transport functions, and immune and enteric nervous systems (indicated by green line) that are almost complete by 12 to 14 weeks of age. Developmental processes occurring this time exhibit a high degree of plasticity and shape the adult phenotype and function of the GI barrier.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Impact of early weaning on the developmental trajectory of gastrointestinal (GI) barrier function. In nature, weaning is a gradual process occurring at ∼12 to 14 weeks of age, at which time the GI barrier function is near complete. In commercial production systems, weaning is abrupt and compounded by multiple social and environmental stressors and occurs at the height of GI barrier development between 2 and 4 weeks of age. Early weaning pigs exhibit an altered GI barrier developmental trajectory (red dashed line) resulting in permanent, suboptimal barrier function and increased disease susceptibility.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

Fig. 3 Mechanisms of intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by production stressors in pigs: corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-mast cell axis. Production stressors such as weaning, mixing/crowding and gastrointestinal (GI) infections, trigger activation of intestinal CRF and receptors. The CRF receptor activation enhances intestinal mast cell activation and hyperplasia and the release of mast cell mediators including proteases (e.g., tryptase and chymase) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Mast cell proteases and TNF-α induce increases in intestinal epithelial permeability.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Additional file 10 of Mucin O-glycan-microbiota axis orchestrates gut homeostasis in a diarrheal pig model
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Additional file 8 of Mucin O-glycan-microbiota axis orchestrates gut homeostasis in a diarrheal pig model
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80. Deep learning-based computer vision for early detection of fall-behind weaned pigs
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17. Impact of density and sex on growth and feeding behavior of piglets post-weaning using a computer vision approach
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Effect of creep feed supplemented with Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, blood parameters, gut permeability and fecal microbiome in piglets
Safaie, E. S., Kelly, A. L., Kwon, C. H., Torres, J. A., Lee, J., Lindemann, M. D., McKinley, E. T., Hernandez, S., Lourenco, J. M., & Jang, Y. D. (2025) · Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias · doi:10.17533/udea.rccp.e361541
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Dietary supplementation with Bacillus velezensis and Pichia guilliermondii improves growth performance through intestinal morphology and functionality enhancement in weaning piglets
Massimini, M., Vecchio, G. D., Ciaramellano, F., Fusaro, I., Barca, A., Romanucci, M., Giammarco, M., Amatetti, C., Bachetti, B., Domenico, M. D., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0332920
Additional file 12 of Mucin O-glycan-microbiota axis orchestrates gut homeostasis in a diarrheal pig model
Xia, B., Zhong, R., Wu, W., Luo, C., Meng, Q., Gao, Q., Zhao, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, S., Zhao, X., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20762922
Additional file 5 of Mucin O-glycan-microbiota axis orchestrates gut homeostasis in a diarrheal pig model
Xia, B., Zhong, R., Wu, W., Luo, C., Meng, Q., Gao, Q., Zhao, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, S., Zhao, X., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20762940
Additional file 1 of Fermented rye with Agaricus subrufescens and mannan-rich hydrolysate based feed additive to modulate post-weaning piglet immune response
de Groot, N., Fariñas, F., Fabà, L., Hambrecht, E., Cabrera-Gómez, C. G., Pallares, F. J., & Ramis, G. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17157053
Additional file 1 of Post-weaning diarrhea in pigs weaned without medicinal zinc: risk factors, pathogen dynamics, and association to growth rate
Eriksen, E. Ø., Kudirkienė, E., Christensen, A. E., Agerlin, M. V., Weber, N. R., Nødtvedt, A., Nielsen, J. P., Hartmann, K. T., Skade, L., Larsen, L. E., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16779544
Additional file 1 of Mucin O-glycan-microbiota axis orchestrates gut homeostasis in a diarrheal pig model
Xia, B., Zhong, R., Wu, W., Luo, C., Meng, Q., Gao, Q., Zhao, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, S., Zhao, X., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20762928

Authors: Moeser, A. J., Pohl, C. S., & Rajput, M.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
Corresponding author: Moeser, Adam J.
ORCID: Moeser, Adam J.
Rajput, Mrigendra
Venue: Animal nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 313-321
ISSN: 2405-6383 (ISSN-L)
2405-6545
DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.003
PMC: PMC5941262
OpenAlex: W2732972012
Cited by: 452
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 4
FWCI: 2.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Animal nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (HD072968)
USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2017-67015-26673)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary medicine and infectious diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords: weaning stress, gastrointestinal barrier, pigs, gut health, intestinal epithelium, enteric nervous system, intestinal immunity, disease susceptibility, early life stress, barrier dysfunction

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Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs

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