Cited by 453Animal Nutrition and PhysiologyVeterinary medicine and infectious diseasesGastrointestinal motility and disorders

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Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs

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Moeser, Adam J., Pohl, Calvin S., Rajput, Mrigendra·2017·Animal nutrition

DOI 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.003PMC PMC5941262

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Abstract

The gastrointestinal (GI) barrier serves a critical role in survival and overall health of animals and humans. Several layers of barrier defense mechanisms are provided by the epithelial, immune and enteric nervous systems. Together they act in concert to control normal gut functions (e.g., digestion, absorption, secretion, immunity, etc.) whereas at the same time provide a barrier from the hostile conditions in the luminal environment. Breakdown of these critical GI functions is a central pathophysiological mechanism in the most serious GI disorders in pigs. This review will focus on the development and functional properties of the GI barrier in pigs and how common early life production stressors, such as weaning, can alter immediate and long-term barrier function and disease susceptibility. Specific stress-related pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for driving GI barrier dysfunction induced by weaning and the implications to animal health and performance will be discussed.

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Fig. 1 Ontogeny of postnatal gastrointestinal (GI) barrier function development in the pig. During the first 12 weeks of postnatal life, the GI system in the pigs undergoes significant development. Colostrum and sow's milk initially provides the piglet protective passive immunity as well as important growth and immune factors. The postnatal period is marked by maturation of the epithelial barrier and transport functions, and immune and enteric nervous systems (indicated by green line) that are almost complete by 12 to 14 weeks of age. Developmental processes occurring this time exhibit a high degree of plasticity and shape the adult phenotype and function of the GI barrier.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Impact of early weaning on the developmental trajectory of gastrointestinal (GI) barrier function. In nature, weaning is a gradual process occurring at ∼12 to 14 weeks of age, at which time the GI barrier function is near complete. In commercial production systems, weaning is abrupt and compounded by multiple social and environmental stressors and occurs at the height of GI barrier development between 2 and 4 weeks of age. Early weaning pigs exhibit an altered GI barrier developmental trajectory (red dashed line) resulting in permanent, suboptimal barrier function and increased disease susceptibility.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

Fig. 3 Mechanisms of intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by production stressors in pigs: corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-mast cell axis. Production stressors such as weaning, mixing/crowding and gastrointestinal (GI) infections, trigger activation of intestinal CRF and receptors. The CRF receptor activation enhances intestinal mast cell activation and hyperplasia and the release of mast cell mediators including proteases (e.g., tryptase and chymase) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Mast cell proteases and TNF-α induce increases in intestinal epithelial permeability.CC BY-NC-ND · PubMed Central

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Hui, Q., Ammeter, E., Liu, S., Yang, R., Lu, P., Lahaye, L., & Yang, C. (2020) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaa245 · Cited by 48
Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates intestinal inflammatory diarrhea caused by oxidative stress and pyroptosis via reducing gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharides
Liu, M., Ma, J., Xu, J., Huangfu, W., Zhang, Y., Ali, Q., Liu, B., Li, D., Cui, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129696 · Cited by 44
Associations between gastrointestinal-tract function and the stress response after weaning in pigs
Pluske, J. R., Miller, D. W., Sterndale, S. O., & Turpin, D. L. (2019) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an19279 · Cited by 43
Role of vitamins for gastro-intestinal functionality and health of pigs
Lauridsen, C., Matte, J. J., Lessard, M., Celi, P., & Litta, G. (2021) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114823 · Cited by 44
Effect of dietary crude protein level on growth performance, blood characteristics, and indicators of intestinal health in weanling pigs
Limbach, J. R., Espinosa, C. D., Pérez-Calvo, E., & Stein, H. H. (2021) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skab166 · Cited by 43
Reducing Weaning Stress in Piglets by Pre-Weaning Socialization and Gradual Separation from the Sow: A Review
Kerschaver, C. V., Turpin, D. L., Michiels, J., & Pluske, J. R. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13101644 · Cited by 41
Dietary Glutamic Acid Modulates Immune Responses and Gut Health of Weaned Pigs
Kyoung, H., Lee, J. J., Cho, J. H., Choe, J., Kang, J., Lee, H., Liu, Y., Kim, Y., Kim, H. B., & Song, M. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11020504 · Cited by 44
“Weaning stress overreacts the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and corticotropin releasing factor system to release mast cell proteases and TNF-α in the intestine, which increase intestinal epithelium permeability and induce the penetration of external antigens [34].”
BackgroundInfluential
Maintaining continuity of nutrient intake after weaning. II. Review of post-weaning strategies
Wensley, M. R., Tokach, M. D., Woodworth, J. C., Goodband, R. D., Gebhardt, J. T., DeRouchey, J. M., & McKilligan, D. M. (2021) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txab022 · Cited by 41
Effect of dietary Bacillus coagulans on the performance and intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets
Sun, T., Miao, H., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Liu, S., Jiao, P., Li, W., Li, Y., & Huang, Z. (2022) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2022.100561 · Cited by 40
Impact of Early Weaning on Development of the Swine Gut Microbiome
St‐Pierre, B., Perez-Palencia, J. Y., & Samuel, R. S. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11071753 · Cited by 40
“Because the first two to three months are crucial for the development and maturation of the intestinal barrier in pigs, any disruptions during this period can have a long-term impact on gut health and function [44].”
Background
Providing live black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) improves welfare while maintaining performance of piglets post-weaning
Ipema, A. F., Bokkers, E. A. M., Gerrits, W. J. J., Kemp, B., & Bolhuis, J. E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86765-3 · Cited by 40
Microencapsulated essential oils combined with organic acids improves immune antioxidant capacity and intestinal barrier function as well as modulates the hindgut microbial community in piglets
Ma, J., Long, S., Wang, J., Gao, J., & Piao, X. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-021-00670-3 · Cited by 40
“For newborn piglets, the weaning period is characterized by impaired growth, increased incidence of diarrhea and other diseases as well as severe morphological alterations of the intestinal tissues [2, 3], which alleviated and improved by antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) consequently.”
Background
A Novel Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Strain Confers Cytoprotection to Host Pig Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Enterotoxic Escherichia coli Infection
Sudan, S., Zhan, X., & Li, J. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01257-21 · Cited by 40
Invited Review: Maintain or Improve Piglet Gut Health around Weanling: The Fundamental Effects of Dietary Amino Acids
Liao, S. F. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11041110 · Cited by 39
Drinking Water Supplemented with Acidifiers Improves the Growth Performance of Weaned Pigs and Potentially Regulates Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Gastrointestinal Microbiota Diversity
Xu, Q., Liu, C., Mo, X.-J., Chen, M., Zhao, X., Liu, M.-Z., Wang, S., Zhou, B., & Zhao, C.-X. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11050809 · Cited by 46
“However, due to immature digestive organs, insufficient secretion of gastric acid and digestive enzymes, and low immunity of early weaned pigs, they often display early weaning stress syndrome, which is characterized by digestive dysfunction, growth retardation, and diarrhea [3,4].”
Background
Gut microbiota-derived metabolites contribute negatively to hindgut barrier function development at the early weaning goat model
Zhang, K., Xu, Y., Yang, Y., Guo, M., Zhang, T., Zong, B., Huang, S., Suo, L., Ma, B., Wang, X., et al. (2022) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2022.04.004 · Cited by 39
“In contrast, other studies challenged the persistent effects of early weaning in animals (Li et al., 2018; McCoard et al., 2020; Moeser et al., 2017).”
Result
Intestinal single-cell atlas reveals novel lymphocytes in pigs with similarities to human cells
Wiarda, J. E., Trachsel, J., Sivasankaran, S. K., Tuggle, C. K., & Loving, C. L. (2022) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202201442 · Cited by 42
“Moreover, pigs serve as models for studying the impact of stress, nutrition, and infectious disease on intestinal physiology and immune status (reviewed by Gonzalez et al [2015], Roura et al [2016], Ziegler et al [2016], Moeser et al [2017], Hryhorowicz et al [2020], and K¨aser [2021]).”
Lycopene Affects Intestinal Barrier Function and the Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets via Antioxidant Signaling Regulation
Meng, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Shi, B., Ma, Q., & Shan, A. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac208 · Cited by 37
Evaluating nursery pig responses to in-feed sub-therapeutic antibiotics
Helm, E. T., Curry, S. M., Trachsel, J., Schroyen, M., & Gabler, N. K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216070 · Cited by 40
Alternatives to antibiotics in pig production: looking through the lens of immunophysiology
Liu, H., Zhu, C., Zhu, M., Yuan, L., Li, S., Gu, F., Hu, P., Chen, S., & Cai, D. (2024) · Stress Biology · doi:10.1007/s44154-023-00134-w · Cited by 37
“This would facilitate the passage of toxic substances and pathogens at the mucosal barrier, and stimulate a vigorous immune response (Moeser et al. 2017; Pluske et al. 2018).”
Background
Superiority of Microencapsulated Essential Oils Compared With Common Essential Oils and Antibiotics: Effects on the Intestinal Health and Gut Microbiota of Weaning Piglet
Mo, K., Li, J., Liu, F., Xu, Y. X., Huang, X., & Ni, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.808106 · Cited by 35
“of 48 weaning piglets were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments: (1) basal diet; (2)”
BackgroundMethod
Dietary glutamate enhances intestinal immunity by modulating microbiota and Th17/Treg balance-related immune signaling in piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge
Liu, G., Gu, K., Liu, X., Jia, G., Zhao, H. Y., Chen, X., & Wang, J. (2023) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112597 · Cited by 36
Supplemental Effects of Functional Oils on the Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota, Intestinal Health, and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Moita, V. H. C., Duarte, M. E., da Silva, S. N., & Kim, S. W. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11061591 · Cited by 34
Characterization of β-Glucans from Cereal and Microbial Sources and Their Roles in Feeds for Intestinal Health and Growth of Nursery Pigs
Choi, H., & Kim, S. W. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13132236 · Cited by 33
“After weaning, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was increased [46], indicating that weaning stress affects cytokine signaling modulation in the small intestine of nursery pigs [47].”
Background
Tissue-specific profiling reveals modulation of cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress in normal- and low-birthweight piglets throughout the peri-weaning period
Novais, A. K., Martel-Kennes, Y., Roy, C., Deschêne, K., Beaulieu, S., Bergeron, N., Laforest, J.-P., Lessard, M., Matte, J. J., & Lapointe, J. (2019) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731119002829 · Cited by 32
Hydrolyzed Yeast Supplementation to Newly Weaned Piglets: Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Microbial Fermentation
Boontiam, W., Bunchasak, C., Kim, Y. Y., Kitipongpysan, S., & Hong, J. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12030350 · Cited by 32
“Newly weaned pigs are usually susceptible to many stressors [30].”
Background
Disinfection of Maternal Environments Is Associated with Piglet Microbiome Composition from Birth to Weaning
Law, K., Lozinski, B., Torres, I., Davison, S., Hilbrands, A., Nelson, E. V., Parra-Suescún, J., Johnston, L. J., & Gomez, A. M. (2021) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00663-21 · Cited by 31
“The increased abundance of Lactobacillus at weaning is interesting because of the physiological stress associated with weaning, where enhancing gut health and the immune system is critical (44).”
Background
Replacing dietary sodium selenite with biogenic selenium nanoparticles improves the growth performance and gut health of early-weaned piglets
Qiao, L., Dou, X., Song, X., Chang, J., Zeng, X., Zhu, L., Yi, H., & Xu, C. (2023) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.003 · Cited by 31
An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool
Eriksen, E. Ø., Kudirkienė, E., Barington, K., Goecke, N. B., Blirup-Plum, S. A., Nielsen, J. P., Olsen, J. E., Jensen, H. E., Pankoke, K., Larsen, L. E., et al. (2023) · Porcine Health Management · doi:10.1186/s40813-023-00325-x · Cited by 30
The Role of Polyphenols in Regulation of Heat Shock Proteins and Gut Microbiota in Weaning Stress
Hussain, T., Wang, J., Murtaza, G., Metwally, E., Yang, H., Kalhoro, M. S., Kalhoro, D. H., Rahu, B. A., Tan, B., Sahito, R. G. A., et al. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/6676444 · Cited by 32
“The overwhelming status of ROS interferes with cellular function and subsequently affects TJ proteins resulting in increased gut permeability [67].”
Background
Determining the association between gut microbiota and its metabolites with higher intestinal Immunoglobulin A response
Rajput, M., Momin, T., Singh, A. K., Banerjee, S. J., Villasenor, A., Sheldon, J., Paudel, P., & Rajput, R. K. S. (2022) · Veterinary and Animal Science · doi:10.1016/j.vas.2022.100279 · Cited by 30
“It contains cells that perform barrier function, digestion, and absorption as well as cells of the nervous and immune systems (Mason et al., 2008; A. J. Moeser et al., 2017).”
Background
Rehmannia glutinosa Polysaccharides: Optimization of the Decolorization Process and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in LPS-Stimulated Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Ren, H., Li, K., Min, Y., Qiu, B., Huang, X., Luo, J., Qi, L., Kang, M., Xia, P., Qiao, H., et al. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12040914 · Cited by 29
“Farmed pigs constantly face various health challenges, such as weaning stress [1], fungal poisoning [2], and endotoxin stress [3].”
Background
Coix seed improves growth performance and productivity in post-weaning pigs by reducing gut pH and modulating gut microbiota
Li, Z., Lin, Z., Lu, Z., Feng, Z., Chen, Q., Deng, S.-F., Li, Z., Yan, Y., & Ying, Z. (2019) · AMB Express · doi:10.1186/s13568-019-0828-z · Cited by 29
Impact of viral disease hypophagia on pig jejunal function and integrity
Helm, E. T., Curry, S. M., Mille, C. M. D., Schweer, W., Burrough, E. R., & Gabler, N. K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227265 · Cited by 28
“Reductions in intestinal integrity and function have been documented under a variety of stressors, including heat stress [3, 4], weaning stress [5, 6], and enteric disease challenges such as with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus [PEDV; 7, 8, 9].”
Background
Maintaining continuity of nutrient intake after weaning. I. Review of pre-weaning strategies
Wensley, M. R., Tokach, M. D., Woodworth, J. C., Goodband, R. D., Gebhardt, J. T., DeRouchey, J. M., & McKilligan, D. M. (2021) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txab021 · Cited by 33
N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine improves the intestinal development and nutrient absorption of weaned piglets via regulating the activity of intestinal stem cells
Wang, Z., Hu, J. H., Yang, X., Yin, L., Wang, M., Yin, Y., Li, J., Yang, H., & Yin, Y. (2021) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2021.04.008 · Cited by 28
“Since piglets are susceptible to psychological, nutritional and environmental factors during theweaning stage, the homeostasis of the intestine is easily disrupted (Moeser et al., 2017).”
Background
Organic Acids Improve Growth Performance with Potential Regulation of Redox Homeostasis, Immunity, and Microflora in Intestines of Weaned Piglets
Xiang, X.-D., Deng, Z., Wang, Y.-W., Sun, H., Wang, L., Han, Y., Wu, Y., Jian-gao, L., & Sun, L. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10111665 · Cited by 27
“These outcomes are in agreement with previous studies, which showed organic acids can improve intestinal morphology [39].”
Result
Effects of dietary supplementation with a carvacrol–cinnamaldehyde–thymol blend on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs
Zhao, B.-C., Wang, T., Chen, J., Qiu, B.-H., Xu, Y., Zhang, Q., Li, J., Wang, C.-J., Nie, Q.-F., & Li, J. (2023) · Porcine Health Management · doi:10.1186/s40813-023-00317-x · Cited by 27
Pioneering gut health improvements in piglets with phytogenic feed additives
Yu, S. J., Morris, A., Kayal, A., Milošević, I., Van, T. T. H., Bajagai, Y. S., & Stanley, D. (2024) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-023-12925-2 · Cited by 29
“Enhanced intestinal crypt cell proliferation, which requires ample nucleotide supply for DNA replication, might be one possible mechanism underlying this observation (Moeser et al. 2017).”
Background
Intraepithelial T Cells Diverge by Intestinal Location as Pigs Age
Wiarda, J. E., Trachsel, J., Bond, Z. F., Byrne, K. A., Gabler, N. K., & Loving, C. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01139 · Cited by 26
Comparative effects of enzymatic soybean, fish meal and milk powder in diets on growth performance, immunological parameters, SCFAs production and gut microbiome of weaned piglets
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, J., Chen, Q., Zhou, Q., Wu, F., Zhang, R., Fang, Z., Lin, Y., Xu, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-021-00625-8 · Cited by 26
“For weaning piglets, weaning stress is a vital factor that causing immunological and intestinal impairments [34].”
Background
Kobuvirus shedding dynamics in a swine production system and their association with diarrhea.
Nantel-Fortier, N., Lachapelle, V., Letellier, A., L'Homme, Y., & Brassard, J. (2019) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.023 · Cited by 22
Relationship between weaning age and antibiotic usage on pig growth performance and mortality
Faccin, J. E. G., Tokach, M. D., Allerson, M. W., Woodworth, J. C., DeRouchey, J. M., Dritz, S. S., Bortolozzo, F. P., & Goodband, R. D. (2020) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaa363 · Cited by 25
Impact of supplemental liquid feed pre-weaning and piglet weaning age on feed intake post-weaning
Kobek‐Kjeldager, C., Vodolazs'ka, D., Lauridsen, C., Canibe, N., & Pedersen, L. J. (2021) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104680 · Cited by 25
Role of milk carbohydrates in intestinal health of nursery pigs: a review
Jang, K. B., & Kim, S. W. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-021-00650-7 · Cited by 28
“Thus, the neonates would take up to 6 weeks to develop a stable immunity in nursery pigs [114].”
Background
Effects of dietary protease supplementation on growth rate, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs
Song, M., Kim, B., Cho, J. H., Kyoung, H., Park, S., Cho, J.-Y., Park, K. I., Kim, H. B., & Lee, J. J. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science and Technology · doi:10.5187/jast.2022.e28 · Cited by 28
“After weaning, piglets suffer from several stresses due to physiological, environmental, and immunological changes [16,17].”
Background
4-Phenylbutyric acid accelerates rehabilitation of barrier function in IPEC-J2 cell monolayer model
Jiang, Q., Yin, J., Chen, J., Ma, X., Wu, M., Li, X., Kang, Y., Tan, B., & Yin, Y. (2021) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2021.02.003 · Cited by 24
“Oxidative dyshomeostasis is involved in weaning stress-induced intestinal barrier damage (Moeser et al., 2017).”
Background
Impact of Citrus Pulp or Inulin on Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolites, Barrier, and Immune Function of Weaned Piglets
Uerlings, J., Sureda, E. A., Schroyen, M., Kroeske, K., Tanghe, S., Vos, M. D., Bruggeman, G., Wavreille, J., Bindelle, J., Purcaro, G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.650211 · Cited by 24
“Moreover, as the mucosal immune system is still immature and a stable commensal microbiota is not yet established (4), this period is often associated with disturbed microbiota and the proliferation of pathogens in the hindgut, resulting in post-weaning diarrhea (5, 6).”
Background
Effects of Immobilized Antimicrobial Peptides on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Index, Inflammatory Factors, Intestinal Morphology, and Microbial Community in Weaning Pigs
Liu, N., Ma, X., & Jiang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.872990 · Cited by 25
Intestinal Damages by F18+ Escherichia coli and Its Amelioration with an Antibacterial Bacitracin Fed to Nursery Pigs
Duarte, M. E., Stahl, C. H., & Kim, S. W. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12051040 · Cited by 26
“The impaired intestinal immune system increases pigs susceptibility to pathogen invasion [3,4].”
Background

Authors: Moeser, A. J., Pohl, C. S., & Rajput, M.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
Corresponding author: Moeser, Adam J.
ORCID: Moeser, Adam J.
Rajput, Mrigendra
Venue: Animal nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 313-321
ISSN: 2405-6383 (ISSN-L)
2405-6545
DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.003
PMC: PMC5941262
OpenAlex: W2732972012
Cited by: 452
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 4
FWCI: 2.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Animal nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (HD072968)
USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2017-67015-26673)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary medicine and infectious diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords: weaning stress, gastrointestinal barrier, pigs, gut health, intestinal epithelium, enteric nervous system, intestinal immunity, disease susceptibility, early life stress, barrier dysfunction

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Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs

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