Cited by 1,396Eating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

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How emotions affect eating: A five-way model

Macht, Michael·2008·Appetite

DOI 10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.002

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Abstract

Despite the importance of affective processes in eating behaviour, it remains difficult to predict how emotions affect eating. Emphasizing individual differences, previous research did not pay full attention to the twofold variability of emotion-induced changes of eating (variability across both individuals and emotions). By contrast, the present paper takes into account both individual characteristics and emotion features, and specifies five classes of emotion-induced changes of eating: (1) emotional control of food choice, (2) emotional suppression of food intake, (3) impairment of cognitive eating controls, (4) eating to regulate emotions, and (5) emotion-congruent modulation of eating. These classes are distinguished by antecedent conditions, eating responses and mediating mechanisms. They point to basic functional principles underlying the relations between emotions and biologically based motives: interference, concomitance and regulation. Thus, emotion-induced changes of eating can be a result of interference of eating by emotions, a by-product of emotions, and a consequence of regulatory processes (i.e., emotions may regulate eating, and eating may regulate emotions).

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Agyei, F., Agboso, F., Addo, P., Klomega, S., Affum, P., Opare, M., Yeboah, P. A., Banakoma, A., Oduro, G., Kondi, J., et al. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00984-x · Cited by 1
“Emotion-driven eating, defined as eating in response to emotional states rather than physiological hunger, has been associated with both healthy and unhealthy food choices [3, 8, 20, 42, 51, 52].”
A combined diving and mindfulness program as a catalyst for behavioural change in adults with obesity: a qualitative study
Griffiths, K., Housseini, A. E., Richer, G., Meurice, V., Beneton, F., Michelet, P., & Engberink, A. O. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2025.2571942 · Cited by 1
“Emotional eating refers to changes in food consumption in response to emotional states rather than hunger and satiety cues (Braden et al., 2018; Macht, 2008).”
Food insecurity and child mental health in Masaka District, Uganda: Qualitative study using a realist thematic analysis
Kasujja, I., Asiimwe, J. K., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., Lund, C., & Salisbury, T. T. (2026) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2026.10232 · Cited by 2
“…hunger, defined as the urge to eat triggered by negative emotional states, such as stress, sadness, or anxiety, rather than a physiological need (Macht, 2008), and hedonic hunger, defined as the desire to consume palatable foods for pleasure in the absence of energy need, connected to reward…”
The organic health halo: Influence of mood, restrained eating and healthiness perceptions
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Impact of food-related emotional changes on cerebral hemodynamic response
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Çelik, Ö. M., Güler, Ü., Yücel, S., Top, K., Ersoy, E. T., Akçakaya, S. D., & CİHAN, B. B. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-01225-x · Cited by 1
“Negative emotional states, such as stress and depression, are more frequently associated with increased food consumption, but are also, though less commonly, connected to a complete loss of appetite [11, 12].”
Emotions of Eating and Drinking
Meiselman, H. L. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75388-1_180-2 · Cited by 1
Relationship Between Emotional Eating and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Based on Body Weight in University Students and Individuals from Their Social Environment
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“…correlate of eating dysregulation and weight gain in prior work [16,17], its influence may operate more directly on eating behaviors rather than by amplifying the EMS–ER link; similar null moderation results have been reported elsewhere for schema– emotion and emotion–eating pathways [49,50].”
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“Individuals high in neuroticism are more prone to emotional or comfort eating under stress (Macht, 2008), whereas extraverted individuals tend to make healthier food choices, possibly due to greater social engagement around meals (Keller and Siegrist, 2015).”
Forgiveness and my waistline: emotional eating mediates the relationship between forgiveness and adult weight gain
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“Emotional eating may result from learning to use food as a way to cope with psychological concerns, including eating in an attempt to decrease distress, self-soothe, or distract from negative emotional experiences (Larsen et al. 2006; Macht 2008).”
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“Emotional stability may reduce stress-related eating and encourage more balanced food choices [30].”
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Campos-Uscanga, Y., León, M. C. O., Tercero-Pérez, A., & Benavides, L. O. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1748489 · Cited by 1
The Association Between Academic Stress and Perceived Academic Impairment: Eating Behaviors as Indirect Pathways in Health Sciences Students
Torres-Soto, N. Y., Pérez-Zepeda, B., Navarro, Y. A. A., Baldenebro, A. L. C., & Ramírez, B. M. (2026) · Psychology International · doi:10.3390/psycholint8030047 · Cited by 1
“Hedonic eating has been discussed in relation to reward-based responses to stress (Macht, 2008; Sinha & Jastreboff, 2013).”
Emocje a zachowania żywieniowe - przegląd badań
Szczygiel, D. D., & Kadzikowska-Wrzosek, R. (2014) · Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni · Cited by 1
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Juni, M. H., Babazekri, L., Afiah, M. Z. N., & Azman, A. Z. F. (2014) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · Cited by 1
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Ballon, N., Berthoz, S., Brunault, P., & Rigal, N. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.087 · Cited by 1
Leveraging Social Affect for Identifying Individual Mood.
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“Eating can regulate emotions and emotions may influence eating through (a) emotional food choice; (b) emotional suppression of food intake; (c) dysfunctions of eating control; (d) eating to regulate emotions; and (e) emotion-congruent modulation of eating (Macht, 2008).”
Background
Essbare Dinge in Lehr- und Lernprozessen– Sprachförderung mit Lebensmitteln im Kindergartenalltag
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Amr, R., Hammouh, F., Al‐Smadi, A. M., Al‐Bandak, G., Dababneh, B. F., & Qatatsheh, A. A. (2018) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/tin.0000000000000154 · Cited by 1
Investigation of the Reliability and Validity for Developing Fun Cooking Scale
Edakubo, M., MINAMI, Y., HARADA, F., Kyutoku, Y., & Dan, I. (2019) · Transactions of Japan Society of Kansei Engineering · doi:10.5057/jjske.tjske-d-19-00023 · Cited by 1
“また,ポジティブ感情と食選択に関しては,Michaelら(2008) により,感情が適切な食行動に関係することが報告されている[16].”

Authors: Macht, M.
Affiliations: University of Würzburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Macht, Michael
ORCID: Macht, Michael
Venue: Appetite
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-01
Volume: 50
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-11
ISSN: 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.002
OpenAlex: W2007130974
Cited by: 1,396
References: 156
Citations by year: 2026: 96 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 2.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Appetite (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords: eating behaviour, food choice, emotion regulation, emotional suppression, cognitive control, individual differences, emotion features
MeSH terms: Appetite Regulation, Eating, Emotions, Food, Food Preferences, Humans, Models, Biological

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How emotions affect eating: A five-way model

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