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How emotions affect eating: A five-way model
Abstract
Despite the importance of affective processes in eating behaviour, it remains difficult to predict how emotions affect eating. Emphasizing individual differences, previous research did not pay full attention to the twofold variability of emotion-induced changes of eating (variability across both individuals and emotions). By contrast, the present paper takes into account both individual characteristics and emotion features, and specifies five classes of emotion-induced changes of eating: (1) emotional control of food choice, (2) emotional suppression of food intake, (3) impairment of cognitive eating controls, (4) eating to regulate emotions, and (5) emotion-congruent modulation of eating. These classes are distinguished by antecedent conditions, eating responses and mediating mechanisms. They point to basic functional principles underlying the relations between emotions and biologically based motives: interference, concomitance and regulation. Thus, emotion-induced changes of eating can be a result of interference of eating by emotions, a by-product of emotions, and a consequence of regulatory processes (i.e., emotions may regulate eating, and eating may regulate emotions).
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“negative emotional eating is a heterogenous construct [1, 33, 34].”
From Mindfulness facets differentially relate to self-reported negative and positive emotional eating types in treatment-seeking adults with overweight/obesity (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, there is evidence that eating is affected differently by emotions of differing valence although relatively little is known about the effects of positive emotions on eating (Macht, 2008).”
From Emotional Appetite Questionnaire. Construct validity and relationship with BMI (2010) · cites this paper as Macht, 2008
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“Considering the effect of positive and negative emotions on eating, significant differences were observed; It was observed that food intake decreased with emotions such as fear, tension, and pain, while it increased with emotions such as depression, fatigue, and boredom (1,4).”
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TÜKETİCİLERİN BESİN SEÇİM GÜDÜLERİ: Y VE Z KUŞAKLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
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Ares, G., Giménez, A., & Deliza, R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-101743-2.00008-x · Cited by 7
Obezite ile yeme davranışı, beden algısı ve benlik saygısı arasındaki ilişki
Boğaz, M. E., Kutlu, R., & Cihan, F. G. (2019) · Çukurova medical journal (Online)/Çukurova medical journal · doi:10.17826/cumj.467339 · Cited by 7
Inada, S., Iizuka, Y., Ohashi, K., Kikuchi, H., Yamamoto, Y., Kadowaki, T., & Yoshiuchi, K. (2019) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-019-0161-4 · Cited by 7
Internalizing symptoms modulate real-world affective response to sweet food and drinks in children
Mason, T. B., Naya, C. H., Schembre, S. M., Smith, K. E., & Dunton, G. F. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103753 · Cited by 7
“A long history of research has examined how intake of food and drinks is related to momentary mood states with the primary focus on how mood may precipitate intake and how intake affects subsequent mood (Booth 1994; Macht, 2008).”
BackgroundRandomized Trial Examining the Effect of a 12-wk Exercise Program on Hedonic Eating
Unick, J. L., DUNSIGER, S. I., Leblond, T. L., Hahn, K., Thomas, J. G., Abrantes, A. M., Stroud, L. R., & Wing, R. R. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002619 · Cited by 7
The Association of Restrained Eating and Overeating during COVID-19: A Cross-Lagged Model
Cui, Y.-C., Liu, X.-Y., Xiang, G., Li, Q.-Q., Xiao, M.-Y., & Chen, H. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124535 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, longitudinal studies have reported that negative affect could positively predict future binge eating or growth in bulimic symptoms [14,15,34].”
BackgroundCzepczor‐Bernat, K., Modrzejewska, A., Modrzejewska, J., & Majzner, R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010187 · Cited by 7
Spor Merkezlerine Üye Olan Bireylerin Duygusal Yeme ve Sosyal Fizik Kaygı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
YALÇIN, Y., & KURNAZ, H. K. (2021) · İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.15869/itobiad.984252 · Cited by 7
Yetişkin Yeme Davranışı Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması
Yücel, M., Karaibrahimoğlu, A., & Orhan, H. (2022) · Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.53493/avrasyasbd.1016496 · Cited by 7
Hanras, E., Boujut, É., Ruffault, A., Messager, D., Rives‐Lange, C., Barsamian, C., Carette, C., Lucas-Martini, L., Czernichow, S., & Dorard, G. (2022) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2022.100462 · Cited by 8
Oliveira, J. P. T., do Carmo, S. G., Aragão, B. D. A., Cunha, J., & Botelho, P. B. (2023) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.111972 · Cited by 7
Gender-dependent impact of COVID-19 lockdown on metabolic and psychological aspects
Bonfrate, L., Ciaula, A. D., Khalil, M., Farella, I., Chirico, R., Vilahur, G., & Portincasa, P. (2023) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-022-03173-9 · Cited by 7
Brief emotional eating scale: A multinational study of factor structure, validity, and invariance
Ruiz, M. C., Devonport, T. J., Chen‐Wilson, J., Nicholls, W., Cagas, J. Y., Fernández‐Montalvo, J., Choi, Y., Gan, Y., & Robazza, C. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106538 · Cited by 8
“Emotional eating is the tendency to increase eating in response to pleasant and unpleasant emotions (Macht, 2008; Macht et al., 2004) and people can perceive it as a strategy to regulate emotions (Macht & Simons, 2000).”
BackgroundLi, Y., Lu, Z., Ma, A., Yao, W., Dong, R., Li, K., Wu, M., Dong, K., & Qian, T. (2023) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.6798 · Cited by 7
Appetite course over time and the risk of death in patients on chronic hemodialysis
Bossola, M., Stasio, E. D., Rosa, F., Dominici, L., Antocicco, M., Pazzaglia, C., Aprile, I. G., & Tazza, L. (2012) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-012-0212-2 · Cited by 7
Stapleton, P., & Mackay, E. (2014) · Current Research in Psychology · doi:10.3844/crpsp.2014.77.88 · Cited by 8
“However, there is substantial interindividual variation in the emotions responsible for triggering emotional eating (Macht, 2008).”
BackgroundConcept d’alimentation émotionnelle : mesure et données expérimentales
Berthoz, S. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.088 · Cited by 7
Omar, A. N., El-Rasheed, A. H., Azzam, H., Zohiery, A. K. E., Elserafi, D. M., El-Ghamry, R. H., & Naguib, R. M. (2016) · Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment · doi:10.1097/adt.0000000000000084 · Cited by 7
Influence of food taboos on nutritional patterns in rural communities in Cameroon
Nkengla-Asi, L., & Teri, D. T. (2016) · International Review of Social Research · doi:10.1515/irsr-2016-0005 · Cited by 7
RetractedRelationship of Stress on the Eating Behaviors of Science Undergraduates in Kuala Lumpur
Saat, N. Z. M., Chew, C. L., Divya, V., Hafizah, I. I., Lee, P. L., Ramadan, A. H. M., Ooi, H., Seah, J., & Yap, W. J. (2014) · Research Journal of Applied Sciences Engineering and Technology · doi:10.19026/rjaset.7.447 · Cited by 8
“In another study by Macht (2008), intake of sweet and high-fat food were increased in emotional eaters and heightened by the negative emotions.”
BackgroundDimensionality reduction of inputs for a Fuzzy Cognitive Map for obesity problem
Selvin, N. N., & Srinivasaraghavan, A. (2016) · International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT) · doi:10.1109/inventive.2016.7830187 · Cited by 7
Socioeconomic status differences in food consumption following a laboratory-induced stressor
Langer, S. L., Soltero, E. G., Beresford, S. A. A., McGregor, B. A., Albano, D. L., Patrick, D. L., & Bowen, D. J. (2018) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102918804664 · Cited by 7
“Our findings are consistent with prior work reporting that stress can lead to increased food intake, more specifically, increased intake of high-fat, sweet foods (Macedo and Diez-Garcia, 2014; Macht, 2008; Tryon et al., 2013).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Macht, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Macht, Michael
- ORCID
- Macht, Michael
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-11
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2007130974
- Cited by
- 1,396
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 96 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 2.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- eating behaviour, food choice, emotion regulation, emotional suppression, cognitive control, individual differences, emotion features
- MeSH terms
- Appetite Regulation, Eating, Emotions, Food, Food Preferences, Humans, Models, Biological
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