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Are dietary restraint scales valid measures of dietary restriction? Additional objective behavioral and biological data suggest not
Open accessAbstract
Prospective studies find that individuals with elevated dietary restraint scores are at increased risk for bulimic symptom onset, yet experiments find that assignment to energy-deficit diet interventions reduce bulimic symptoms. One explanation for the conflicting findings is that the dietary restraint scales used in the former studies do not actually identify individuals who are restraining their caloric intake. Thus, we tested whether dietary restraint scales showed inverse relations to objectively measured caloric intake in three studies. Four dietary restraint scales did not correlate with doubly labeled water estimates of caloric intake over a 2-week period (M, r=.01). One scale showed a significant inverse correlation with objectively measured caloric intake during a regular meal ordered from an ecologically valid menu (M, r=-.30), but a significant positive relation that was qualified by a significant quadratic effect, to objectively measured caloric intake during multiple eating episodes in the lab (M, r=.32). In balance, results suggest that dietary restraint scales are not valid measures of dietary restriction, replicating findings from prior studies that examined objective measures of caloric intake.
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“some individuals may engage in true caloric restriction, which does increase risk for binge eating (Stice et al., 2010).”
From Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods (2013) · cites this paper as Stice et al., 2010
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stice, E., Sysko, R., Roberto, C. A., & Allison, S.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stice, Eric
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 331-339
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2830309
- OpenAlex
- W2076421689
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Rudd Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH042206, MH-42206, T32MH015144)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072932, DK72932)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- dietary restraint, scale validity, energy intake, energy deficit diet, bulimic symptoms, doubly labeled water, dietary habits
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Energy Intake, Diet, Reducing, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Bulimia Nervosa, Young Adult, Binge-Eating Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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